K.Nur Kasapoğlu

Ece Yalçın

The history of cleansing products can be broadly defined in two headings:

History of soaps History of detergents

The prehistoric people knew something about cleansing properties of water, such that it rinsed mud of their hands and body

Some plants have leaves, which produce sapions and chemical compounds that give a soapy lather. These compounds were probably the first detergents that people used

Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Moses used soap like materials also for the treatment of different skin diseases as well as washing

In modern times, the usage of soaps/detergents has become wide due to the importance of hygiene in reducing pathogenic microorganisms

Detergents were originally called "synthetic" detergents, because they were put together chemically

Soon after World War I, in Germany, soap industry began to develop synthetic detergents as a way to deal with the dual problems

of …………… ?

1. competing with the food and feed industries for a limited supply of natural fats and oils,

2. poor cleaning performance in areas with hard waters

In 1946, the first "built" detergents containing a surfactant/builder combination were introduced in the U.S. Which contains phosphate compounds used as builders

SOAP:

generally produced with natural products and require very less energy in the manufacturing process

have a pH of 9.5 to 10 (alkaline) that makes them effective cleansing agents and eliminates the requirement for harmful antibacterial chemicals and preservatives

soaps detergents They are metal salts of long

chain higher fatty acids. prepared from vegetable

oils and animal fats. cannot be used effectively

in hard water as they produce scum i.e., insoluble precipitates of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ etc.

cleansing action is not as strong as that of detergents.

biodegradable.

They are sodium salts of long chain hydrocarbons.

prepared from petroleum or coal.

do not produce insoluble precipitates in hard water.

cleansing action is by surfactants.

Some of are not biodegradable.

Structure of the soap:

Structure of the detergents:

What are detergents? organic compounds which have both

polar and non-polar characteristics three types: anionic, cationic, and non-

ionic two kinds of detergents with different

characteristics: phosphate detergents and surfactant detergents

Detergents that contain phosphates are caustic, and surfactant detergents are toxic.

Surfactant detergents are used to enhance the wetting, foaming, dispersing and emulsifying

Phosphate detergents are used to soften hard water and help suspend dirt in water

Fats Alkalies Glycerin Surfactants or Surface Active Agents Detergent Builders Detergent Boosters Detergent Fillers Rinse Agents Film Removers Lime & Rust Removers Emulsifiers Dry Cleaning Fluid Conditioning Agent Bleaches & Compounds Ammonia

These different ingredients have different functions and end products

For example, toilet soaps may contain antimicrobial agents to kill or inhibit bacteria, which can cause odor or disease

A detergent is a better cleaning product as it contains one or more surfactants

Three types of energies are required for effective cleaning

Chemical energy - Provided by a soap or detergent

Thermal energy - Provided by warm or hot water Mechanical energy - Provided by a machine or

hands

In cleaning process, the hydrophobic part interacts with dirt and hydrophilic part interacts with water molecules

Surrounded dirt attracted by soap and dissolved in water therefore leave the fabric

The source of much of the pollution is said to be detergents

Dust present during production and transfer of the bulk powdered detergent can be a serious problem

Detergents have a huge effect on water pollution

Not biodegradable since they are resistant to the action of biological agents

tendency to produce stable foams in rivers

tend to inhibit oxidation of organic substances present in wastewaters because they form a sort of envelope around them

changes in water quality with the high levels of phosphorus

the manufacturing method itself can be a problem because of wastes

Pollutant ingredients are determined as: Presence of phosphate Presence of dyes Presence of bleaching agents in the detergents.

Human skin has lots of blood vessels and nerves, when the skin contacts with chemicals, many health problems occur

Chemicals can be absorbed by all organs in the body in 26 seconds

According to some news detergents even cause sterility

If the companies prefer the cheaper chemicals and derivatives of petroleum may result cancerogenic problems and acne and skin breakouts

Biting odour of detergents may cause some inhalation problems such as asthma

Chlorine in detergants may cause headhache, exhoustion and humidifier fewer

To remove the disagreeable odour of chemicals, detergents have cheap, synthetic and artificial fragrances

These products are added with preservatives and antibacterial agents (to increase their shelf life) that make the detergents frequent causes of allergies and reactions

When companies use the cheaper materials, they can remain without disintegration and goes the soil and river directly

And this threats the living organisms in those areas and the human being also

The chemical DDC used in detergents which is also not disintegrate and collects in the nature, cause lots of environmental and health problems.

When the chlorine inside goes to canalization system it combines with other chemicals and produce trihalomethane which is too dangerous

Phosphate in detergents goes the water systems and collects on sea as harmful blue-green algs and cause to death of living organisms

The use of detergents can never be a completely non-polluting activity!!!

This is the end of our presentation thank you for

your attention…