Kodak reports to laboratories on:identifying multicarbide phases by color photomicrography... high speed moviesuccess stories ... some things you can do with oxidized cellulose

Metallography in color

Meet Mr. Foster. Charles S. Fosteris our ace photomicrographer.Charlie's function with us is to doleout individualized advice on howmost expeditiously to get where youwant to go with a photomicrograph-ic or metallographic undertaking.Being the kind of chap he is, Char-lie's advice is likely to be highly per-sonalized.A year or two ago the chief metal-

lographer in the Powder Metals Re-search Department at Firth SterlingInc. in Pittsburgh thought he wouldask Mr. Foster for a little help onthe problem of identifying constitu-ents and phases in multicarbide mix-tures through photomicrography incolor. Worked out fine. Recentlythat hard-boiled publication, Steel,carried a short illustrated article onthe results. It may turn out to besomething of a landmark in metal-lography. Time will tell.The technique is heat-tinting at

900 F for 5 minutes after careful-polishing and electrolytic etching in5% sodium carbonate. The variousphases assume characteristic colors:grey for tungsten carbide grains,yellow for tantalum carbide, tan forthe solution areas of tungsten car-bide plus titanium carbide, deeppurple for the eta phase formed bycarbon deficiency, blue for the co-balt matrix,_and so on. Though Mr.Foster is no metallurgist, he didprove helpful on the important mat-ters of illumination and filtering torecord these color nuances repro-ducibly on Kodak Ektachrome Film,Daylight Type.

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you a reprint of the Steel article if youwant to see color reproductions of FirthSterling's heat-tinted carbides at 1500diameters. Also, ifyou have problems ofyour own in photography through themicroscope, don't hesitate to write himabout them. His address: EastmanKodak Company, Industrial Photo-graphic Division, Rochester 4, N. Y.

High speed bookletFor only $1713.50 one may pur-chase from any Kodak IndustrialDealer a Kodak High Speed Camera.Some of the best-known type-

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Slightly degenerated cottonInstead of oxidizing cellulose as manhas done from time immemorial totake the chill out of his bones, cookhis dinner, and dispel his gloom, wehave a trick of oxidizing it only to a10% to 22% carboxyl level. This wedo by treatment with nitrogen diox-ide. The product, called, surprising-

ly enough, "oxidized cellulose,"looks like this:

It has the appearance and evensome of the strength of ordinary cot-ton, along with some rather extraor-dinary properties. The most recentofthese to come to light is its use inthe diagnosis of congenital hyper-plasia (enlargement) of the adrenalgland in children. This comes aboutfrom the remarkable affinity of ox-idized cellulose for ACITH, which itabsorbs quantitatively. ACTH isnot detectable in the blood of nor-mal children but does appear wherethis affliction exists. After cortisonetreatment, no ACTH is detectable.One advantage of oxidized cellulosein ACTH assay is that the concen-trates it yields are not toxic to theassay animal.

This is not the debut of the stuffas a tool in the healing art. Its firstflush of prominence a few years agowas based on the surgically usefulfact that it has the physical attri-butes of cotton gauze, yet is whollyabsorbed in the blood stream afterfulfilling its mechanical function.Aside from its medical use, oxi-

dized cellulose is an ion exchangemedium, plucking cations out ofaqueous solution to form metallicsalts of cellulose. Plain cotton as faras the eye can see and the finger canfeel, it bewitchedly vanishes intosolution when popped into a 2%sodium hydroxide solution. Whenkept dry and cold-, however, it sur-vives indefinitely without change.

Trimming the cellulose chains with 10to 22 percent of carboxyls drives theprice of cotton up to $62.25 per pound,FOB Kingsport, Tenn. Ifyou are inter-ested in concentrating some ACTH, thismay be a bargain for you right now, and,if you can develop some decent volumeofdemandfor it, we'll probably drop theprice. For the coldfacts, write EastmanChemical Products, Inc., Chemical Divi-sion, Kingsport, Tenn. (Subsidiary ofEastman Kodak Company). A

This is one of a series of reports on the many productsand services with which the Eastman Kodak Company andits divisions are. . . serving laboratories everywhere

INTRODUCTION TONUCLEAR ENGINEERINGby RAYMOND L. MURRAY, North Carolina

State College at RaleighThe FIRST and ONLY undergraduate text innuclear engineering, this new book gives an overallview of the nuclear energy field including prob-lems of radiation hazards, waste disposal andinstrumentation.INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR ENGINEER-ING has been developed and tested in the famouspioneering program in Nuclear Engineering of theNorth Carolina State College. It is designed tohelp meet the growing need for trained personnelin peacetime industrial research and production.416 pages * 5-5/8" x 8-3/8" * February 1954

ADVANCEDORGANIC CHEMISTRY

by E. EARL ROYALS, Emory UniversityThis book provides a practically useful integrationof descriptive fact and unifying theory at the ad-vanced level of organic chemistry. Discussions ofmechanisms and the applications of organic reac-tions to synthesis and degradation are not sep-arated; every effort is made to relate mechanisticconsiderations to the practical problems of syn-thesis and analysis.6" x 9" * 858 pages * February 1954

INTRODUCTION TOEXPERIMENTAL PHYSICSby WILLIAM B. FRETTER, University of Cali-

fornia, BerkeleyThis text presents for the first time a countlessnumber of small but invaluable details of tech-niques not found in texts, references, or journals.The procedures themselves have never before beenavailable except from widely diverse sources.

