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IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

Knowledge Links Private Limited, KA 54, Upper Ground floor, Kaushambi, Ghaziabad Phone: 0120 4114721 email: [email protected]

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Impact Assessment Report: Himmothan Pariyojana, U arakhand

Table of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 1

FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................... 2PERCEIVED BENEFITS FOR CHILDREN AND WOMEN ....................................................................................... 4RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 5A) PROJECT DESIGN ................................................................................................................................. 5B) IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ................................................................................................................ 6

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 7

PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................ 7CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................................ 8APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 8SAMPLE SIZE ......................................................................................................................................... 10

CHAPTER 2: PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS .......................................................................................... 11

CASTE DISTRIBUTION .............................................................................................................................. 11GENDER DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................................... 11STATUS OF RESPONDENTS ...................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 3: FIELD STUDY FINDINGS ................................................................................................ 13

A. IMPACT ............................................................................................................................................ 13A.1 Time Saved and Reduction in Drudgery of Women ............................................................... 13A.2 Increased Availability and Consumption of Water ................................................................ 14A.3 Kitchen Garden and Increased Vegetable Consumption ....................................................... 15A.4 Changing Patterns of Use of Water from Different Sources ................................................. 16A.5 User Satisfaction with Water Services ................................................................................... 17A.6 Improved Sanitation and Hygiene ......................................................................................... 18A.7 Reduction in Diarrhoea Cases and Medical Expenses ........................................................... 20

B. SUSTAINABILITY ................................................................................................................................ 21B.1 Institutional Sustainability ..................................................................................................... 21B.2 Financial Sustainability ........................................................................................................... 24B.3 Technical Sustainability .......................................................................................................... 25

C. PERCEIVED BENEFITS FROM THE PROJECT INTERVENTIONS ....................................................................... 26

CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................. 29

A) PROJECT DESIGN ............................................................................................................................... 29B) IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .............................................................................................................. 30

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List of Tables

Table 1: Coverage of households across districts and Partner Organiza onsTable 2: Castedistribu on of Respondents in study districtsTable 3: Genderdistribu on of Respondents in study districtsTable 4: Status of Respondents in family Table 5: Percent change in Time taken (per day) in fetching drinking water during Dry Season Table 6: Some Key Indicators and Related Results on consump on of waterTable 7: Amount saved on vessels/ pots for water collec on (Rs./ yr.) in a HouseholdTable 8: Impact due to assured water on Kitchen Garden Vegetable Produc onTable 9: Percent change in source of drinking water in Household Table 10: User sa sfac on on quality of water from main sourceTable 11: Defeca on Sites of Household MembersTable 12: Bathroom construc on by HouseholdsTable13: Sanita on Measures under the ProjectTable 14: Hand Washing at Cri cal Times (a er defeca on)

Table 15: Change in bathing behaviour of Households Table 16: Diarrhoea Cases in a Household Table 17: Amount saved on treatment (Rs./ yr.) Table 18: Membership of SHGs Table 19: Loan from SHG and IGA Income Table 20: User charges paid Table 21: Status of O&M in study villages Table 22: Distribu on of villages as per SEE IndexTable 23: Responses Related to Perceived benefits

List of Figures

Figure 1: Coverage of households by Partner Organiza onsFigure 2: Caste distribu on of respondentsFigure 3: Gender distribu on of respondentsFigure 4: Status of Respondents in family Figure 5: Mean me taken to fetch waterFigure 6: Mean distance travelled to fetch water (mts) Figure 7: Percent change in Time taken (per day) Figure 8: Mean consump on of water (pots)Figure 9: Mean consump on of water (Lts)Figure 10: Change in Kitchen Garden vegetable produc onFigure 11: Percent change in source of drinking water in Household Figure 12: User sa sfac on on quality of water from main sourceFigure 13: Defeca on Sites of Household MembersFigure 14: Bathroom construc on by HouseholdsFigure 15: Household's taking bath regularly Figure 16: Diarrhoea Cases in a Household Figure 17: Membership of SHGs

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Annexures

Annex1: Discussion with Partners at Hotel Aketa, Dehradun during Workshop on September 10, 2012 1 Annex 2: Household Schedule 5 Annex3: List of villages assessed and number of households interviewed in each study village 14 Annex 4: Village wise average me required (during Dry Season) for collec on of water 15 Annex 5: Village wise maximum distances travelled for collec on of water 16 Annex 6: Village wise average consump on of drinking water 17 Annex 7: Village wise water consump on (LPCD) 18 Annex 8: Village wise average Family Size 19 Annex 9: Village wise status of HHs using ‘own’ toilet 20 Annex 10: Villagewise Hand Washing a er defeca on 21 Annex 11: Villagewise Diarrhoeal incidences past two weeks 22 Annex 12: Villagewise amount saved on vessels and treatment a er watersupply scheme 23 Annex 13: Villagewise User’s Charges collec on a er watersupply scheme (as per Survey 2012) 24 Annex 14: Status of O&M Fund in Study villages (as per Survey 2012) 25 Annex 15: Villagewise score obtained as per SEE 26 Annex 16: Stakeholder Consulta on and Field Visit Daily Report 27 Annex 17: Supplementary Material on Findings and Recommenda ons 30 Annex 18: Sugges ons by People in Project Villages 39

A achment

A achment 1: Villagelevel Sustainability Evalua on Exercise Index

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Abbreviations

CAP Catchment Area Protection

CWR Clean Water Reservoir

DTR Detailed Technical Report

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GP Gram Panchayat

HH Household

IEC Information Education Communication

NGO NonGovernment Organisation

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PHC Primary Health Centre

RTWH Roof Top Water Harvesting

SEE Sustainability Evaluation Exercise

SHG Self Help Group

SRTT Sir Ratan Tata Trust

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Executive Summary

This report presents the key findings and recommenda ons of an impact evalua on of the water and sanita on component of Himmothan Pariyojana (HMP). HMP is being implemented in U arakhand by Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT) and their local NGO partners since 2002. The ini a ve wasimplemented in two phases: Phase 1 during 20027; and Phase 2 during 200711.

Himmothan Pariyojana (HMP) aims at addressing the root causes of rural poverty by working with communi es in the Indian central Himalayan region. The programme focuses mainly on enhancing livelihoods through farm, nonfarm and forest based ac vi es, livestock, market development, sustainable water availability and use, sanita on and natural resource management. During the two Phases of the project, HMP ‘covered 90 villages, benefited 5001 households through 157 water supply schemes and 3119 sanita on units.’

U arakhand, the project area of study, is characterized by tough terrain and difficult living condi ons for people with poor access to basic services in general and to water and sanita on in par cular. Despite mul ple government programmes and interven ons since the forma on of the state in 2001, people’s access to basic ameni es like road connec vity, drinking water, sanita on and medical facili es in many areas and villages remains limited and inadequate.

The objec ve of this assignment is to assess the impact of the ini a ve in ‘Improving Community Health through Drinking Water and Sanita on Project’ through the “Himmothan Pariyojana”, implemented by the four partner organiza ons during Phase 1 (200207) and Phase 2 (20072011).

On behalf of SRTT, this impact assessment was carried out by Knowledge Links during SeptemberOctober 2012.

The primary aim of the impact evaluation exercise has been to generate ideas and insights for informing the future programming under Himmothan Pariyojana in its subsequent phases. The key task was to carry out an assessment of the impact of the initiative in terms of social, economic, and behavioral changes that it has brought about in rural communities involved, with a focus on operation and maintenance of the tangible assets created during the course of implementation of the programme and their sustainability thereof.

A mix of methods was adopted for data genera on and analysis. Qualita ve data was generated through indepth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) and quan ta ve data was generated through primary household surveys through semistructured ques onnaire designed for the purpose. The baseline informa on that was collected at DTR stage on some key parameters was u lized for making comparisons and assessing the impact of the project in the interven on areas.

The field study was carried out across 30 project villages facilitated by four partner organiza on: two each in Garhwal and Kumaon regions of U arakhand. Study of 30 out of 90 project villages represented a robust sample size of more than 30%.

A total of 455 households were covered across 4 districts where partner NGOs viz., HIHT and SBMA (Garhwal) INHERE and HGVS (Kumaon) facilitated the projects under review. Two partner NGOs –

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HIHT and HGVS had worked in both the phases while INHERE and SBMA got associated only in Phase 2.

The study aimed at finding out the specific impacts of the project interven on on the lives and livelihoods of people in general and the improvements in the quality of life of women and children in par cular. Along with impact, sustainability of water supply and sanita on services created under the project was another major focus area of the evalua on exercise. The key findings of the evalua on have largely been organized and presented in terms of these two broad categories of impact and sustainability.

Findings The biggest impact of the Himmothan Pariyojana has been in terms of reduc on of drudgery of women. There has been a significant reduc on in the distance to be covered in fetching water. Easier access to water closer home has resulted in considerable me saved mainly for women, who have been the primary water collectors in all the project villages and has led to a substan al reduc on in their drudgery. Time saved ranges from 40 minutes4 hours.

There has been a marked increase in the availability and use of water in all the project villages. The increased availability of water has resulted in increased percapita consump on at the household level. The mean drinking water consump on at the household has gone up from 174 to 298 liters. The daily per capita consump on of water at the household level has increased from 35 to 59 litres

The maximum increase (of around 13%) has been in terms of inhouse connec ons. There is a high level of user sa sfac on with the water services being provided by the schemes constructed and commissioned under the Himmothan Pariyojana.

Maximum distance travelled (mts)

Earlier Now 3000 300

Mean time taken (minutes)

Earlier Now 167 20

Time saved 40 minutes to 4 hours; 2½ hours on

an average

Distance travelled to fetch water

REDUCTION

Time taken to fetch water

Drudgery

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Increased availability of water has apparently resulted in the increased prac ce of growing vegetables in kitchen gardens leading to increased vegetable consump on at the household level.

There has been marked improvement in the sanita on profile of the project villages both in terms of cleanliness in and around the villages and sanita on behavior of people in these villages.

There is a reported and visible improvement in the adop on of safe hygienic prac ces including hand washing at cri cal mes, par cularly before ea ng and a er defeca on and taking bath and washing clothes regularly. This has been made possible due to sensi za on ini a ves under the projects on the one hand and by the increased availability of water at the household level on the other.

Kitchen Gardening (86%)

Increase in nutritional intake in family (89%)

Money saved on purchase of vegetables (Rs.4990 per yr.)

Income from sale of produce from kitchen garden (Rs.5735

per year)

Cleanliness and Hygiene

Bathing regularly (80%)

Hand washing (100%)

Washing clothes regularly

Flushing in toilets

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Membership of women in selfhelp groups has gone up from 13% to 72% in Himmothan Project villages. Most of this has happened during the implementa on of the project. Savings of SHGs have increased and women are engaged in interloaning and income genera ng ac vi es. Women are more confident of paying their user charges and pride themselves in paying it regularly and on me.

Regular and mely payment of user charges by people has led to sustainable opera on and maintenance of the schemes constructed and commissioned under the Himmothan Priyojana.

Perceived Benefits for Children and Women Children: Children have benefi ed from the Himmothan Pariyojna ac vi es in the following ways:

Increased reten on of children in school: Children shared the burden of fetching water from the source with their mothers earlier, which o en led to their dropping out of school, mainly for girl children, in most of the cases. But with the improved access and availability of water, their reten on in school is reported to have gone up. This is true more in the case of girl children as they were the main support to their mothers in fetching the water for the household. Improved personal hygiene: Due to increased availability of water the children are bathing regularly and are seen wearing clean clothes to school and are using toilets more o en than before.Be er results in examina on: Children are finding more me to study as they save the

me they earlier spent on fetching water. Therefore their results in the examina ons have also reportedly improved.

Women : Women were visibly the worst affected due to scarcity of water and lack of sanita on in project villages. The project ac vi es have improved their lives in many significant ways.

Reduc on in physical strain and mental stress: Women’s physical strain of carrying loads of water over long difficult distances, several mes a day, is now considerably reduced. They have also reported to be largely free from the mental stress of planning and arranging water for all the members of the household on a daily basis. Ca le care has now emerged more as an income genera ng opportunity than an addi onal work burden. Ca le care was an addi onal work pressure on women earlier, as they had to carry addi onal water for them and had to take many more trips to water points, which were usually at long distances. They are now more than welcome and are supplemen ng the family income by keeping goats and buffaloes.Women do not have only more me to engage in produc ve and income genera ng ac vi es such as cul va on of vegetables, but have also more leisure me, which they use to watch TV or in socializing. Improved gender rela ons: As collec on and provision of water has invariably been the responsibility of women in the households, inability to meet the demand o en resulted in domes c violence, where women were scolded and abused and also beaten at mes by their husbands. The availability of water closer home has reportedly resulted in the reduc on of domes c discord and has contributed to greater peace at the household level. Improved health: Availability of safe water and sanita on services along with improved nutri onal intake as a result of increased vegetable consump on is believed to have led

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to the improvements in the general health profile of the family members, par cularly women. Women are now more aware about balanced diets and immuniza on and other health issues due to the informa on, educa on and communica on (IEC) ac vi es undertaken during the project.

Recommendations In view of the study findings as above, the key recommenda on is to scale up and intensify the Himmothan Pariyojana ac vi es in its subsequent phases. There is a need to incorporate new learning in the following:

Design of the Himmothan interven on with an informed and improved sustainability perspec ve.

Revised implementa on strategy with innova ve ins tu onal op ons

a) Project Design

The specific sugges ons for improving the future project design are as follows:

Water

Rigorous feasibility studies for water supply schemes are undertaken to ensure the selection of only those villages where there is genuine need and demand. The primary indicator of genuine need and demand is the absence of a preexisting water supply scheme resulting in total dependence of people on natural sources of water followed by their willingness to pay for assured services. This suggestion is based on the observation during the field visit that the quality of operation and maintenance in those villages, which already had some water supply scheme from Jal Nigam or any other agency, before the Himmothan project, was not so good, as in the case of villages where people were mainly dependent on spring or/and stream water, and where the felt need for water and its demand was obviously much higher and stronger. Sound catchment protection measures are inbuilt into the design of the water supply schemes to be constructed. Insurance of the constructed water supply schemes is made a mandatory feature of the overall scheme design and is based on the principle of cost sharing by the users of the services of the schemes.

Sanita on

The sanitation component of the initiative needs to make a shift in emphasis and focus from toilet construction to end of open defecation and a clean living environment in the village. Though there is a visible improvement in the environmental cleanliness of the villages in general, even in the villages where 100% households have toilets, open defecation by children and the old is fairly common, though considerably reduced in frequency.

Being open defecation free (ODF) and practice of hygienic behavior at critical times are essential for ensuring the long term health benefits of improved sanitation for people. As

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this has yet to be fully achieved in the project villages, there is a need to revisit and revise the sanitation and hygiene strategy of Himmothan.

Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an innovative participatory approach to trigger communities for selfanalysis and action to eliminate defecation. As CLTS is known to bring faster and more sustainable results, it could be adopted as the overall approach and strategy to sanitation and hygiene component of Himmothan in its future phases.

In view of the above, the specific recommenda ons for improving the sanita on interven on design of Himmothan in the subsequent phases are as follows:

CLTS is used to trigger communities for selfanalysis and collective local action to end open defecation. No money is given to the individual households for construction of the toilet: incentive money for individual households is replaced by collective incentive for open defecation free (ODF) communities. A village immersion program is designed and introduced for a participatory assessment of the ODF status of the communities. School sanitation and hygiene education in schools are included as a part of the overall sanitation strategy of the Himmothan.

b) Implementation Strategy

The specific recommenda ons to improve the implementa on strategy in subsequent phases are as follows:

A strategy for building up the capacities of village management societies (VMS), responsible for managing the constructed water supply schemes under the project, needs to be developed and implemented to ensure their long term sustainability. A capacity needs assessment exercise has to be undertaken to assess the capacity needs of the management societies as the basis for designing appropriate training and technical assistance interventions to enhance their capacities during and post implementation of the Himmothan projects at the village level. There could be two broad institutional options to make the current functioning of these management societies more effective:

o Strengthening the VMS through training, technical assistance, and handholding for an extended period of time of about 12 months after the formal exit of the project.

o Structuring the VMS in the form of a selfhelp group, which goes beyond its limited mandate of water and sanitation to engage in saving, interloaning and income generating activities.

In order to ensure the sustainability of sources which is critical to the overall sustainability of schemes and systems created under the project, it is important to focus specifically on sound catchment area protection and water conservation strategies under the project.

Besides these specific recommendations, it will be appropriate to examine the feasibility and desirability of some of the suggestions made by people from the project villages during the field visits (available as Annex 18).

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Chapter 1: Background

This report presents the findings of an evalua on of the ‘impact of the water and sanita on component of Himmothan Pariyojana’, a project funded by Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT) and implemented in U arakhand since 2002. The ini a ve was implemented in two phases: Phase 1 during 20027; and Phase 2 during 200711.

Himmothan Pariyojana (HMP) aims at addressing the root causes of rural poverty by working with communi es in the Indian central Himalayan region. The programme focuses mainly on enhancing livelihoods through farm, nonfarm and forest based ac vi es, livestock, market development, sustainable water availability and use, sanita on and natural resource management. During the two Phases of the project, HMP ‘covered 90 villages, benefited 5001 households through 157 water supply schemes and 3119 sanita on units.’

U arakhand, the project area of study, is characterized by tough terrain and difficult living condi ons for people with poor access to basic services in general and to water and sanita on in par cular. Despite mul ple government programmes and interven ons since the forma on of the state in 2001, people’s access to basic ameni es like road connec vity, drinking water, sanita on and medical facili es in many areas and villages remains limited and inadequate.

The evalua on aimed at assessing the impact of the ini a ve in ‘Improving Community Health through Drinking Water and Sanita on Project’ through the “Himmothan Pariyojana”, implemented by the four partner organiza ons during Phase 1 (200207) and Phase 2 (20072011). The line of inquiry has focused on finding out the impact largely in view of their sustained benefits for the lives and livelihoods of people in project villages.

On behalf of SRTT, this impact assessment was carried out by Knowledge Links during SeptemberOctober 2012.

Purpose The primary purpose of the impact evaluation exercise has been to generate ideas and insights for informing the future planning and programming under Himmothan Pariyojana in its subsequent phases. Assessment of the impact of the initiative has been undertaken in terms of social, economic, and behavioral changes that it has brought about in rural communities involved, with a focus on operation and maintenance of the tangible assets created during the course of implementation of the programme and their sustainability thereof. The other objectives of the exercise have been to map out the following:

Peoples’ perceptions on how the project has affected their lives and livelihoods.

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Map out the capacities of the community based organizations created through the initiative and suggest measures to bridge the gaps identified, if any, and strengthen them further.

Learning for future planning and programming.

Context The Uttarakhand state, which bifurcated from Uttar Pradesh in November 2000, has a population of 8.48 million as per the 2001 census, of which 6.4 million (75 percent) live in the rural areas, spread over the 7,562 villagelevel local governments called the Gram Panchayats (GPs), in 16,623 villages and 39,967 habitations.

According to the survey of drinking water supply status in rural habitations initiated by Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission of Government of India (GoI) in 2003, only half of the habitations(20355) in the state were categorized as fully covered1 (FC) with functioning water supply schemes, 35 percent (14091) as partially covered (PC), and about 12 percent (4734) as not covered (NC).

As per the latest data on November 30th 2012, 26997 habitations are fully covered (100%) while 2981 habitations fall under 10075% population coverage category. Of the remaining habitations, 2351 habitations have population coverage of 7550%, 2522 have population coverage between 5025% and remaining 4274 habitations have 250% coverage.

As per the state government sources, there are around 13,000 rural water supply schemes in Uttarakhand under the maintenance of different agencies. These agencies include: Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan; Uttarakhand Peyjal Nigam; Gram Panchayat; and UWSSC in association with the Gram Panchayats. 96% of these schemes are gravity based with only 4% of the schemes being pumping based.

Given this broader context, Himmothan Pariyojana, as a community based initiative to help people have access to sustainable water supply and sanitation services, is of seminal significance.

Approach and Methodology In order to arrive at a fairly comprehensive and empirically sound assessment of the project activities and outcomes, the approach followed was to generate a set of both qualitative and quantitative data. This was done adopting a mix of methods for data generation. Qualitative data was generated through indepth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) and quantitative data was generated through primary household surveys through semistructured questionnaire designed for the purpose. The baseline information that was collected at detailed technical report (DTR) stage on some key parameters was utilized for making comparisons and knowing impact of the project in the intervention areas.

The process of developing the questionnaire and finalization included – a) consultative workshop with the partner NGOs and the Himmotthan/ SRTT team at Dehradun on September 10, 2012 (Annex1), and b) pretesting of the household questionnaire at village Tachla on September 12, 2012. The finalized questionnaire is attached as Annex2.

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The field study (Stakeholder consultation and field visit daily report available as Annex 16) was carried out across 30 project villages (Annex 3) facilitated by four partner organization: two each in Garhwal and Kumaon regions of Uttarakhand. Study of 30 out of 90 project villages represented a robust sample size of more than 30%. List of villages was finalized in consultation with the SRTT team at Dehardun. In order to ensure a representative sample of the households for the household survey, the field research team divided the village into four quadrants as shown in the figure below and visited equal number of households in all the four quadrants in each village. Later as per the sampling plan (30% coverage of the beneficiary households) households were randomly selected from each quadrant.

EW

N

S

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Sample Size A total of 455 households were covered across 4 districts where partner NGOs viz., HIHT and SBMA (Garhwal) INHERE and HGVS (Kumaon) facilitated the projects under review. Two partner NGOs – HIHT and HGVS had worked in both the phases while INHERE and SBMA got associated only in Phase 2. For villagewise coverage refer Annex3.

Table 1: Coverage of households across districts and Partner Organizations

District NGO name

Phase Total

Phase1(20022007)

Phase2 (20072011)

Almora INHERE 54 54

Pithoragarh HGVS 77 95 172

Tehri Garhwal

HIHT 93 61 154

SBMA 33 33

U arkashi SBMA 42 42

Total 170 285 455

Figure 1: Coverage of households by Partner Organizations

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iaThe sample had a fair and propor onate representa on of all caste categories. 80% ‘General’ caste category households were covered followed by 10% ‘OBC’, 9% ‘SC’, and around 1% households belonging to ‘ST’ caste category.

Table 2: Castedistribution of Respondents in study districts

District Caste Total

ST SC OBC GeneralAlmora 0 4 0 50 54

Pithoragarh 3 26 43 100 172Tehri Garhwal 0 12 3 172 187

U arkashi 0 0 0 42 42

Total 3 42 46 364 455

% 1% 9% 10% 80%

Figure 2: Caste distribution of respondents

The sample consisted of 51% of the women respondents and 49% percent of male respondents. There were generally more women available than men during field visits, which is usually the case in these villages, as shared by the respondents. However, an a empt was made to keep the gender balance in the respondents’ profile to the extent possible.

Table 3: Genderdistribution of Respondents in study districts

District Gender Total

Male FemaleAlmora 25 29 54

Pithoragarh 86 86 172Tehri Garhwal 90 97 187

U arkashi 23 19 42

Total 224 231 455% 49% 51%

Figure 3: Gender distribution of respondents

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The respondents include: head of the family (57%), followed by wife/ husband of head of Household (26%), son/ daughter (13%), and others (4%). Care was taken to ensure that the respondents were mainly those who resided in that household and could answer the ques ons with a sense of interest and responsibility.

Table 4: Status of Respondents in family

District Status of respondent in family Total

Head of HH

Wife/ Husband of head of HH

Son/ Daughter of head of HH

Others

Almora 28 13 9 4 54

Pithoragarh 93 41 25 13 172

Tehri Garhwal 111 54 19 3 187

U arkashi 27 10 5 0 42

Total 259 118 58 20 455

% 57% 26% 13% 4%

Figure 4: Status of Respondents in family

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Chapter 3: Field study Findings

The key findings of the study largely relate to the two broad categories of impact and sustainability, but also include the perceived benefits as ar culated by people in the study villages. The study has aimed at finding out the specific impacts of the project interven on on the lives and livelihoods of the rural communi es in general and the improvements in the quality of life of women and children in par cular. The supplementary material related to findings and recommenda ons are available is given as Annex 17.

A. Impact

A.1 Time Saved and Reduc on in Drudgery of Women

As a result of HMP water supply schemes in villages, me spent in collec ng water has been considerably reduced. This reduc on has taken place due to decrease in the distance to be covered in fetching water. As women have been the primary water collectors in all the project villages, reduc on in distance and me for collec ng water has resulted in reduc on of drudgery of women.

Time saved ranges from 40 minutes to 4 hours. This has happened due to substan al reduc on in the me spent in fetching water, which is close to 2.5 hours on an average. The sample households were asked about the me spent in fetching water from outside (to go to the source, wait, collect water and return), par cularly in dry season prior to the project interven on, and now. The details of the village wise mean me taken in fetching water is available an Annex 4.

Time taken in collec ng water is invariably propor onate to the distance to be covered by

the people, mainly women, from household to the source and back including the wai ng

me. The sample households were asked to compare the distance travelled to fetch water and its availability, for drinking and household purposes before and a er the project interven on. The village wise mean distance involved in fetching water is available as Annex 5.

With the commissioning and func oning of the Himmothan water supply schemes, the mean distance of travel to the water point has reduced to just a few meters and the people

Earlier NowMean Time(minutes) 167 20

020406080

100120140160180

Figure 5: Mean me taken to fetch water

Earlier NowMaximum

distance travelled(mts)

3000 300

0500

100015002000250030003500

Figure 6: Maximum distance travelled oneway to fetch water

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have access to water closer to their se lements now. The mean distance travelled has now reduced from 439 meters (almost half a kilometer) to just 16 meters.

As it can be observed from the Table and Figure below, the mespent on fetching water has declined remarkably. 73% of the respondents earlier spent between 24 hours fetching water each day, now 81% of them reportedly spend less than ½ an hour for the job, following the project interven on.

Table 5: Percent change in Time taken (per day) in fetching drinking water during Dry Season

Time taken (per day) in fetching water

Earlier Now % change wrtto Earlier

No me spent 0% 4% 4%

< 1/2 hrs 3% 83% 81%

1/2 to 1 hr 2% 9% 7%

1 to 2 hrs 14% 4% 10% 2 to 3 hrs 41% 0% 41% 3 to 4 hrs 32% 0% 32%

4 to 5 hrs 5% 0% 5%

> 5 hrs

Figure 7: Percent change in Time taken (per day)

A.2 Increased Availability and Consump on of Water

Increased availability of water has resulted in increased percapita consump on at the household level. Increased availability of water is implied by the increased consump on of water. Table 6 and the related figure depict a compara ve picture of the two scenarios (pre and post interven on) on the indicators of mean drinking water consump on (in pots and litres) and per capita consump on of water at the household level. (Details available at Annex 6)

The table below has the details of the comparison between the pre project and post interven on period in terms of the consump on of water.

Table 6: Some Key Indicators and Related Results on consump on of water

Increased use of water at the household level, as indicated by the number of pots of water consumed (from 12 to 20 on an average) is indica ve of the easy and increased availability of water at the household

level. The average consump on (liters per capita per day) has increased from 35 to 59 liters (Annex 7), when the average familysize of the sample households was around 6 (Annex 8).

Indicators Earlier Now Mean drinking water consump on (pots) 12 20

Mean drinking water consump on (lts) 174 298 Per capita consump on (lts/ day/ person)

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Easy and increased availability of water has also made the lives of women be er and easier in other ways:

- Mahila ka sar bantha kay bhaar aaur Mardo key Maar say bach gaya hai. (Woman’s head is now saved both from head load and beating by men) A lady member of MS from Village Kheda Talla

This tells that there is an enhancement in the overall wellbeing of women in Himmothan project villages.

Due to easy availability of piped water in the village itself, many households have now stopped inves ng in vessels for storing water. On an average Rs.1578 has been saved per annum per household.

Table 7: Amount saved on vessels/ pots for water collec on (Rs./ yr.) in a Household

District Amount Saved per annum (Rs.)

Almora 1527 Pithoragarh 1373 Tehri Garhwal 1704 Uttarkashi 2215 Overall 1578

A.3 Kitchen Garden and Increased Vegetable Consump on

Increased availability of water has apparently resulted in the increased prac ce of growing vegetables in kitchen gardens leading to increased vegetable consump on at the household level.

Earlier NowMean

consumption(pots)

12 20

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mean consumption (pots)

Earlier NowMean

consumption(lts)

174 298

050

100150200250300350

Mean consumption (lts)

Figure 8: Mean consump on of water (pots) Figure 9: Mean consump on of water (Lts)

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Table 8: Impact due to assured water on Kitchen Garden Vegetable Production

Indicators Result

Increase in produc on due to water availability (%)

86%

Produc on used for Selfconsump on (%) 91%

Money saved by consuming produce (Rs./ yr.) 4990

Produc on used for distribu on (%) 80%

Value of produce distributed (Rs./ yr.) 838

Produc on sold/ marketed (%) 38%

Income from sale (Rs./ yr.) 5735

Increase in nutri onal intake in family 89%

Figure 10: Change in Kitchen Garden vegetable production

Figure 10 depicts that now around 92% households are prac cing kitchen garden cul va on, and Table 8 summarizes the response to the ques ons posed. Around 86% households have reported increase in produc on and 91% have reported increased vegetable consump on at the household level. As per the available es mates around 4990 Rs are saved per household per annum on an average (Annex 12) because of not buying vegetables from outside par cularly onion and potatoes besides green and leafy vegetables. Around 80% of the households have also reported distribu ng the vegetable produce amongst rela ves valuing around Rs.838 per annum. Around 38% households have reported selling the surplus produce in the market, and are able to earn around Rs.5735 per annum.

‘Earlier we did not have vegetables to eat and now we are selling vegetables.’ Mr Kothari Village Kothura

It is also shared by 89% households that availability of the vegetables has improved the nutri onal intake of the family members.

A.4 Changing Pa erns of Use of Water from Different Sources

There are reported changes in the use of different sources of water. People use different sources of water for different purposes. Like in some villages, people in households used piped water supply for drinking and cooking, while they reported using river and stream water for bathing and washing clothes. The pa ern of change both in terms of increase and decrease in the use of different sources of drinking water are as below in the Table and Figure 6.

81%

92%

74%

76%

78%

80%

82%

84%

86%

88%

90%

92%

94%

Earlier Now

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Table 9: Percent change in source of drinking water in Household

Source of Drinking Water for HH use

Earlier Now % Increase

Public Standpost 81% 82% 1%

Inhouse connec on 2% 15% 13%Protected dugwell 0% 0% 0%

Spring 86% 49% 37%

Surface water 17% 6% 11%

Community Handpump

4% 3% 1%

Private Handpump 0% 0% 0% Watertanker 6% 4% 2%

Others 33% 14% 19%

Figure 11: Percent change in source of drinking water in Household

The most significant change is the increase in house connec on by 13%. Dependence on spring water has been reduced by 37% and on surface water by 11%. In some villages, people reported using spring water (gadhera) for drinking purposes, as they found it tasty and refreshing. Increased availability of water has also resulted in the increase in consump on of water at the household level.