It is an authoritative description of various pro-cedures in current use in experimental physicsincluding numerous techniques common to mostexperiments in modern physics. The emphasis ison those procedures developed in recent years andparticular attention is given to atomic and nuclearphysics techniques. Particle detectors are discussedin some detail with comparative advantages givenand the various types of particle accelerators arediscussed.352 pages * 6" x 9" 0 January 1954

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March 12, 1954 13A

Jlltronomer3 - P4sici3L - teclronic (Znjineer3

ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOELECTRIC PHOTOMETRYEdited by

Frank Bradshaw WoodFlower and Cook Observatories, University of Pennsylvania

6 x 9 inches, 141 pages, 40 illustrations, clothboundPrice $3.75 Special price to AAAS members $3.25

The papers in this symposium, presented in somewhat abbreviated form at the AAAS Meeting inPhiladelphia, will help those wishing to enter this field, especially in the design and construction ofequipment. The material-and the bibliography included with the first paper-will also prove invaluableto those actively working in the field. Although the number of contributors is limited, the papers coverdevelopments around the world.

Dr. Linnell, who covers direct current techniques, constructed a photoelectric photometer still in useat the Boyden station in South Africa, and while at Harvard used this in the study of the faint and'un-usual eclipsing variable, UX Ursae Majoris. His present work involves the development of techniquesusing subminiature tubes.

Dr. Hall-alternating current techniques-is co-discoverer of the phenomenon of the polarization ofthe light of certain stars, and was the first astronomer to demonstrate the value of refrigeration of photo-cells.

Dr. Blitzstein constructed the first pulse-counting photometer for astronomical use and applied it tothe observation of eclipsing variables.

Although Dr. Bengt Stromgren of the Yerkes and McDonald Observatories reviewed foreign devel-opments at the Philadelphia meeting, this volume includes papers written by MM. Lellemand and Len-ouvel on work at the Observatoire de Haute Provence and by R. 0. Redman, Director, and G. G.Yates of the Observatory at Cambridge University.

Dr. Walraven of Leiden describes the work with servomechanisms carried out by him at the UnionObservatory in Johannesburg.

Dr. Whitford, who supplies the critical summary and evaluation of future developments, has beenconsidered an outstanding authority in this field for many years. His introduction of the constant deflec-tion method using electrometer tube techniques marked a major advance.

TABLE OF CONTENTSThe Use of Direct-Current Techniques in Photoelectric Photometry of Stars-Albert P. Linnell, Amherst CollegeObservatory-i. Alternating-Current Techniques and Sources of Error in Photoelectric Photometry of Stars-JohnS. Hall, The Equatorial Section of the U. S. Naval Observatory1-4. The Use of Pulse-Counting Techniques inPhotoelectric Photometry of Stars-William Blitzstein, Flower and Cook Observatories, University of Pennsyl-vania-64. Photoelectric Installation of the Observatoire de Haute Provence, A. Lallemand, Observatoire de Paris-88. Photoelectric Installation at the Observatoire de Haute Provence, F. Lenouvel, Observatoire de HauteProvepce, St. Michel, Bas$es Alpes, Fvancq-.89 Th4e PWrfopnance of TwQ Pulse-CousAting Stellar Photometers,R. 0. Redman and G. G. Yates, Cambridge University Observatory-93. On the Use of Servomechanisms in Photo-electric Photometry of Stars, Th. Walraven, Leiden Observatory, Southemn Station, Johannesburg-114. Limits ofSensitivity and Precision Attainable by Photoelectric Methods, Critical Sunmmary and Comparison of Varioug Tech-niques, A. E. Whitford, Washburn Observatory, University of Wisconsjn-126.

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14A SCIENCE, Vol. 119

flew andl Recent Ronald &oIi6i....I

AstrophysicsNUCLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS,

STELLAR INTERIORS, AND NEBULAELAWRENCE H. ALLER,University of Michigan

READY IN MAY-A comprehensive study of thermal nu-clear reactions, the interiors of stars, pulsating variablestars, and the interstellar medium. Covers fundamentalsand major modern developments in the field. Emphasizesmethods and procedures for obtaining results. The booktreats of the properties of matter at high temperatures,stellar energy generation, internal constitution of stars,stellar evolution and the origin of the elements, novae andsupernovae, gaseous nebulae, with particular attention todiscoveries achieved by radio astronomy. Illustrated withnumerous diagrams and photographs, many reproducedhcre for the first time. 52 ills., 10 tables, 344 pages. $12

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|SIMtlIBIIIH POSITIONSWNTE IIISIIIIjHI$jjIMIIIIIHIIRIIBacteriologist, Ph.D., employed in large metropolitan area desiresacademic appointment in smaller city. Box 40, SCIENCE. X

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