A.5 User Sa sfac on with Water Services

There is a high level of user sa sfac on with the water services being provided by the schemes constructed and commissioned under the Himmothan Pariyojana. The study sought to map out the general user sa sfac on regarding their water supply systems and services and the quality of water from the main source, before and a er the project interven on. Table 10 and Figure 12 present a compara ve picture of both the scenarios (pre and post interven on) on sa sfac on level. Earlier 36% of the users were ‘not sa sfied’; in the post interven on phase, the user sa sfac on has risen to 63% in the ‘Highly Sa sfied’ category, with regard to the quality of the water a er the project interven on.

Table 10: User satisfaction on quality of water from main source

User Sa sfac on

Earlier Now % change w.r.t to Earlier

Not sa sfied 36% 4% 32% Sa sfied 64% 33% 30%Highly sa sfied 0% 63% 63%

Figure 12: User satisfaction on quality of water from main source

36%64%

0%4%33%

63%

0%

50%

100%

Not satisfied Satisfied Highlysatisfied

Earlier Now

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A.6 Improved Sanita on and Hygiene

Sanita on : There has been marked improvement in the sanita on profile of the project villages both in terms of cleanliness in and around the villages and sanita on behavior of people in these villages.

The study sought to map out the visible changes in the sanita on behavior of people at the household and community level. The sample households were asked to share informa on about the defeca on sites of the household members, crea on of toilet and bathroom facility both prior to and post project interven on. The households were also asked to respond if they have constructed soak pit and garbage pit, and if they have also set up compost pits for recycling the solid waste.

Table 11 and Figure 13 present that now around 96% of the households use their own toilets (Annex 9). Toilet usage has increased by 58% a er project interven on, and the prac ce of going to the field/ riverside and jungle has reduced substan ally or has been discon nued.

Table 11: Defecation Sites of Household Members

Defeca on habit of family members

Earlier Now % change wrt to Earlier

Own toilet 38% 96% 58% Public toilet 0% 0% 0% Neighbor's toilet 0% 1% 0.4% River/ field/ Jungle 32% 1% 31%Others 29% 2% 27%

Figure 13: Defecation Sites of Household Members

In addi on to toilet construc on those households who had space have also constructed bathroom for bathing purpose. These two facili es (toilet and bathroom) have helped the women and girls in par cular to have privacy, dignity and security during their daily rou nes related to toilet use and bathing. Table12 and Figure 14 depict increase in 49% of bathrooms that were constructed a er the project interven on.

Table 12: Bathroom construc on by Households

Indicator Earlier Now % change wrt to Earlier

Bathroom construc on

35% 83% 49%

Earlier NowBathroom

construction 35% 83%

0%

50%

100%

Figure 14: Bathroom constructed by Households

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The project also resulted in construc on of soak pits by 35% for disposal of used water, garbage pits by 30% for disposing the household/ surrounding waste, and compost pits by 22% for conver ng the cowdung into organic manure for kitchen garden etc. as depicted in the Table 13 below.

Table13: Sanita on Measures under the Project

Construc on Result

Soak Pit 35%

Garbage Pit 30%

Compost Pit/ NADEP 22%

But observa on in most of the villages revealed that solid waste management has yet to emerge as the priority of the people. Many of these pits were found broken and abandoned in most of the villages.

Hygiene: There is a reported and visible improvement in the adop on of safe hygienic prac ces including hand washing at cri cal mes, par cularly before ea ng and a er defeca on and taking bath and washing clothes regularly. Baseline comparison shows that handwashing is now 100% that was measured as 47% at Baseline (refer Table 14; Villagewise detail is provided in Annex 10). This has been made possible due to sensi za on ini a ves under the projects on the one hand and by the increased availability of water at the household level on the other.

Table 14: Hand Washing at Cri cal Times (a er defeca on)

District Baseline Now (During Survey 2012)

Almora 86% 100% Pithoragarh 52% 100% Tehri Garhwal 41% 100% Uttarkashi 11% 98% Overall 47% 100%

Table 15 and Figure 16 depict that households are now inclined to bathe regularly a er the water availability and use the water liberally while bathing during summers i.e. taking more showers a day. This habit has helped people keep themselves clean and also to wash their clothes on daily basis.

Table 15: Change in bathing behaviour of Households


Bathe regularly

29% 80% 51%

Figure 15: Household's taking bath regularly

Earlier NowBath

regularly 29% 80%

0%20%40%60%80%

100%

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A.7 Reduc on in Diarrhoea Cases and Medical Expenses

As the field study to the villages was undertaken while the rains were s ll on, this was a good me for knowing the reduc on in the incidence of diarrhea. Significant reduc on in diarrhea cases was found. The village wise details are available at Annex 11.

Table 16: Diarrhoea Cases in a Household

District Baseline Now (During Survey 2012)

Almora 21 0 Pithoragarh 95 1 Tehri Garhwal 133 1 Uttarkashi 35 1 Overall 284 3

Figure 16: Diarrhoea Cases in a Household

- ‘There has been reduction in diarrheal disease as now we get filtered and chlorinated water.’ Village lady Pradhan kaintholi

This and reduc on in other illnesses have also led to a reduc on in the medical expenses of peopleimplying money saved.

- ‘Neighboring village had cholera cases, but our village was saved from this epidemic.’ Village Rankot FGD

An average amount of 3264 INR is saved per annum per household due to reduc on in medical expenses across the four project districts. The details of the average money saved per annum per household due to this in study districts are as in the following table.

Table 17: Amount saved on treatment (Rs./ yr.)

District Amount Saved per annum (Rs.) per household

Almora 3376 Pithoragarh 3050 Tehri Garhwal 3267 Uttarkashi 3620 Overall 3264

0

50

100

150

Almora Pithoragarh TehriGarhwal

Uttarkashi

Baseline Now (During Survey 2012)

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B. Sustainability Sustainability has been one of the major concerns of this evalua on exercise, which has sought to explore the sustainability poten al of the assets and services created under the HMP projects. Sustainability of sources, schemes and services has been iden fied as the core of the sustainability of project benefits. Sustainability has been evaluated across the three key dimensions of ins tu onal, financial and technical sustainability.

B.1 Ins tu onal Sustainability

Ins tu onal sustainability of Management Socie es (MSs) is cri cal to the overall sustainability of assets and services created under the project. MSs are community based ins tu ons created for the planning and implementa on of Himmothan projects at the village level and the subsequent opera on and maintenance of the schemes and services created. Their smooth and effec ve func oning therefore has been cri cal to the sustained opera on and maintenance of the schemes.

Management Socie es

The Management Socie es have been formed in all the project villages. Management socie es are known by different names across different villages facilitated by different organisa ons: management society (MS) in HIHT; village empowerment commi ee (VEC) in INHERE; and community empowerment commi ee (CEC) in SBMA and HGVS.

The villages, where MSs have been rela vely more effec ve, are found to be highly sustainable. In the low and moderately sustainable villages, the concerned MSs have not been that effec ve for a number of reasons.

In around 80 percent of the villages, it is observed that the regular mee ngs of the MS are not taking place every month as envisaged during the project. Out of all 30 villages, the office bearers of the MS shared that they are collec ng the user charges, but only in 8 villages it was validated by verifica on of documents that user charges collec on is taking place regularly. The common factor for less than sa sfactory performance of MS in terms of regular mee ngs and collec on of user charges was invariably men oned to be the lack of interest by the members of MS and its office bearers. One of the presidents of MS said ‘main akela pad gaya hoon’ (I am le alone now).

Summary of findings about the MS func oning in the study villages is as follows:

In 24 villages, it was found that the meetings of the Management Society are not regular and minutes are not found recorded. The common reasons expressed by the office bearers of these 24 villages are lack of or inadequate interest of the members and community in the Management Society’s meetings. In 21 villages, that is in about 90 per cent of the study villages, the functioning of the Management Society is dependent on its key functionaries including President, Treasurer, and Secretary: any one or two of them are given the responsibility to collect the user charges monthly/ quarterly/ six monthly or yearly through VMW. The involvement of the larger community in the functioning of Management Society in all 24 villages has been found to be absent.

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The understanding of the legal status of the Management Society, the need of annual Audit and crucial role of managing records/ minutes/ decisions of the meetings was found to be missing in all the 30 management societies of the 30 study villages. In the 5 villages of HIHT, it was found that the renewal of the Society was done by the NGO. The Office bearers do not have much understanding of the process and procedures involved in the Audit of the accounts and renewal of the Management Society.

Management Societies in general are dependent on the NGOs (SO). Even the decision of the renewal of the society in the PhaseI villages has been from the NGO and not from the Society. Similar situation of decision making at MS is found in other 25 villages where there is a total absence of knowledge of the consequences after expiry of registration (PhaseI villages) and ignorance about the possibility of renewal in phaseII villages in 2013.

SelfHelp Groups (SHGs)

Self Help Groups (SHGs) of women have emerged as powerful community ins tu ons that can play a central role in ensuring the long term sustainability of the services created. Through their savings, interloaning, and income genera ng ac vi es, women are in a posi on to take care of user charges. They are visibly empowered and their par cipa on in community life has increased leading to the improved maintenance of the assets and services created.

- ‘We are earning though the dairy farming’ FGD, SHG, Village Kothara. - ‘Now SHGs are having a cash balance of 4 to 5 lakhs’ FGD, SHG, Village Bhurting.

Membership of women in selfhelp groups has gone up from 13% to 72% in Himmothan Project villages. Most of this has happened during the implementa on of the project. Savings of SHGs have increased and women are engaged in interloaning and income genera ng ac vi es. Women are more confident of paying their user charges and pride themselves in paying it regularly and on me. ‘mard paise wale hue to kya, hambhi to paise wale hue’ a SHG woman during FGD. This seems to have ensured the financial sustainability of the water supply schemes from an O&M point of view.

Table 17 and Figure 16 depicts that a er the project there is an increase of 59% cases when members have joined SHG formed during the implementa on.

Table 18: Membership of SHGs


SHG membership 13% 72% 59%

Figure 17: Membership of SHGs

Earlier NowSHG

membership 13% 72%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

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Table 18 depicts that on an average members have taken Rs.8543 as loan for purchase of seed, cow, buffalo, goat and vegetable produc on etc., and have also repaid to the extent of around 67%. From the IGA on an average household is able to earn around Rs.7658 per annum.

Table 19: Loan from SHG and IGA Income

This makes it clear that the incomegenera ng ac vi es by SHGs have also led to an increase in the overall income of the household.

Possible Role of Gram Panchayats (GPs)

Given the general policy direc on of decentralized management of basic services including water and sanita on at the panchayat level in U arakhand, transfer of created assets and facili es to the concerned GPs seems to be a logical step forward. However, interac ons and interviews with people in the project villages have revealed that they do not think it to be a viable op on as this may result in poor opera on and maintenance due to lack of ownership by the people concerned.

- ‘Transferring the scheme to Panchyat will lead to poor O&M and lead to lot of politics.’Khureth FGD

- ‘Once the scheme goes to GP the sense of ownership will be lost.’ Bhopal S bisht village Khetbara

There is a general apprehension among people in the project villages that the transfer to GPs may result in people looking at it as a government scheme and may not be involved in its management with a sense of ownership on a day to day basis.

But the experience of Kaleth village is different, where the constructed scheme had a major breakdown due to landslides: the GP came to the rescue of the scheme and made a contribu on of 1 lakh rupees for the repair of the damaged pipelines.

- Village panchyat has contributed rupees one lakh for repair work of damaged pipeline.’ Village Kaleth FGD

In view of the above, it may be a good idea to ensure some kind of formal involvement of GPs in the construc on and management of water supply and sanita on schemes so as to ensure the long term ins tu onal sustainability of schemes and services under Himmothan. This could be tried out on a pilot basis in a few villages to begin with. This could be done in a demand responsive manner on the basis of village level consulta on with members of the concerned management socie es such as the one in Kaleth, which already has a posi ve experience of the construc ve role of GP in the maintenance of the assets created.

Indicator ResultMean amount taken as Loan from SHG (Rs.) 8543 Mean amount Repaid (Rs.) 5746 Income from IGA ini ated from loan (Rs./ yr.) 7658

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B.2 Financial Sustainability

Ensuring the financial sustainability of the HMP schemes has emerged as the biggest challenge in the post implementa on phase of the project, mainly because of the constant threat of damage to the constructed assets by cloud bursts, flash floods, and landslides. The current user charges are enough only for regular opera on and maintenance and minor repairs. The current financial capacity of the management socie es is not enough to handle major repairs, replacement, and reconstruc on, if required.

Though most of the schemes are fairly func onal as of now and their func oning has not been affected due to financial constraints as yet, MSs are aware that they are not in a posi on to handle major breakdowns, given their present financial capacity. This requires early a en on and ac on to address this issue upfront in subsequent planning and programming efforts.

As user charges are the main source of revenue for Management Socie es, they determine the overall financial sustainability of the concerned MSs in the current context. In villages where payment of user charges has been regular and mely, opera on and maintenance of the concerned schemes have been much be er. There seems to be a dis nct posi ve correla on between the payment of user charges and sustainable opera on and maintenance of the schemes.

Table 19 depicts that around 79% of the households pay user charges regularly and in me, and they pay Rs.30, Rs. 20, Rs.10 or Rs.5 per month depending upon the decision of Management Commi ee. (Details at Annex 13)

Table 20: User charges paid

Indicator Result

Household pay User Charges 79% Amount paid as User Charges (Rs./ month) Maximum 30 Minimum 5

However, as most of the schemes are fairly new, they have not generally demanded any major repairs or replacement so far.

There are concerns at the community level that the current user charges’ collec on may not be adequate to cover major repair and replacement cost, as and when the need arises. As the funds available with the village management commi ees are limited, there is a need to work out strategies for resource mobiliza on at the local level. This issue needs to be addressed in future programming of Himmothan Pariyojana.

Table 21: Status of O&M in study villages

District Cash Rs. Bank Rs. Fixed Deposit Rs.

Total Amount (Rs.)

Almora 84,084 84,084 Pithoragarh 14,593 1,71,844 3,71,171 5,56,908 Tehri Garhwal 8,070 1,25,295 73,000 1,57,259 Uttarkashi 12,962 12,962 Overall 22,663 3,94,185 4,44,171 8,11,213

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A total of Rs.8,11,213 is currently available with MS for opera on and maintenance of the created schemes. In Pithoragarh and Tehri Garhwal districts the MS also have Fixed Deposits of Rs.4,44,171. The village wise details of O&M status are available at Annex 14.

Insurance

In 15 out of 30 project villages visited during the study, constructed water supply schemes have been insured against damage and loss. These 15 villages include 10 villages facilitated by HIHT in Garhwal and 5 villages by INHERE in Kumaon region of the state. While the 10 villages have undertaken insurance of their schemes with the financial help from HIHT, in the 5 villages, insurance money has been collected and deposited by the villagers with facilita on from INHERE. In the remaining 15 villages facilitated by HGVS and SBMA, constructed water supply schemes are not insured and run the risk of irreparable damage and loss.

In view of this, a strategy to ensure the mandatory insurance of the constructed water supply schemes needs to be devised and put in place at the project planning and implementa on stage itself. This will help ensure the long term financial sustainability of the schemes created, though it may also have significant implica ons in terms of the increase in the rate of user charges to be collected from people so as to finance the insurance schemes. The feasibility of this op on of insurance with contribu on from the users needs to be examined and established before including it as a part of the project design in the subsequent phases of Himmothan.

B.3 Technical Sustainability

The most significant technical issue from the point of view of the long term sustainability of the constructed schemes is of source sustainability. Catchment protec on measures to ensure source sustainability have been undertaken as a part of the Himmothan projects, but there remains a ques on mark as to the appropriateness and adequacy of the measures undertaken. As all the schemes under Himmothan so far have been single village schemes, catchment protec on may present a major challenge in those villages where catchment falls in the territory of another village not covered by the Himmothan Pariyojana.

Addressing this issue may require revisi ng the policy of suppor ng only single village schemes. A few mul village schemes involving villages sharing the same catchment and similar needs and demands could be considered and taken up on a pilot basis.

Technical sustainability of the schemes is also found to be cri cally dependent on the overall financial sustainability of the schemes. The villages where payment of user charges has been regular and mely, technical ma ers related to opera on and maintenance including minor repairs and use of chlorina on etc have been handled more promptly.

- ‘Village panchyat has contributed rupee one lakh for repair work of damaged pipeline.’ Village Kaleth FGD

The case of Kaleth village suggests that there could be major investment requirements, which need to be mobilized locally in order to ensure the physical/technical sustainability of the assets created.

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While in almost all the villages people have shared that the basic technical skills of people there have generally improved as a result of the Himmothan Pariyojana, they also expressed a strong felt need for further technical training to refresh and sharpen their skills.

Sustainability Evalua on Exercise (SEE) Index

The sustainability evalua on exercise was carried out across all the 30 villages for the purpose. As per this exercise, 67% villages have been found to be highly sustainable, 27% to be moderately sustainable, and 7% to be least sustainable. The village wise scores obtained are given in Annex 15 and details of the exercise done are enclosed as A achment 1.

Table 22: Distribu on of villages as per SEE Index

Categorization of Village Score Range

Number of Villages

%

Highly Sustainable Village 75100 20 67%

Moderately Sustainable Village (MSV) 5074 8 27%

Least Sustainable Village (LSV) 049 2 7%

C. Perceived Benefits from the Project Interventions The study has tried to look at the changes in people’s lives beyond access to water to see if availability of water has impacted aspects that have a bearing on the overall quality of life of people including their health profile.

Perceived benefits: As per the responses of sample households, there have been many tangible, though indirect, benefits of the project interven ons. The following Table 23 presents these perceived benefits in terms of percentage of people repor ng those benefits.

Table 23: Responses Related to Perceived benefits

Indicators Result

Reduc on in expenses on pots/ vessels 79% Reduc on in expenses on treatment 62% Himmothan village be er that other nonHimmo han villages 100%MS a good forum for discussion/ collec ve ac on 95% Village cleaner due to the Himmo han interven ons 100% Technical knowhow of people has enhanced 94% Enhanced skills of accoun ng, planning and implementa on 80% Increase in transparency 98% Reduc on in community conflict 99% Increased visits by family members living in ci es (due to availability of water/ toilet facility created under the project)

95%

Enhancement in quality of life 24% Reduc on in the incidence of accidents during defeca on 72% Increase in intake of water resul ng in be er health 96%

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The project seems to have benefited people, par cularly women and children, most significantly and in a variety of ways other than the changes described above. Most of these other perceived benefits are essen ally qualita ve in nature and not in terms of numbers, as they have been shared by respondents during focus group discussions and formal and informal interviews in villages. Some of these benefits are as follows:

Children: Children have benefi ed from the Himmothan Pariyojna ac vi es in the following ways:

Increased reten on of children in school: Children shared the burden of fetching water from the source with their mothers earlier, which o en led to their dropping out of school, mainly for girl children, in most of the cases. But with the improved access and availability of water, their reten on in school is reported to have gone up. This is true more in the case of girl children as they were the main support to their mothers in fetching the water for the household. Improved personal hygiene: Due to more availability of water the children are bathing regularly and are seen wearing clean clothes to school and are using toilets more o en than before. Be er results in examina on: Children are finding more me to study as they save the

me they earlier spent on fetching water. Therefore their results in the examina ons have also reportedly improved.

Women : Women were visibly the worst affected due to scarcity of water and lack of sanita on in project villages. The project ac vi es have improved their lives in many significant ways.

Reduc on in physical strain and mental stress: Women have reported substan al reduc on in physical strain that they had to undertake while carrying loads of water over long difficult distances, several mes a day. They have also reported being largely free from the mental stress of planning and arranging water for all the members of the household on a daily basis. Ca le care has now emerged more as an income genera ng opportunity than an addi onal work burden. Ca le care was an addi onal work pressure on women earlier, as they had to carry addi onal water for them and had to take many more trips to waterpoints, which were usually at long distances. They are now more than welcome and are supplemen ng the family income by keeping goats and buffaloes.Women do not have only more me to engage in produc ve and income genera ng ac vi es such as cul va on of vegetables, but have also more leisure me, which they use to watch TV or in socializing. Improved gender rela ons: As collec on and provision of water has invariably been the responsibility of women in the households, inability to meet the demand o en resulted in domes c violence, where women were scolded and abused and also beaten at mes by their husbands. The availability of water closer home has reportedly resulted in the reduc on of domes c discord and has contributed to greater peace at the household level. Improved health: Availability of safe water and sanita on services along with improved nutri onal intake as a result of increased vegetable consump on is believed to have led to the improvements in the general health profile of the family members, par cularly women.

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Women are now more aware about balanced diets and immuniza on and other health issues due to the informa on, educa on and communica on (IEC) ac vi es undertaken during the project.

Increase in par cipa on of women in group processes has resulted in : Greater awareness and par cipa on in mee ngs in general and Improvement in the confidence level of women Increase in Income genera on ac vi es through group ac vi es

Enhancement in skills of managing mee ngs, accounts and inter loaning Economic empowerment of women due to spare me being used in economically produc ve ac vi es such as produc on of milk products and vegetable cul va on

Women’s par cipa on in decision making within the family in general has reportedly increased: this has happened more par cularly in the context of agriculture related ac vi es. Cases of women suppor ng their husbands financially during emergency are reported from many project villages. And this has apparently led to a silent shi in women’s posi on within the family and they are now looked at with greater respect.

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Chapter 4: Recommendations

In view of the study findings as above, the key recommenda on is to scale up and intensify the Himmothan Pariyojana ac vi es in its subsequent phases. There is a need to incorporate new learning in the following:

Design of the Himmothan interven on with an informed and improved sustainability perspec ve.

Revised implementa on strategy with innova ve ins tu onal op ons

a) Project Design The specific sugges ons for improving the future project design are as follows:

Water

Rigorous feasibility studies for water supply schemes are undertaken to ensure the selection of only those villages where there is genuine need and demand. The primary indicator of genuine need and demand is the absence of a preexisting water supply scheme resulting in total dependence of people on natural sources of water followed by their willingness to pay for assured services. This suggestion is based on the observation during the field visit that the quality of operation and maintenance in those villages, which already had some water supply scheme from Jal Nigam or any other agency, before the Himmothan project, was not so good, as in the case of villages where people were mainly dependent on spring or/and stream water, and where the felt need for water and its demand was obviously much higher and stronger. Sound catchment protection measures are inbuilt into the design of the water supply schemes to be constructed. Insurance of the constructed water supply schemes is made a mandatory feature of the overall scheme design and is based on the principle of cost sharing by the users of the services of the schemes.

Sanita on

The sanitation component of the initiative needs to make a shift in emphasis and focus from toilet construction to end of open defecation and a clean living environment in the village. Though there is a visible improvement in the environmental cleanliness of the villages in general, even in the villages where 100% households have toilets, open defecation by children and the old is fairly common, though considerably reduced in frequency.

Being open defecation free (ODF) and practice of hygienic behavior at critical times are essential for ensuring the long term health benefits of improved sanitation for people. As this has yet to be fully achieved in the project villages, there is a need to revisit and revise the sanitation and hygiene strategy of Himmothan.

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Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an innovative participatory approach to trigger communities for selfanalysis and action to eliminate defecation. As CLTS is known to bring faster and more sustainable results, it could be adopted as the overall approach and strategy to sanitation and hygiene component of Himmothan in its future phases.

In view of the above, the specific recommenda ons for improving the sanita on interven on design of Himmothan in the subsequent phases are as follows:

CLTS is used to trigger communities for selfanalysis and collective local action to end open defecation. No money is given to the individual households for construction of the toilet: incentive money for individual households is replaced by collective incentive for open defecation free (ODF) communities. A village immersion program is designed and introduced for a participatory assessment of the ODF status of the communities. School sanitation and hygiene education in schools are included as a part of the overall sanitation strategy of the Himmothan.

b) Implementation Strategy The specific recommenda ons to improve the implementa on strategy in subsequent phases are as follows:

A strategy for building up the capacities of village management societies (VMS), responsible for managing the constructed water supply schemes under the project, needs to be developed and implemented to ensure their long term sustainability. A capacity needs assessment exercise has to be undertaken to assess the capacity needs of the management societies as the basis for designing appropriate training and technical assistance interventions to enhance their capacities during and post implementation of the Himmothan projects at the village level. There could be two broad institutional options to make the current functioning of these management societies more effective:

o Strengthening the VMS through training, technical assistance, and handholding for an extended period of time of about 12 months after the formal exit of the project.

o Structuring the VMS in the form of a selfhelp group, which goes beyond its limited mandate of water and sanitation to engage in saving, interloaning and income generating activities.

In order to ensure the sustainability of sources which is critical to the overall sustainability of schemes and systems created under the project, it is important to focus specifically on sound catchment area protection and water conservation strategies under the project.

Besides these specific recommenda ons, it will be appropriate to examine the feasibility and desirability of some of the sugges ons made by people from the project villages during the field visits (available as Annex 18).

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Annexures

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Table of Contents

Annex1: Discussion with Partners at Hotel Aketa, Dehradun during Workshop on September 10, 2012 .. 1

Annex 2: Household Schedule ...................................................................................................................... 5

Annex3: List of villages assessed and number of households interviewed in each study village ............. 14

Annex 4: Village wise average me required (during Dry Season) for collec on of water ........................ 15

Annex 5: Village wise maximum distances travelled for collec on of water ............................................. 16

Annex 6: Village wise average consump on of drinking water .................................................................. 17

Annex 7: Village wise water consump on (LPCD) ...................................................................................... 18

Annex 8: Village wise average Family Size .................................................................................................. 19

Annex 9: Village wise status of HHs using ‘own’ toilet ............................................................................... 20

Annex 10: Villagewise Hand Washing a er defeca on ............................................................................. 21

Annex 11: Villagewise Diarrhoeal incidences past two weeks .................................................................. 22

Annex 12: Villagewise amount saved on vessels and treatment a er watersupply scheme ................... 23

Annex 13: Villagewise User’s Charges collec on a er watersupply scheme (as per Survey 2012) ......... 24

Annex 14: Status of O&M Fund in Study villages (as per Survey 2012)...................................................... 25

Annex 15: Villagewise score obtained as per SEE...................................................................................... 26

Annex 16: Stakeholder Consulta on and Field Visit Daily Report .............................................................. 27

Annex 17: Supplementary Material on Findings and Recommenda ons .................................................. 30

Annex 18: Sugges ons by People in Project Villages .................................................................................. 39

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Impact Assessment Report: Annexures

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Annex1: Discussion with Partners at Hotel Aketa, Dehradun during Workshop on September 10, 2012

Sustainability

Institutional – model wise performance o Management Society at Schemes (some variations over time being adopted) per village o Legal status of this society under question – models to be worked out e.g. sub

committee of Gram Panchayat. In this case all operations would be through GP. o Incomes for these societies – strategy o Communities should be made morally strong to carryout functions o Nonformal Federation of such societies – one example o Dovetail with other ongoing schemes o One Resource Person per 10 villages to be involved o Change in settlements, splitting of families etc. requires redesigning of schemes o Natural calamities also pose challenge o Representative SHG for Water Scheme o BOT – Built Operate and Transfer; business model scale to be thought about o Financial sources for maintenance of major breakdown for schemes? Govt. does not

take respond to schemes under Himmotthan o Livelihood options to be identified o 1860 societies – is it a viable solution?

Financial o Regular collection for O&M o User’s charges – do we have records to verify? o Leadership plays a greater role for better collection o To run a scheme personal interest is important factor o Do we have periodic system to know in how many schemes regular collections is being

done; yes it’s done annually o Bisht In around 50% villages regular collection is being done; o Politically motivated persons are creating problems to MS to function o Community not sensitized for chlorination; they want water and are not thinking for

safe/ clean water o Distribution of water connections; illegal connections also exists o Regular followup also ensures collection o FD are also being done; Bisht – 9 lakh in 21 villages o Insurance is not done o Supervision Agency to decide on spot the SOR revision if justified o O&M funds being diverted for labour payment o O&M mechanism to be reviewed o What are Water plus activities to be given to MS families

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Source (Catchment Area Development) o Study on catchment to be shared o Monthly waterdischarge monitoring – Is mechanism established and records

maintained o Trends to be analyzed based on past data o Plantation / Checkdams constructed o Decision of tree species, grass o Sources in different village – 2 out of 14 o Catchments found okay – 80% cases o Chirag – developed CAD plan earlier (PhaseI and PhaseII), now being done inhouse

Indicators o Presentation shared based on discussion done on 28th August 2012 o Medical expenses o Disease incidence

Suggestions o 5% provision should also be kept upfront for O&M apart from 5% provision for capital

cost o

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Indicators – Himmo han (PhaseI and PhaseII)

Indicators Baseline available (Yes/ No)

Data Source

1. Water availability – demand fulfilled Y PFR 2. Time Saved Y PFR 3. Increase in domes c ac vity – spare me par cularly for

women and children N HH/ FGD

4. Waterborne diseases Y PFR 5. Annual medical expenses N HH/ QPR 6. Selfesteem enhanced N FGD/ observa on7. Increase in health of children N FGD 8. Forum for discussion and ac on N FGD 9. Enrichment of forests N FGD 10. Enhanced access to credit from bank N SHG records 11. Ac ve communi es and community groups N FGD 12. Increase in interloaning N SHG records 13. Increased enrollment and a endance in school; par cularly

girl children N School records/ FGD

14. Visible cleanliness in villages N FGD/ Observa on15. Kitchen gardening increased N HH/ Observa on16. Reduc on in expenses on water collec on pots/ vessels N HH 17. Compost/ manure use increased N HH 18. Visible change in personal hygiene behavior such as cleaning

teeth, washing hand Y HH/ QPR HHS

19. Reduc on in incidence of diarrhea Y PFR 20. Reduc on in IMR in project villages N FGD/ QPR 21. Increased par cipa on of women in decision making – both

at HH and Community level N FGD

22. Demand from neighboring villages (at many occasion GP is not interested)

N Records with NGO (applica on received)

23. Community empowerment N FGD/ Observa on24. Technical knowledge enhanced within community on water,

civil works, N HH/ FGD

25. Increase in accoun ng, planning and implementa on skills N HH/ FGD 26. Increase in transparency – par cularly cost and material N MS records/

Proceeding Register/ FGD/ Wall pain ng/ IDIs

27. Reduc on in conflict amongst women; resulted in solidarity and coopera on

N FGD

28. Migra on is increasing – not related to water; par cularly for be er educa on, livelihood and health facili es(GIZ study on migra on)

N HH/ FGD

29. Periodic stay dura on increased due to availability of water and toilet

N HH

30. Enhancement in quality of life; asset/ infrastructure, livestock, equipment, appliances etc.

N HH

31. Visible impact on faces N Observa on

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Indicators Baseline available (Yes/ No)

Data Source

32. Ac vi es ini ated due to water availability – vegetable produc on, nutri onal status of women and children

N HH

33. Incidence of animal a ack on children done for defeca on (leopard li ing child, snake bites etc.)

N HH/ FGD

34. Improved village image amongst others due to project N FGD 35. Ownership of scheme N FGD/ IDIs 36. Immuniza on success Y HHS records/ FGD /

QPR 37. Compos ng methods u lizing cowdung Y QPR 38. Cleanliness increased – bathing, washing etc. resulted in

reduce in health problem/ menstrual hygiene in women Y HHS/ QPR/ FGD

39. Construc on of bathrooms and toilet units Y HH/ QPR 40. Increase in safe delivery – improved quality of ANC/ PNC N FGD/ HH 41. Reduc on in anemia cases N Not easy to get 42. Availability of nutri ous food N HH/ FGD 43. Increase in intake of water resul ng be er health

condi onsN HH/ FGD

44. Less of stress and drudgery N HH/ FGD 45. Project works has now become standard in itself (best

quality) N IDIs

46. Change in distribu on of roles within family by gender N HH/FGD 47. Recharging of ground water N FGD/IDIs 48. Use of waste water in various ac vi es N HH/FGD 49. Lowcost rainwater harves ng tanks (u lizing for non

drinking purposes in household) N Sugges on

50. Playpumps could be included N Sugges on51. Workers of the project CDS/ CO/ VMS members elected as

GP members including Pradhan Y NGOs

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Annex 2: Household Schedule

Impact Survey Format (Revised 12Sep2012)

Date of Survey Day Month Year

Name of Surveyor

A. BASIC INFORMATION

1. District

2. Gram Panchayat

3. Revenue Village / Habita on name

4. Castecategory of household 1: ST 2: SC 3: OBC 4: General

5. Category of household 1: BPL 2: APL

6. Name of the respondent

7. Gender of Respondent 1: Male 2: Female

8. Status of respondent in family 1: Head of household 2: Wife/husband of head of HH 3: Son/ Daughter of head of HH 4: Others

9. Number of Family members Adult ChildrenMale Female Below 18

yrs. Below 5

yrs. Boy Girl Boy Girl

Total Family members(add all members and record)

Form Number:

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B. WATER SUPPLY

1. Present source of drinking water for household use1.1 Piped Water Earlier Now

a) Public standpost 1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

b) Inhouse connec on 1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

1.2 Protected dugwell 1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

1.3 Spring 1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

1.4 Surface water such as river/ponds etc. 1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

1.5 Handpumpsa) Community 1: Yes

2: No 1: Yes 2: No

b) Private/household 1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

1.6 Water tankers from outside 1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

1.7 Any other sources Specify _________ 1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

2. Time taken (per day) in fetching water from outside (to go, wait, collect water and return)? Please record a er assessing en re day’s trips made to collect water.a Dry Season minutes Earlier Now

1: No me spent (record reason)

2: < ½ hrs 3: ½ to 1 hrs 4: 1 to 2 hrs 5: 2 to 3 hrs 6: 3 to 4 hrs 7: 4 to 5 hrs 8: > 5 hr



b Wet Season minutes Earlier Now1: No me spent (record

reason) 2: < ½ hrs 3: ½ to 1 hrs 4: 1 to 2 hrs 5: 2 to 3 hrs 6: 3 to 4 hrs 7: 4 to 5 hrs 8: > 5 hr



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3. Distance of Water Source from home (mts)

Earlier Now

___________ meters

Remarks:_____________

___________ meters

Remarks:_____________

4. Availability of drinking water (per day for family members) Measure

One _______ = ______ lts

Earlier (records nos.) Now (records nos.)Bath BathUtensil UtensilWashing WashingToilet ToiletAnimals AnimalsCooking CookingDrinking DrinkingTotal Total

5. Are you sa sfied with the quality of water that you get from the main source?

Earlier Now1: Not sa sfied

2: Sa sfied 3: Highly Sa sfied

1: Not sa sfied 2: Sa sfied 3: Highly Sa sfied

6. If NOT, what are your reasons for dissa sfac on?

Earlier Now1: Bad smell

2: Bad taste 3: Dirty/ bad colour 4: Hardness 5: Floa ng par cles

6: Cause illness 7: Other __________

1: Bad smell 2: Bad taste 3: Dirty/ bad colour 4: Hardness 5: Floa ng par cles

6: Cause illness 7: Other __________

7. Do household boil or adopt other methods to purify water prior to drinking?

Earlier Now1: Yes

2: No 1: Yes

2: No

If, YES 1: Regularly 2: Occasionally 3: Only during illness

If, YES 1: Regularly 2: Occasionally 3: Only during illness

8. Do you have kitchen garden

Earlier Now1: Yes

2: No 1: Yes

2: No 9. If YES, do you think your produc on has increased in kitchen garden a er water availability

1: Yes 2: No

If YES, list major produces 1) ______________________ 2) ______________________ 3) ______________________ 4)_______________________

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9.a Produc on used for Selfconsump on

1: Yes 2: No

If YES, amount SAVED per annumRs. _______

9.b Produc on used for distribu on amongst neighbours / rela ves

1: Yes 2: No

If YES, VALUE per annumRs. _______

9.c Produc on used for Sale/ market

1: Yes 2: No

If YES, INCOME per annumRs. _______

10. Can you say that by increased produc on in kitchen garden nutri onal intake for family has improved

1: Yes 2: No

In what sense? Please record

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C. SANITATION, HEALTH AND HYGIENE

1. Where do you and your family go for defeca on?

Earlier Now1: Own toilet 2: Public toilet 3: Neighbor’s toilet 4: River/ rice field/field 5: Others: ....................

1: Own toilet 2: Public toilet 3: Neighbor’s toilet 4: River/ rice field/field 5: Others: ....................

2. How much money you spent on toilet construc on (Rs.)

Earlier NowSRTTSELF

3. Did you also construct bathroom for family

Earlier Now1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

4. Did you also construct (Earlier posi on to be taken from Healthy Home survey)

Soak Pit 1: Yes 2: No

If no, how the used water is disposed 1: In open 2: Carried by drains 3: Other ___________

Garbage pit 1: Yes 2: No

If no, how the garbage is disposed 1: In open 2: In field/ gadera 3: Other ___________

Compost pit/ Nadep

1: Yes 2: No

5. Do you / family members wash hands (Earlier posi on to be taken from Healthy Home survey)

A er defeca on

1: Yes 2: No

If YES, 1: Soap 2: Ash 3: Mud 4: Other ___________

Before meals 1: Yes 2: No

If YES, 1: Soap 2: Ash 3: Mud 4: Other ___________

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6. Are members able to take bath regularly

Earlier Now1: Yes 2: No

1: Yes 2: No

If, YES frequency of bath____________

If, YES frequency of bath____________

7. Diarrhoeal incidences in children below 5 years in the family during past two weeks?

Current situa on 1: Yes 2: No 3: Not applicable (if no children are below 5 years)

8. Incidences of water and sanita on related diseases in the family during past 3 months?

Current situa on 1: Yes 2: No

(typhoid, jaundice etc.)

D. SHG

1. Is any of your family members also member of SHG?

Earlier Now1: Yes

2: No 1: Yes

2: No 2. Did that member take any loan for some purpose from SHG

Current situa on 1: Yes 2: No

If YES, category of loan: 1: Consump on

2: Produc vePurpose of Loan (indicate in brief) Amount taken as Loan Rs.Amount Repaid ( ll now) Rs.Income from IGA, if any (Rs.) per annum

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E. Opera on & Maintenance (O&M)

1. Do you/ household pay user charges

1: Yes 2: No

If, NO why______________________

If, YES, amount per month Rs. ___________

F. Perceived Benefits from Water Scheme village households

1. Is there a reduc on in expenses on pots/ vessels for carrying water a er the scheme started opera ng

1: Yes 2: No

If, YES amount per annum

Rs. __________ 2. Has there been a reduc on in expenses on treatment of ailments/ illness due to water borne diseases?

1: Yes 2: No

If yes, by how muchRs. __________ per annum

3. Is your village be er than other villages now due to Himmothan Pariyojana?

1: Yes 2: No

If YES, in what sense?

4. Do you think that MS is a good forum for discussion and has enabled collec ve local ac on?

1: Yes 2: No

5. Is your village cleaner due to Himmothan?

1: Yes 2: No

6. Do you think that technical knowledge is enhanced within community on water, civil works etc.

1: Yes 2: No

7. Is there an increase in accoun ng, planning and implementa on skills of the members of MS

1: Yes 2: No

8. Is there an increase in transparency – in implementa on of the project?

1: Yes 2: No

9. Is there a reduc on in community conflict and increase in solidarity and coopera on

1: Yes 2: No

10. Has availability of water and toiletresulted in family members staying out in ci es making visits to villages?

1: Yes 2: No

11. Is there an enhancement in quality of life; asset/ infrastructure, livestock, equipment, appliances etc.

1: Yes 2: No

If YES, what asset have been created, please list

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12. Is there a reduc on in the incidence of accidents during ou ng for defeca on (such as leopard li ing child, snake bites etc.)

1: Yes 2: No

13. Is there an increase in intake of water resul ng in be er health condi ons

1: Yes 2: No

14. Any other benefit (please list in right column)

G. Sugges ons from Water Scheme village households

1

2

3

4

5

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H. HOUSEHOLD OBSERVATION Field Researcher would observe sanita on condi on in the household and record accordingly. Please do not ask to the respondent.

No Observa on areas Result1 Toilet is clean and well maintained 1: Yes

2: No 3: Can’t say

2 Water is available sufficienly in the toilet 1: Yes 2: No 3: Can’t say

3 Toilet does not smell bad (shit) 1: Yes 2: No 3: Can’t say

4 Food and drink are well covered 1: Yes 2: No 3: Can’t say

5 Many flies in the house 1: Yes 2: No 3: Can’t say

6 Hand washing facilites and soap are available 1: Yes 2: No 3: Can’t say

7 Nails of HH members is clean 1: Yes 2: No 3: Can’t say

8 Clothes of HH members is clean 1: Yes 2: No 3: Can’t say

9 Soak pit is available 1: Yes 2: No 3: Can’t say

10 Garbage pit is available 1: Yes 2: No 3: Can’t say

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Annex3: List of villages assessed and number of households interviewed in each study village

District Revenue Village NGO name Total HGVS HIHT INHERE SBMA

Almora Bhainsora 12 12 Bhulbagad 11 11 Ghugu 10 10 Lakharkot 12 12 Punakot 9 9

Total 54 54 Pithoragarh Bamangoan 9 9

Bhur ng 22 22 Chachret 15 15 Chauki 25 25 Davrari Bora 19 19 Hupli 15 15 Khet Bharar 16 16 Kothera 20 20 Kotyura 14 14 Rankote 17 17 Total 172 172

Tehri Garhwal Badera 0 9 9 Churadidhar 24 0 24 Dangla 15 0 15 Dhungli 12 0 12 Ghogas 0 12 12 Jhamthiyal 8 0 8 Kaintholi 0 12 12 Kaleth 16 0 16 Kheda Talla 17 0 17 Khuret 30 0 30 Rawali 9 0 9 Tachila 11 0 11 Kinsu 12 12 Total 154 33 187

U arkashi Dikholi 19 19 Sour 23 23

Total 42 42 Grand Total 172 154 54 75 455

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Annex 4: Village wise average me required (during Dry Season) for collec on of water

District Revenue Village Baseline (minutes)

As per Survey 2012 Mean Time Earlier

(minutes)

As per Survey 2012 Mean Time Now

(minutes) Almora Bhainsora 424 260 15

Bhulbagad 388 126 14 Ghuguti 336 132 18 Lakharkot 304 180 15 Punakot 360 118 15 Overall Almora 168 15

Pithoragarh Bamangoan 332 157 15 Bhurting 203 154 16 Chachret 449 150 15 Chauki 213 210 15 Davrari Bora 210 169 18 Hupli 193 158 15 Khet Bharar 450 176 15 Kothera 551 213 15 Kotyura 206 176 23 Rankote 267 189 15 Overall Pithoragarh 178 16

Tehri Garhwal Badera 198 90 22 Churadidhar 196 248 50 Dangla 220 131 15 Dhungli 147 250 18 Ghogas 204 60 20 Jhamthiyal 262 150 73 Kaintholi 264 150 14 Kaleth 220 157 42 Kheda Talla 274 212 14 Khuret 235 189 25 Kinsu 276 119 15 Rawali 154 92 3 Tachila 264 122 3 Overall Tehri Garhwal 165 26

Uttarkashi Dikholi 318 123 19 Sour 420 139 16 Overall Uttarkashi 132 18

All Districts Overall 167 20

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Annex 5: Village wise maximum distances travelled for collec on of water

District Revenue Village Earlier distance (mts) Now distance (mts) Maximum Maximum

Almora Bhainsora 2000 60 Bhulbagad 250 10 Ghuguti 500 20 Lakharkot 300 25 Punakot 70 10 Overall Almora 2000 60

Pithoragarh Bamangoan 400 30 Bhurting 2000 20 Chachret 250 20 Chauki 2000 20 Davrari Bora 1000 25 Hupli 1000 0 Khet Bharar 650 40 Kothera 660 10 Kotyura 800 40 Rankote 500 15

Overall Pithoragarh 2000 40 Tehri Garhwal Badera 150 15

Churadidhar 1800 130 Dangla 1800 10 Dhungli 2400 10 Ghogas 200 200 Jhamthiyal 225 20 Kaintholi 550 10 Kaleth 2000 300 Kheda Talla 1000 50 Khuret 1800 150 Kinsu 400 15 Rawali 500 150 Tachila 3000 100

Overall Tehri Garhwal 3000 300 Uttarkashi Dikholi 2000 250

Sour 2000 20 Overall Uttarkashi 2000 250

All Districts Overall 3000 300 Note: Baseline data on distance not available in PreFeasibility Report (PFR)

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Annex 6: Village wise average consump on of drinking water

District Revenue Village As per Survey 2012 Mean Consumption –

Earlier (lts)

As per Survey 2012 Mean Consumption

– Now (lts) Almora Bhainsora 164 261

Bhulbagad 127 241 Ghuguti 149 273 Lakharkot 116 236 Punakot 177 250

Overall Almora 145 252 Pithoragarh Bamangoan 175 292

Bhurting 149 260 Chachret 153 253 Chauki 164 280 Davrari Bora 166 267 Hupli 160 288 Khet Bharar 132 234 Kothera 197 310 Kotyura 158 273 Rankote 152 281






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Annex 7: Village wise water consump on (LPCD)

District Revenue Village Baseline (LPCD)

As per Survey 2012 LPCD – Earlier

As per Survey 2012 LPCD – Now

Almora Bhainsora 6.69 25 40 Bhulbagad 11.01 22 42 Ghuguti 12.86 28 51 Lakharkot 8.62 24 48 Punakot 9.18 34 54

Overall Almora 26 47 Pithoragarh Bamangoan 16.43 41 67

Bhurting 14.67 28 50 Chachret 8.00 38 62 Chauki 13.38 46 75 Davrari Bora 17.43 32 50 Hupli 14.07 32 57 Khet Bharar 8.50 29 51 Kothera 12.00 41 65 Kotyura 12.55 30 52 Rankote 13.12 27 50

Overall Pithoragarh 35 58 Tehri Garhwal Badera 5.00 39 42

Churadidhar 7.58 35 68 Dangla 6.48 32 53 Dhungli 7.47 27 47 Ghogas 7.00 60 75 Jhamthiyal 10.32 56 74 Kaintholi 22.00 36 51 Kaleth 8.00 29 56 Kheda Talla 8.69 30 62 Khuret 8.27 64 104 Kinsu 7.50 34 58 Rawali 7.94 26 43 Tachila 9.00 12 38

Overall Tehri Garhwal 39 65 Uttarkashi Dikholi 13.00 31 62

Sour 13.00 31 50 Overall Uttarkashi 31 55


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Annex 8: Village wise average Family Size

District Revenue Village As per Survey 2012 Family members in

HH Almora Bhainsora 7.1

Bhulbagad 6.6 Ghuguti 5.7 Lakharkot 5.9 Punakot 6.4

Overall Almora 6.4 Pithoragarh Bamangoan 4.8

Bhurting 6.0 Chachret 4.7 Chauki 4.4 Davrari Bora 6.1 Hupli 5.3 Khet Bharar 5.7 Kothera 5.8 Kotyura 5.7 Rankote 6.6

Overall Pithoragarh 5.5 Tehri Garhwal Badera 6.9

Churadidhar 5.5 Dangla 6.5 Dhungli 6.6 Ghogas 6.2 Jhamthiyal 7.3 Kaintholi 8.4 Kaleth 7.1 Kheda Talla 6.2 Khuret 4.9 Kinsu 6.5 Rawali 7.0 Tachila 7.3

Overall Tehri Garhwal 6.4 Uttarkashi Dikholi 6.7

Sour 6.9 Overall Uttarkashi 6.8

All Districts Overall 6.1

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Annex 9: Village wise status of HHs using ‘own’ toilet

District Revenue Village Baseline As per Survey 2012 % HHs using toilet

Earlier

As per Survey 2012 % HHs using toilet

Now Almora Bhainsora 4% 8% 100%

Bhulbagad 0% 0% 82% Ghuguti 5% 30% 100% Lakharkot 6% 25% 100% Punakot 24% 22% 100%

Overall Almora 17% 96% Pithoragarh Bamangoan 10% 11% 100%

Bhurting 20% 36% 100% Chachret 5% 7% 100% Chauki 70% 76% 100% Davrari Bora 75% 74% 100% Hupli 50% 40% 100% Khet Bharar 10% 19% 94% Kothera 51% 60% 90% Kotyura 10% 14% 100% Rankote 13% 29% 100%

Overall Pithoragarh - 41% 98% Tehri Garhwal Badera 55% 78% 100%

Churadidhar 50% 65% 100% Dangla 7% 13% 100% Dhungli 12% 9% 100% Ghogas 46% 83% 92% Jhamthiyal 0% 38% 100% Kaintholi 94% 100% 100% Kaleth 22% 38% 88% Kheda Talla 27% 44% 88% Khuret 75% 13% 93% Kinsu 5% 0% 75% Rawali 0% 0% 78% Tachila 0% 0% 90%

Overall Tehri Garhwal - 38% 93% Uttarkashi Dikholi 40% 58% 100%

Sour 50% 48% 91% Overall Uttarkashi - 52% 95%

All Districts Overall 38% 96%

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Annex 10: Villagewise Hand Washing a er defeca on

District Revenue Village Hand Wash after defecation Baseline As per Survey 2012

Almora Bhainsora 60% 100% Bhulbagad 100% 100% Ghuguti 70% 100% Lakharkot 100% 100% Punakot 100% 100% Overall Almora 86% 100%

Pithoragarh Bamangoan 43% 100% Bhurting 67% 100% Chachret 45% 100% Chauki 49% 100% Davrari Bora 52% 100% Hupli 58% 100% Khet Bharar 56% 100% Kothera 65% 100% Kotyura 46% 100% Rankote 39% 100%

Overall Pithoragarh 52% 100% Tehri Garhwal Badera 35% 100%

Churadidhar 60% 100% Dangla 27% 100% Dhungli 34% 100% Ghogas 40% 100% Jhamthiyal 26% 100% Kaintholi 60% 100% Kaleth 63% 100% Kheda Talla 12% 100% Khuret 75% 100% Kinsu 5% 100% Rawali 30% 100% Tachila 65% 100%

Overall Tehri Garhwal 41% 100% Uttarkashi Dikholi 12% 100%

Sour 10% 96% Overall Uttarkashi 11% 98%

All Districts Overall 47% 100%

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Annex 11: Villagewise Diarrhoeal incidences past two weeks

District Revenue Village Baseline (no. of cases)

As per Survey 2012 Diarrhoeal incidences past two weeks Now

Almora Bhainsora 0 0 Bhulbagad 6 0 Ghuguti 3 0 Lakharkot 7 0 Punakot 5 0


Bhurting 14 0 Chachret 9 0 Chauki 6 0 Davrari Bora 4 0 Hupli 14 0 Khet Bharar 11 0 Kothera 12 0 Kotyura 7 0 Rankote 10 0





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Annex 12: Villagewise amount saved on vessels and treatment a er watersupply scheme

District Revenue Village As per Survey 2012 Amount saved on

vessels/ pots (Rs./ yr.)

As per Survey 2012 Amount saved on

treatment (Rs./ yr.) Almora Bhainsora 1490.9 4441.7

Bhulbagad 1566.7 3014.3 Ghuguti 1066.7 600.0 Lakharkot 2190.0 4814.3 Punakot 760.0 200.0

Overall Almora 1526.8 3775.9 Pithoragarh Bamangoan 844.4

Bhurting 1523.1 3100.0 Chachret 730.0

Chauki 1247.8 2978.3 Davrari Bora 2129.4 3141.7 Hupli 1389.3 2921.4 Khet Bharar 1246.7 2780.0 Kothera 1626.3 3547.4 Kotyura 1180.0 2875.0 Rankote 1180.0 200.0

Overall Pithoragarh 1373.2 3049.5 Tehri Garhwal Badera 1260.0 2866.7

Churadidhar 1731.6 3393.8 Dangla 2100.0 4200.0 Dhungli 3183.3 4783.3 Ghogas 1500.0 3333.3 Jhamthiyal 700.0 1183.3 Kaintholi 870.0 2177.8 Kaleth 1684.6 4085.7 Kheda Talla 1218.2 1490.0 Khuret 1940.0 3556.3 Kinsu 937.5 2944.4 Rawali 1628.6 3785.7 Tachila 3055.6 4428.6

Overall Tehri Garhwal 1703.9 3236.5 Uttarkashi Dikholi 1773.1 3318.2

Sour 2790.0 3857.1 Overall Uttarkashi 2215.2 3620.0

All Districts Overall 1578.0 3264.0

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Annex 13: Villagewise User’s Charges collec on a er watersupply scheme (as per Survey 2012)

District Revenue Village Minimum Maximum Almora Bhainsora 30 30

Bhulbagad 30 30 Ghuguti 20 20 Lakharkot 25 25


Bhurting 12 25 Chachret 10 10 Chauki 15 30 Davrari Bora 15 30 Hupli 10 15 Khet Bharar 5 10 Kothera 10 15 Kotyura 15 15


Dangla 20 25 Dhungli 20 20 Jhamthiyal 20 20 Kaintholi 15 15 Kaleth 20 30 Kheda Talla 20 20 Khuret 20 20 Kinsu 20 20 Rawali 20 30 Tachila 10 10




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Annex 14: Status of O&M Fund in Study villages (as per Survey 2012)

District Revenue Village Name of NGO

Batch Cash Bank Fixed Deposit

Total Amount

Almora Bhainsora INHERE II 33,786 33,786 Bhulbagad INHERE II 15,309 15,309 Ghuguti INHERE II 12,000 12,000 Lakharkot INHERE II 12,526 12,526 Punakot INHERE II 10,463 10,463

Total 84,084 84,084 Pithoragarh Bamangoan HGVS I 928 3,622 32,912 37,462

Chachret HGVS I 680 6,445 15,053 22,178 Khet Bharar HGVS I 4,480 13,113 51,879 69,472 Kothera HGVS I 477 10,980 60,000 71,457 Rankote HGVS I 75 2,400 35,000 37,475 Bhurting HGVS II 3,565 31,663 32,327 67,555 Chauki HGVS II 49,616 61,000 110,616 Davrari Bora HGVS II 35,375 50,000 85,375 Hupli HGVS II 2,783 5,162 18,000 25,945 Kotyura HGVS II 1,605 13,468 15,000 29,373 Total 14,593 171,844 371,171 556,908

Tehri Garhwal Churadidhar HIHT I 14,000 Dhungli HIHT I 2,050 320 Kaleth HIHT I 2,640 2,640 Khuret HIHT I 920 Tachila HIHT I 2,730 16,000 20,000 33,726 Dangla HIHT II 16,130 Jhamthiyal HIHT II 2,440 3,000 10,000 12,440 Kheda Talla HIHT II 2,900 11,280 18,000 23,900 Kinsu HIHT II 1,800 15,000 17,198 Rawali HIHT II 15,000 10,000 24,560 Badera SBMA II 2,232 2,232 Ghogas SBMA II 5,247 5,247 Kaintholi SBMA II 34,996 34,996 Total 8,070 125,295 73,000 157,259

Uttarkashi Dikholi SBMA II 8,000 8,000 Sour SBMA II 4,962 4,962

Total 12,962 12,962 Overall Total 22,663 394,185 444,171 811,213

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Annex 15: Villagewise score obtained as per SEE

Village Score Categorization Churerdhar 95 HSV Kheda Talla 95 HSV Kinshu 95 HSV Chachret 93 HSV Khet bharar 91 HSV Chauki 91 HSV Devrari Bora 90 HSV Bhurting 86 HSV Punakot 85 HSV Dangla 85 HSV Baman goan 85 HSV Badera 84 HSV Saur 83 HSV Dikholi 83 HSV Rankote 82 HSV Bhainsora 80 HSV Dhungli 79 HSV Khureth 77 HSV Ghuhuti 77 HSV Kaintholi 75 HSV Rawali 74 MSV Tachila 69 MSV Bhoolbagad 69 MSV Kothera 69 MSV Lakharkot 67 MSV Ghogas 66 MSV Kaleth 65 MSV Hupli 60 MSV Kotyuda 47 LSV Jamthiyal 44 LSV

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Annex 16: Stakeholder Consulta on and Field Visit Daily Report

S.N. Date Ac vity/ Village visited

Report

1 10.9.2012 Workshop with partner organiza ons, SRTT and the Research team

A workshop was organized in Aketa hotel, Dehradun, aimed at finalizing the key impact evalua on indicators, research methodology and field work plan. Mr. Vinod Kothari, SRTT, shared the objec ves of study and outcome of impact study conducted previously. Mr. Nisheeth Kumar, Knowledge Links, shared the objec ves of workshop and ini ated discussion on key impact indicator to be studied. A er a brainstorming exercise, lists of key indicators were finalized. Following this exercise, presenta on was held on research methodology tools such as household survey, focus group discussion and indepth interviews. A er par cipatory exercise, the key points/ ques ons to be included in focus group discussion, MS interview and GP interview were finalized. At the end, the research team shared their field visit plan and requested for base line/ secondary data required from partner organiza on and from SRTT.

2 11.09.2012 Inhouse workshop with research team

A day long inhouse workshop in Dehradun was conducted by Knowledge Links to finalize household survey format, FGD, MS and GP interview ques ons. Dra format was shared with SRTT feedback and sugges ons incorporated.

3 12.09.201 Tachala The researcher team visited village Tachala for tes ng and pilo ng of research tools. Each and every team member was allo ed specific task to conduct: FGD, documenta on of FGDs, interview of GP and MS representa ve, household survey, SEE and observa on of the created infrastructure under the project. FGDs were conducted with men, women jointly and with children separately. Project related documents and data were examined and verified during the field survey. A total of 11 household schedules were filled. The survey was conducted keeping in view the propor onate representa on in the village, Viz. Women headed household, caste, geographic loca on and income status. The water sample of the village was also taken from one of the standposts. In the evening a feedback session was conducted to share the experience and further improve the research tools.

4 13.09.2012 Ranwali and Jamthiyal

On second day of field visit, two teams were formed to cover Ranwali and Jamthiyal villages. In Ranwali 9 household schedules, MS, GP member’s interview and SEE were conducted. At Jamthiyal, 8 household surveys, interview of MS, GP members and SEE were conducted. It was difficult to find sufficient number of men and women for FGD exercise as harves ng season was at its peak. A er a long wait we could organize FGD. The water sample was taken from both the villages.

5 14.09.2012 Kheda talla and Kinsu

On the third day, the team visited Kheda Talla village. It covered 17households and conducted FGD. Besides this, the MS and GP member were interviewed. Along with this the SEE, water sample was also collected. In the second half, village Kinsu was covered. 12household schedules were filled here. A exercise similar to the one carried out in the previous village was also conducted here. Two

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water samples were taken from this village. A re red school teacher Pushpa Lata Juyal about 80 years old was interviewed to know about the impact of the Himmothan project. According to her the village has seen remarkable improvement in the overall sanita on in the village. She has seen reduc on in the women’s drudgery.

6 15.09.2012 Kaintholi and Badera

On fourth day of field visit, first visited village Kaintholi, where 12household schedules were filled. Along with this FGD, interviews of GP and MS were conducted. SEE was conducted and water sample was collected. Next village was Badera, where same exercise was done, where 9household schedule were filled.

16.09.2012 Ghogas On fi h day of field visit, first visited village Ghogas, where 12 household schedules were filled represen ng both the hamlets. FGD, interviews of GP and MS were conducted along with SEE. Water sample was collected and Rain water Harves ng scheme was seen.

17.09.2012 Dikholi and Sour Sixth day, first visited village Dikholi, where 19 household schedules were filled. FGD, interviews of GP and MS were conducted. SEE was conducted and water sample was collected. Next village was Sour, where same exercise was done and where 23 household schedules were filled. In village sour a mee ng with about 60 women was possible as they had gathered in one place for doing village cleanup campaign.

18.09.2012 Kaleth and Churerdhar

Seventh day, first visited village Kalethi, where 16 household schedules were filled. FGD, interviews of GP and MS were conducted. SEE was conducted and water sample was collected. Churerdhar was the next village, where same exercise was done and 24household schedules were filled. Rain water harves ng scheme was seen here. A school teacher P. K. Singh was interviewed here, who gave good insight into the impact of the Himmothan project.

19.09.2012 Dhungli and Khureth

Day eight, visited Dhungli and Khureth villages. At Dhungli 12 household schedule were filled and at Khureth 30 Were filled. FGD, interviews of GP and MS were taken and SEE conducted and water sample collected.

20.09.2012 Dangla Ninth day, Dangal village was visited. Here 15 household schedules were filled. Besides the FGD and interviews, the SEE was conducted and water sample taken. The present Pradhan here was an ex Community Organizer in Himmothan project.

21.09.2012 Data Screening Compila on of primary and secondary data 22.09.2012 Data screening Compila on of primary and secondary data 23.09.2012 Travel Travel from Dehradun to Masi, Almora 24.09.2012 Ghugu and

Bhainsora Two team covered village Ghugu , Bhainsora and filled 10 and 12 household schedule respec vely. Apart from FGD with men and women, a separate FGD was conducted with school children in Ghugu Village. Interviews of GP and MS were taken and SEE conducted along with taking of water sample.

25.09.2012 Punakot and Lakharkot

Fourteenth day, visited Punakot and Lakharkot villages. At Punakot 9 household schedules were filled and at Lakharkot 12 Were filled. FGD, interviews of GP and MS were taken and SEE conducted along with collec on of water sample.

26.09.2012 Bhulbagar A total 11 household schedules were filled apart from taking water sample, SEE and interviews of GP and MS members. We could not

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organize FGD as most of the men and women were in the fields for harves ng.

27.09.2012 DevrariBora and Bhur ng

On sixteenth day team visited DevrariBora and Bhur ng villages. In Devrari village 19 household schedules were filled. Similarly 22 household schedules were filled in Bhur ng village. Apart from taking indepth interview of MS, GP members, SEE, water samples, team has also interviewed an Ex zilla Panchayat member and Pradhan who were instrumental in implemen ng Himmothan in their villages in Bhur ng village. In both the villages members of SHGs are quite ac ve and ac vely par cipated in FGDs.

28.09.2012 Khetbarar and Bamangoan

Team visited Khetbarar and Bamangoan villages . At Khetbara 16 household schedule and at Bamangoan 9 formats were filled. FGD, interviews of GP and MS were taken and SEE conducted along with water sample.

29.09.2012 Hupli and Kotyuda Hupli and Kotyuda village were visited on the eighteenth day. In village Hupli 15 household formats and in Kotyuda 14 formats were filled. FGD, interviews of GP and MS were taken and SEE conducted along with taking of water samples in both the villages.

30.09.2012 Rankot and Kothera

20th day, visited Rankot and Kothera villages. 17 and 20household schedules were filled respec vely. Besides the FGDs and interviews, the SEEs were conducted and water samples taken in both the villages.

01.10.2012 Chouki and Chachret

Last day of village visit, team covered Chouki and Chachret village. At village Chouky 25 household schedules and at village 15 household schedules were filled. FGD, interviews of GP and MS members were taken and SEE conducted along with collec on of water samples in both the villages.

02.10.12 Travel From Haldawni to Dehradun

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Annex 17: Supplementary Material on Findings and Recommenda ons

Key Responses during FGDs: Narra ves and Numbers

Name of village

Male Female Key Findings

Khureth 6

12

A part of village has no water supply, people used to go to spring walking distance of about 2km, hand pump and govt. tanker were their source of water. In summer women had to spend at least 45 hours fetching water. Now, rain water harvesting tanks have been installed. This has helped in reducing drudgery of women and children (18) School attendance and personal hygiene among children have improved (15) Village is open defecation free (16) Water related conflicts reduced (18) Women are empowered, have access to credit, funds available for emergency and income generation (11) In 2010, 3 schemes got damaged, SRTT provided Rs 4.5 lakh and community made contribution of Rs 54000.00 for repairing the scheme (14) Technical know how of community members in the sense of chlorination of water, filtration, minor repair have improved. (15) Vermi compost, NADEP helped us in increasing veg production (11)

Dungli 7

10

In parts of a village, there was huge crisis of water, rain water harvesting tanks (RWH)have helped availability of water in peak crisis period (17) Earlier women spent 34 hrs on fetching water in summer months. Now time is reduced to 11.5 hours (17) Earlier people left village due to lack of water (12) At least 15 migrated families came back after drinking water facility in the village improved (9)

New vegetables like cauliflower, tomatoes have been introduced after availability of water (17)

100% toilets are in use (17) Neighbor villages are enquiring about RWH and are willing to construct it (10) Earlier people used to sell their unproductive livestock during summer due to

lack of water (9) Now people want to give their daughters in marriage to us (6) Frequency of bath has increased (17) Women are now more articulate and taking their own decision (12) Village is open defecation free (14)

Churerdhar 9

Rain water harvesting tanks are our god, without these we could not had survived, especially in this summer when there was huge water crisis across the region. We could survive only because of these tanks. We have saved time… about 56 hours (15). We are proud to say that our village is almost open defecation free because we had no toilet or unused toilets, now we have water for toilets (19) Now we are able to produce vegetables in our kitchen garden (18)

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Name of village


11 Girl students absenteeism in school has become a matter of past. (20) There were toilets in school but nobody was using it because of lack of water but now each and every student uses it (15) Now the children come home including those going to jungle to collect fodder also come home to use the toilets.(14) Women feel more empowered as they have money and access to credit for consumption as well income generation (9)

Kaleth 6 9

Women save at least 34 hours of time in a day… now they have more time to relax ….so tension has reduced (15) Earlier, we had to get up early in the morning for toilet and water(15) No load on head of women now. Laxmi Devi’s has still pain in her neck due to carrying heavy load of water in her head for many years. In 2010, due to heavy monsoon pipe line was damaged; in 2011 they repaired it with fund from insurance Rs 25,000.00, HIHT Rs. 1,60,000.00 and GP Rs 1,00,000.00. (15) During that period water supply was interrupted, people again faced water crisis (15) The pipe line is too long about 1012 km, hence there is frequent interruption in water supply, it is very difficult to maintain it from user charges, But village community is helping in maintenance voluntarily through Shramdan, once they paid Majdoori from MNREGA (15) 100% toilets are in use when there is regular water, still 23 families have no toilets (15) Village is much more clean now (15) Scheme has helped in enhancement of technical skill of many persons as there is frequent need of repairing and maintenance (10)

Women have been exposed to outside world and are now more interactive. (12)

Dangala 6 10

Village had no crisis of water, sometime there was irregular water supply, Ruffning Filter (RF)was not there, new scheme under Himmothan helped in regular water supply, availability of safe drinking water due to RF and chlorination (12) 100% families have toilets (14) Tremendous improvement in village environmental sanitation as there is no shit on village paths (13) Now lesser cases of diarrhea and jaundice are reported during monsoon period (10) Women’s time is saved because earlier they used to go Gadhera for washing clothes (16) Frequency of bath has increased as people are more hygienically conscious now (13) SHGs are defunct (SEE) Meetings of MS are almost regular as there is O&M staff in place from HIHT A female community organizer from village became the village pradhan and was elected unopposed keeping in view her good work during project implementation (16)

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Name of village


Khedatalla 9 15

Women saved time at least 34 hours, earlier they used to get up 4 am in now they wake up at 6 am (25 people) Reduction in water related disputes(20 people) Village is open defecation free (21) Earlier villagers hardly had vegetable in their daily meal now they have and surplus is being sold (19) Now there is hardly any case of diarrhea in village (18) Village is much more clean now (24) Now people take bath every 23 days, sometimes every day , practice of hand washing with soap, after defecation has improved (18) Families are regularly paying user charges, each and every family paid 300400 for the repairing of pipe line damaged by heavy monsoon. (24) SHGs are also taking loan for income generating activities apart from consumption (24) MS is better and more responsible for taking care of water supply as compared to panchyats, whose roles get widened (17)

Kinshu 13 9

Earlier water supply was not regular as pipe line was too old, now we have regular and clean water (22) Stand post and toilet at door step saved our time Now women are relaxed, tension free, sparing time for comfort and looking after children (16) Village and streets are now neat and clean (22) Now Older generation people are also using toilet (17) Lesser cases of diseases in summer and monsoons (15) New vegetables have been introducedShimla Mirch (20) Sowing of vegetables in time.(19) Some families are selling vegetables (12) The work of panchyat has been poor. They show work on paper and not on field. The scheme would have failed had it been with gram Panchyat. More politics in panchayats. MS does better job. (13)

Jamthiyal 5 7

After commissioning of the scheme our village has sufficient and clean water, but since last two years due to depletion in water source and lack of maintenance water supply is irregular. In last two summers water supply was completely interrupted for about two months. Village community had no choice but to use traditional spring source of water. (12) Toilet coverage and use of toilets have improved (12) Village is better…. clean now (12) When there is no water supply people go for open defecation (10) No O&M charges are being collected (12) SHG is defunct (12) MS is also defunct, no meetings (11) Chairman of MS is the only active member and has taken care of project implementation

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Bhainsora 10 8 Time saved by 23 hours (18) Now 100% families have toilets (18) Village is open defecation free but some might be going outside in open during work (6) Earlier worms in children’s stomach, vomiting and diarrhea cases were common in summer months. Now hardly there is any such case (12) Earlier we used to close our nose while walking in certain areas now these areas are clean (18)

Availability of water helped in growing garlic and onions in our kitchen garden (18)

MS meeting provided a platform to community members for interaction, cooperation and conflict resolution (15)

Bhulbagar No FGD conducted because of peak agriculture season and unavailability of men and women at home

Ghugu 6 9 There was no water crisis as old pipe line is still functional but no. of stand posts were less. Now every two families have a stand post, which has helped in reducing time spent on collection of water …. up to 1 hour and getting clean water (15) Women are sparing more time for looking after of children (12) Now more than 95% families have toilet. Before project there were only 30% toilets (15) 100% toilets are in use (15) Now school toilets are being used…earlier there was no pipe line in school (10) Now SHG members know book keeping, can speak in meetings and public gatherings (9) Had Himmotthan not come to our village our village sanitation would not have improved even in next 20 years (14) Our neighbor village’s sanitation condition is still poor (15)

Lakharkot 7 6 Now there is no waiting and queue for water at stand post or spring Water collection time reduced by 1.5 hours (13) Earlier we took half hour for defecation and now we are through in ten minutes (10) Each and every family has toilet except one family (13) Village street and paths are cleaner (13) Personal hygienic behavior has improved (10)

Punakot 7 14 Old pipe line is still functional but there was shortage of water in summer months only, people had to take animal to gadhera for drinking, bathing and washing clothes, now they are not using stream any more (21) Now Children are also using toilets (15) More than 95% families have toilet (18) Earlier they used to throw child excreta in gadhera now they dispose it properly in toilets (14)

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Earlier we had bath in fear… had bath at night or early in the morning due to lack of privacy….we used saree to cover the area and bathe behind the house, now we have a bathroom (21) To maintain environmental sanitation, we have imposed a fine of rs, 50 for those who go for open defecation.(14) Now we don’t have to request anyone for loan. Haat key neechay haat nahi failana pad raha hai.(14) Water related disputes have reduced (16) Case of Water born disease reduced (18)

Badera 3 5 Earlier they were not using pipe line water for drinking because the catchment area was polluted, new scheme under HM was constructed from the same source but now they are using it because of filtration system and regular chlorination of water (8) Research team found that community still not using water for drinking from new scheme, they still believe that water is not safe for drinking Women spend lesser time in fetching water for washing, toilet, bathing (8) SHG has helped many women for initiating their own income generating activity (8) Vegetable production has increased (6)

Dikholi 10 12 There was no water crisis as old pipe line is still functional, we saw community using both the pipe lines, some families are not using water from HM scheme, hence they are not paying user charges. People reported that due to less discharge in the summer months we have demanded for new scheme (15) More than 95% families have toilet, earlier there were only 8 toilet in village, all the toilets are in use (22) No chlorination in both the scheme but people reported lesser cases of water borne diseases Village paths are now free from shit and dirt (22) Quarterly SAFAI ABHIYAN is still in practice (16) Today even cows are cleaned by using plastic pipes. This was never done in the past, as it was thought that the cow will fall sick. Now they clean/bath her. (13) Now we have better chilies nursery and on time due to the availability of water. There is sufficient vegetables for the family (18) Now women participate equally in decision making (12)

Ghogas 4 10 Old pipe line is still functional, traditional water source about 200 meter away from the village has sufficient water round the year, there was no demand for new water scheme, people do not use old pipe line water for drinking because they believe that catchment area is polluted. The new scheme taps the same source therefore village community is not using new scheme’s water for drinking (14) In a part of the village where gravity scheme was not feasible, RWT were constructed.. The tanks water is being used for washing, bathing etc. , not for drinking. Maintenance of tanks is in poor condition, more or less community

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members are dependent on traditional source of water (observation and discussion) (8) No significant changes in time spent on water fetching Toilet coverage increased 100% , for this they received Rs. 10,000.00 nirmal gram puruskar from SRTT, But people think that dalit families still go for open defecation (9) Personal health and hygiene behavior has improved (12)

Kaintholi 5 11 Availability of clean and sufficient water (13) Average time saved about 23 hours (12) RF is bypassed, no regular chlorination (observation) Village is open defecation free, got Rs. 10000.00 nirmal gram puruskar from SRTT. (16) Earlier there were latrines but not in proper use due to lack of water (10) Now most families grow vegetables. Increase in the production of onion, garlic, and better yield of vegetables (14) Children are having better personal hygiene. Regular in having bath.(13) SHGs are active, functional and linked with bank, availed Rs 50,000.00 loan (16) There has been reduction in diarrheal disease (13) Earlier due to lack of water, we had to dissuade some members from having bath (8)

Saur 8 45 90% village household using water from HM scheme, remaining are dependent on old pipe line, hence they are not paying user charges (50) Village paths are free from dirt and shit (53) Earlier the village paths were so dirty that one could not walk through them (53) Toilet coverage and use increase, still 7 families have no toilet (40)

Have more green vegetables now (35) Regular monthly safai abhiyan by villagers (53) Women learned saving through SHGs (32) Personal hygienic behavior improved among village community (53)

Rankot 13 10 Availability of sufficient and clean water (23) 100% toilet coverage, Village awarded by NGP (Rs. 2,00,000.00) and through

the prize money they distributed gas connection to every family in the village Time saved about 23 hours per day (23) Neighboring village had cholera cases, but our village was saved from this epidemic because of cleanliness (23) Now people are growing vegetables Viz, cabbage, tomatoes, beans, capsicum, brinjal, peas and earning handsome amount (20) Village has done catchment protection work, planted oak tree, Napier grass and created ground water recharging structure, now no of women’s day to collect from grass from forest has reduced as Napier grass is available in nearby plantation area (23) Before project there was a case of diarrheal death but no case of death (23) There is need to change in MS’s Leadership as MS is not functional (23)

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Village Pradhan has assisting MS in maintenance through MANREGA (18) Earlier guests hesitated to visit our village but now they appreciate our village (23) Reduction in village migration (10)

Bamangoan 5 4 Earlier women had to go spring and stream for collecting water, now water point situated at our door which saves about 23 hours of women’s time (9) Now women have time for rest (6) We used chhul A wooden pine piece to light the path at night, also while going for defecation at night (6) Earlier we threw the child’s excreta in the open, now we don’t do this(7) Earlier we did not wash the tea kettle due to lack of water (8) Pahlay bassi paani petay thay, aab nahi peetay (9) Earlier even big children did not use water after defecation; now even young children use water (5) Villagers are now consuming regular vegetables (8) These days nobody gives credit/loan easily but with SHG, access to credit has improved (5) Now people do not buy vegetable from market (9) Earlier we got nauseated –…gheen aatey thee.. to eat outside in the open(9)

Chachret 6 7 Women save at least 34 hours of time (13) 23 families have no toilets (13) 100% families are paying user charges regularly (13) MS is facilitating village dispute (8)

Women’s participation in village meetings and cooperation among women has increased(13)

The SHG can take up the work of MS by capacity building and training (7) About 10 to 12 women in the age group 60 to 70 have been taught to write

their names (7) Due to open defecation in the village it smelled very bad and we had to close

our nose while walking past some of the areas in the village. (10) The women group has destroyed illicit distillation of local liquor(13)

Khetbarar 7 9 Now villagers have sufficient and safe water, time saved around 23 hours (16) No shit on village path (16) In the kitchen garden we now grow onion, garlic haldi, beans, etc. Bhindi is a new introduction, now we have vegetable for 12 months (14) Earlier women did not attend meeting, only men did and now they are partner in these meetings (11) Once the scheme goes to GP the sense of ownership will be lost (16)

Kothera 8 15 The village is cleaner now, No dirt seen ….which was seen earlier (23) Sufficient and safe water is available (23)

Time reduced in fetching water up to 23 hours (23) people are more hygiene conscious now (23

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Name of village


The SHG has brought in a great economic change in the village by doing dairy business Earlier we did not have vegetables to eat and now we are selling vegetables

Hupli 7 11 Sufficient and safe water available (18) Village is almost open defecation free (15) SHGs are quite functional, helping income generation (18) earlier the old and the guests only used the toilet (18)

Kotura 4 6 In a part of village we had huge crisis of water. They had to travel 23 km to fetch water, now they have RWH tanks….. saved time about 34 hours, though they are not using its water for drinking, they are still fetching water from spring for drinking (10) More than 90% families have toilet, before project there were only 3 toilets in the village (10) Mr. Khadag singh is cultivating and selling vegetable worth about 1015k /month, using RWH polythene tanks for storage and irrigation (10) Village pradhan assisting in construction of toilet for these families who have no toilet (10) One gravity scheme is partially functional, no filtration, no chlorination (observation)

Bhur ng 6 11 Villagers have now safe and sufficient water at door step (17) Himmothan scheme in other village inspired us to take up the water scheme in our village (5) Earlier we had fear and hesitation to sit and speak in a meeting (11) Saving habits inculcated among women through SHG activities and healthy competition among SHG groups (11) Earlier women were hesitant to talk to strangers, now they are confident (11) Today we have food in a place where earlier there was shit and dirt (11) Now SHGs are having a cash balance of 4 to 5 lakhs (11) All the families are regularly paying O&M charges (17)

People are having regular bath, using toilets

Chauki 7 10 Kids report less health problems in rainy season (17) people have taken to dairy business and goatry for business fashion. Earlier 8 to10 people sold milk, today more than 30 sell milk in nearby town (15)

Regular bath, more personal hygiene (17) Women had not seen the banks and now they are doing Bank related SHG work

Villagers have regular, safe and sufficient water (17) Village is now cleaner (17)

Devraribora 9 7 Village is open defecation free, outsiders tenants may go for OD (16) Now no time spent for fetching water (12) Water is safe (16) SHG helped in emergency credit as well as in facilitating income (16)

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Name of village


Tachla 14 0

Water is now available in sufficient quantity (14) The average distance to the stand post is 10 to 20 minutes (14)

Time spent in fetching water is saved and women have more time to relax

(14)

the village is almost ODF (14)

People have been saving time 34 hours (12)

There has been increase in the vegetable cultivation and there has been introduction of onions, French beans, capsicum, spinach in the village. Earlier we had to buy these from the market (14). now due to safe water we have better health, health related expenses reduced (14) Now women come out to participate in meetings and are more outgoing(14) People interact more now and discuss matters in community meetings (14) Generally families are contributing regularly towards O&M charges, Some poor families may at times delay in payment (14)

people are having regular bath (14)

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Annex 18: Sugges ons by People in Project Villages

Most of the sugges ons given by people in project villages during indepth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) are related to the felt need in terms of the required project support for infrastructure, planning, management, monitoring, training and capacity building.

Project planning Planning phase should be of 12 months The total O&M contribu on should be collected before the implementa on of the water supply scheme. Proper planning related eleva on of pipelines should be done while carrying out the construc on so that equal distribu on of water in hamlets of village takes place (Avoid situa on like: one hamlet in our village receives water and another do not because of faulty eleva on).The scheme should be planned properly with catchment protec on measures so that the source discharge is maintained over the years. Proper technical support while planning the scheme will not create stress of nonavailability of water during in summer. There is always a fear that the scheme should not become nonfunc onal because of reducing source discharge among the villagers. This should be taken care of in other new villages. Structure of CWR should be constructed with proper fencing and boundary so that the CWR is not tampered.

Provisions for support in O&M O&M for WS scheme should be ensured before commissioning of project Provision in the project for sufficient funds to meet the breakdowns in water supply scheme. The O&M fund with VMC should be sufficient to take care of major breakdown. Some fund to CEC to handle major breakdown Sufficient training to VMW to handle the repairs in the WS Scheme.

Construc on monitoring Construc on monitoring should be people sensi ve and due importance to the paying capacity of the poorest families be taken in considera on. Deduc ons of the amount verbally commi ed such as labour charges and amount for latrine construc on should be avoided.

Support for development of Management Society Support from NGO for renewal of CEC (MS under project) and insurance of the scheme It would be be er if some addi onal fund is given with the Management Society to manage the cri cal situa on of major breakdowns.It would be be er if some addi onal fund is given with the Management Society to manage the cri cal situa on of major breakdowns.The project should also promote some understanding about the func oning of “Society” and how to expand the area of ac vi es in post withdrawl phase by approaching for other development related ac vi es in the village. In fact, the Village Management Commi ee

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should be independent of the NGO and some efforts need to be carried out to promote the sustenance of the Commi ee from SRTT.Support from NGO for renewal of MS and insurance of the scheme

Management of water supply scheme (s) Rota onal leadership in the Management of scheme could be kept to prevent the conflicts later. The MS should be formed with the community so that there should not be conflicts subsequently in the management of water supply scheme. The Village Management Commi ee should be provided complete understanding about their roles in O&M of the water supply scheme. The Village Management Commi ee should be given regular support through trainings and follow up. The comprehensive understanding and skills among villagers to maintain their catchment area in postwithdrawal phase and especially to the members of VMC be promoted. At present, the transfer of learning about the crucial role of catchment and the kinds of ac vi es that could be useful to improve the recharge in catchment is taking place. The source discharge in summer could reduce if the villagers do not take necessary ac vi es related to construc on of recharge structures in me.Proper planning of catchment protec on in case scheme where source is in other village.Ac ve community members be brought to the Management society. The total O&M contribu on should be collected before the implementa on of the water supply scheme.

Livelihoods development Livelihoods related ac vi es be integrated in the projectSuppor ve livelihood promo on ac vi es in the project villages.

Infrastructure support to foster economic ac vi esTrolley system to transport the vegetables from the village to road head to improve markets. The project should provide some kind of support in marke ng linkages for women to sell their produce. Support to the women in livestock development and fodder produc on from SRTT.

Economic empowerment of women: Skill development trainings for women related to Nursery and poly tunnel in agriculture, hor culture and floriculture be planned in the project for other villages Marke ng linkages and revolving fund for WSHGs Clear cut emphasis on women empowerment beyond the selfhelp groups should be planned in the project. A set of sustained ac vi es followed by the skill development trainings and a small fund to carry out the income genera on ac vi es. Some support in developing the marke ng linkages should also be envisaged in the project in future.Marke ng linkages and revolving fund for WSHGsThe Women SHGs should be provided some fund to undertake the income genera on ac vi es.More corpus fund to Women SHGs to undertake diverse IGAs

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Marke ng linkages and revolving fund for WSHGs

Awareness and capacity development of women: Trainings for women for improving vegetable produc on and other livelihoods ac vi esSkill development training for women for improving vegetable produc on and other livelihoods ac vi esMore skill development to women for nursery establishment, floriculture, hor culture, medicinal plants cul va on and offseason vegetable cul va on etc. so that the avenues for income genera on are expanded.Trainings for women for improving vegetable produc on and other livelihoods ac vi es

Awareness and capacity development among adolescent girls and young women: Some kind of skill development trainings for adolescent girls could be integrated in project. Few schemes should be targeted at adolescent girls and youth so that they are properly developed to undertake selfemployment ac vi es later.Skill development employment oriented trainings to youth and adolescent girls in new villages so that the outmigra on could be reduced.Skill development employment oriented trainings to youth and adolescent girls. Skill development trainings’ for youth & adolescent girls for selfemployment to be included in next phases of Himmthan project. Adolescent girls group for awareness genera on like WSHGs

Community par cipa onSufficient me for IEC and developing collec ve ownership of the project in the community at the village level be given in the project

Mechanism for preven on of shortage of waterProper system is planned in other villages so that there is no shortage of water in summer. Catchment protec on support to be provided to the MS so that the source discharge be maintained over the years. The extension of the months in scheme should be supported by availability of services of the NGO support team. Comprehensive understanding of the catchment protec on ac vi es beyond project should be given to the MS members.

Other support mechanisms Apart from the drinking water facili es, the project should support for irriga on water. O&M should be handed over to the women group Some support as the drainage needs improvement The extension of the months in scheme should be supported by availability of services of the NGO support team. In new villages, the Management society should be transfer to SHG of women group Project should be completed in me

Village selec on Selec on of the village be based on need

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The village selec on should strictly be on the basis of the felt need for safe drinking water. The project design needs to be reviewed with planning phase for 12 months and guidelines for community mobiliza on and ensuring community par cipa on in all aspects.The management society should involve more women in project as they are the worst affected due to the drinking water source loca on at a long distance. Presently the Management Society is largely male dominated.

It was found that there are various cases of extension of the implementation and O&M phases in case of villages with no presence of the support staff from the NGOs. Such situations need to be reviewed and proper arrangement of support staff during the extension period be ensured so that hand holding support from staff continues during the period. The focus on technical trainings and hand holding onsite in post withdrawal phase is very much needed as the current capacity is not quite sufficient to handle the technical problems emerging in the villages. Proper understanding on the role of management society, their legal status and what potentials exist for an organization should be promoted from the planning period. The situation of verbal assurances to the villagers such as of Revolving Fund, approval of the toilets and payment of the additional work such as stone cutting for making space for SWR should be avoided by the Service Agency personnel, as this results in confusion and loss of credibility when not fulfilled. More transparency and efficiency in the functioning of Service Agency is needed especially the approval on DPR & IPCR as the delay creates confusion and reduction in interest of the community and NGO. Mechanisms to ensure the water quality testing periodically need to be in place. Some kind of follow up support to refresh the knowledge and skills of VMW to test the water quality should be institutionalized in the project. There is a need of additional fund for O&M with the Management society for undertaking repairs/ replacements in case of major breakdowns in the water supply scheme(s). The women empowerment through activities like HESA and WSHGs promotion has been a great component in the project. Similar kinds of activities could be envisaged for adolescent girls so that the adolescent girls are made aware about the health and hygiene issues like menstrual hygiene and balanced diet apart from developing ability to be selfreliant to undertake activities to support family income in future. There should be some revolving fund for the WSHGs so that their dependence on bank’s credit linkages is reduced. Also this would expand their income generation activities. Some kind of infrastructure development like rope way or/ and trolley to transport the milk & agriculture produce and vegetable on user pay principle be envisaged. This would fetch increased prices to women for the produce resulting in increased selfesteem. It would be useful to prevent the outmigration of the youth by providing them skill development trainings for selfemployment suitable in the locale.

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More skill development trainings to women such as nursery development, offseason vegetables, mushroom production etc. There needs to be an increased number of activities to foster the unity, solidarity and community participation and planning way forward.

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Attachment 1: Villagelevel Sustainability Evaluation Exercise Index

Kaleth Dhungli Khureth Churerdhar Tachila

1 Status of water supply structuresI Scheme fully functional with all filtration units functional 25 20 22 25 25II Scheme fully functional with all filtration units non functional 15 15III Schemes partially functional but all filtration units functional 10IV Schemes partially functional but all filtration units non functional 5V Scheme non functional 02 Source DischargeVI Discharge of the tapped source has increased or remained the same as

per the safe yield adopted in DPR but> 9 Ipm ( for gravity and pumping schemes)

15 15 15 15 15

VII Discharge is between safe yield and design discharge as taken in DPR but > 9 IPM (for gravity and pumping schemes)

10 10

VIII Discharge of the tapped source has declined less than design discharge or is less than 9 lpm( for gravity and pumping schemes

0

3 Chlorination StatusIX Regular chlorination and residual chlorine testing/H2S strip testing (HP) 10 10

X Regular chlorination but irregular or no residual chlorine testing/ H2S strip testing

7 7

XI Irregular chlorination and no residual testing / H2S testing (HP) 5 5 5 5

XII No chlorination/ H2S strip testing (HP) 04 O&M tariff collection (O&M Phase)XIII Tariff collection equal to or more than 100 % of the target & more than

expenditure10

XIV Tariff collection between 90% 100 % as per the target and more than expenditure

10 10 10

XV Tariff collection > 75% but less than 90% of the target and more than expenditure

8 8

XVI Tarff collection > 50 % but less than 75% of the target and more than expenditure

6 6

XVII Tariff collection less than 50 % of the target and more than expenditure

4 4

XVIII Tariff collection less than expenditure 0

Maximum score

ParametersSl.No. PhaseI (HIHT)

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5 Status of RepairsXIX Essential repairs done with VMC funds 10 10 10 10XX Repairs done by VMC + GP funds 8 8 8XXI Repairs done by GP funds 5XXII Repairs unattended in wants of funds 06 Latrine CoverageXXIII % of HHS Having >90% 15 15 15 15 15XXIV % of HHS Having latrines between 75% 90% 7 7XXV % of HHS Having latrines 50% 75% 5XXVI % of HHS having latrines < 50% 07 Functioning of VMCXXVII Regular meetings by the VMC ( once every month in last 6 months)

and by laws adopted by the GP10 10

XXVIII Irregular meetings by the VMC ( at least two meetings since last six months) & by laws adopted by the GP

6 6 6 6 6

XXIX No meetings but some members are active & by – laws not adopted by the GP

3

XXX No meetings since last 6 months and members are in – active and by laws not adopted by the GP

0

8 General ObservationXXXVIII Cleanliness of stand post; leakage in taps; drainage system; water

stagnation around the sources; cleanliness of latrines; cleanliness of lanes & by lanes; use of compost pit; soak pit; household washing hand after defecation and anal cleaning of infant excreta, washing hands before eating, using safe water for cooking and drinking purposes, etc ( give score between 1 5)

5 3 4 3 4 5

Total Score 65 79 77 95 69Categorization of Village (HSV/MSV/LSV) MSV HSV HSV HSV MSV

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Attachment 1: Villagelevel Sustainability Evaluation Exercise Inde

1 Status of water supply structuresI Scheme fully functional with all filtration units functional 25II Scheme fully functional with all filtration units non functional 15III Schemes partially functional but all filtration units functional 10IV Schemes partially functional but all filtration units non functional 5V Scheme non functional 02 Source DischargeVI Discharge of the tapped source has increased or remained the same as


15


10


0

3 Chlorination StatusIX Regular chlorination and residual chlorine testing/H2S strip testing (HP) 10


7

XI Irregular chlorination and no residual testing / H2S testing (HP) 5


expenditure10


10


8


6


4


Maximum score

ParametersSl.No.

Lakharkot Bhoolbagad Bhainsora Ghuhuti Punakot

25 25 25 25 25

15 15

10 10 10

7 7 7

5 5

6 6 6

4 4

Phase II (INHERE)

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5 Status of RepairsXIX Essential repairs done with VMC funds 10XX Repairs done by VMC + GP funds 8XXI Repairs done by GP funds 5XXII Repairs unattended in wants of funds 06 Latrine CoverageXXIII % of HHS Having >90% 15XXIV % of HHS Having latrines between 75% 90% 7XXV % of HHS Having latrines 50% 75% 5XXVI % of HHS having latrines < 50% 07 Functioning of VMCXXVII Regular meetings by the VMC ( once every month in last 6 months)

and by laws adopted by the GP10


6


3


0



5

Total ScoreCategorization of Village (HSV/MSV/LSV)

10 10 10 108

15 157 7 7

6 6

3 3 3

3 3 4 3 3

67 69 80 77 85MSV MSV HSV HSV HSV

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15


10


0



7



expenditure10


10


8


6


4


Maximum score

ParametersSl.No.

Jamthiyal Kheda Talla

Kinshu Rawali Dangla

25 25 20 25

10

15 15 15 15

10

7 7

5 5

0

8 8

6 6

4

Phase II (HIHT)

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6


3


0



5


10 10 10 108

15 15 157 7

10 10 8

6

3

2 5 5 3 3

44 95 95 74 85LSV HSV HSV MSV HSV

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15


10


0



7



expenditure10


10


8


6


4


Maximum score

ParametersSl.No.

Rankote Baman goan

Kothera Khet bharar

Chachret

22 25 25 25 25

15 15 15

10 10

7 7

5 5 5

10 10

8 6

4

PhaseI (HGVS)

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6


3


0



5


10 10 10 10 10

15 15 15 157

10 10

6

3 3

4 3 3 4 3

82 85 69 91 93HSV HSV MSV HSV HSV

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15


10


0



7



expenditure10


10


8


6


4


Maximum score

ParametersSl.No.

Devrari Bora

Bhurting Chauki Hupli Kotyuda

25 25 2515

10

15 15

10 10 10

7

5 5 5

0

10 10

8 8

4

PhaseII (HGVS)

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6


3


0



5


10 10 10 10

0

15 15 157 7

10 10

6 6

3

4 3 4 4 3

90 86 91 60 47HSV HSV HSV MSV LSV

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15


10


0



7



expenditure10


10


8


6


4


Maximum score

ParametersSl.No.

Badera Saur Kaintholi Ghogas Dikholi

25 25 20 2515

15 15 15 15 15

5 5 5 5

0

4 4 4 4

0

PhaseII (SBMA)

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6


3


0



5


10 10 10 10 10

15 15 15 15 15

6 6 6 6

3

4 3 5 3 3

84 83 75 66 83HSV HSV HSV MSV HSV

knowledge links, indiaknowledgelinks.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/wash_re_06.pdfby sir ratan tata...

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