knowledge indicators: measuring information societies in asia-pacific international...
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Knowledge indicators:measuring information
societies in Asia-Pacific
International Telecommunication SocietyAsia-Australian Regional Conference
Perth, Australia22-24 June 2003
Vanessa GrayInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Overview
• What is the information society?• How knowledge indicators help us
to understand a country’s information society readiness
• Knowledge indicators in Asia-Pacific
• The knowledge index
Information Society readiness…
• …a society’s ability to use and benefit from information and communication technologies ICT
USE
Knowledge
Infrastructure Affordability
Four clusters of indicators
• School enrolment (3)– Primary– Secondary– Tertiary
• Educational attainment (3)– Primary– Secondary– Tertiary
• Newspaper readership (1)• Language (2)
– Diversity– Ability to understand other
languages
Education
Language Reading
Schooling
Internet users in Asia-Pacific
• Over 200 million Internet users in Asia-Pacific (2002)
• At the same time the region shows great disparities in Internet penetration
Internet penetration, 2002
48.444.9 42.7
30.8
7.8 5.4 4.6 3.8 1.6 1.8 0.3 0.2
54.055.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Korea
(Rep
.)
Singap
ore
New Z
ealan
dJa
pan
Austra
lia
Mala
ysia
Thaila
nd
Mald
ives
China
Indo
nesia
India
Viet N
am
Lao
P.D.R
.
Cambo
dia
Source: ITU
School enrolment
Source: ITU (Internet penetration). UNESCO (school enrolment data). ITU Internet Case Studies (ICT in schools data) and national governments. Tertiary school enrolment data is based on total number of tertiary students (UNESCO) and population data (ITU). The data for China refers to the year 1999/2000. Note: * 1998/99 data ** 1997. *** 1996.
I nternet
Penetration
2002
Korea (Rep.)
100 97 72 6.4 100/100 100/100 55.2
Singapore 100 100 43** 4.7 100/100 100/100 54.9
New Zealand
99 92 69 4.5 100/100 100/100 48.4
J apan >100 >100 48 3.1 100/100 100/100 44.9
Australia 96 90 63 4.4 100/80 100/90 42.7
Malaysia 100 99 28 2.3 32/10 54/34 30.8
Thailand 98 79 32 3.4 77/2.2 91/44 7.8
China >100 63 8 0.6 N/A 29/ 4.6
Philippines 100 76*** 29*** 3.1 N/A 31/2 4.4
Indonesia 100 55 11* 1.4 N/A N/A 3.8
Vietnam 100 65 10 0.9 N/A N/A 1.6
Lao PDR 100 36 3 0.3 0/0 0/0 0.3
Cambodia 100 18 3 0.2 0/0 0/0 0.2
Tertiary enrolment
as % of total
population
Primary schools with
PCs/ I nternet
access (% )
Secondary schools with
PCs/ I nternet
access (% )
Economy Gross Primary School
Enrolment
Gross Secondary
School Enrolment
Gross Tertiary School
Enrolment
Educational attainment
Source: ITU adapted from NECTEC’s 2002 Internet user profile survey and the Indonesian Internet service provider association (APJII), 2000.
• Enrolment measures potential whereas attainment measures where a country is at now
• Just as important as school enrolment
• There is a strong link between educational attainment and Internet use
Educational Profile of Chinese Internet user
2.3
0.412.9
27.626.1
30.6
Less than high school
High school
Junior College
Bachelor Degree
Master Degree
Doctor Degree
Educational Profile of the Indonesian Internet user
34
40
20 5
1
High school
Under-graduate
Bachelor degree
Masters degree
Doctorate degree
Newspaper readership
Source: ITU adapted from ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database and World Press Trends 2002.
010203040506070
Austra
liaChin
a
Hong
Kong,
Chin
aIn
dia
Indo
nesia
Japa
n
Mala
ysia
New Z
ealan
d
Philipp
ines
Singap
ore
Thaila
nd
Internet Penetration (%), 2002 Newspaper penetration (%), 2002
Language
French4%
Italian4%
Japanese9.7%
Korean4.5%
German7%
Chinese10.9%
Spanish7%
Other16% Asian
25%
English36%
Internet users by language, Sep. 2002
Chinese4%
Korean1%
German6%
French3%
Spanish2%
Other9% Japanese
6%Asian11%English
69%
Web content by language,
2001
Source: ITU adapted from Global Reach, Global Research Institute
• Ability to understand other languages– People not familiar
with an ‘Internet’ language, cannot take advantage of vast amounts of content & applications
• Diversity– The more diversity,
the less relevant single-language content will be and the harder to achieve economies of scale
Diversity
• The more languages used in a country the less economy of scale in developing Internet content
• Less content available for lesser used languages
0 0.5 1
Philippines
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Singapore
Laos
Vietnam
Korea (Rep)
Language diversity
93
82
21
169
139
75
726
The higher the value, the less likely it is to find 2 people that speak the same language
Number of languages spoken
Source: ITU adapted from Ethnologue
Korea has 2 national languages
and a diversity index of 0.0
Understanding other languages
• The ability to understand an “Internet” language, especially English, enhances ICT usage
• Ability to understand popular languages also increases amount of content users can access
Source: ITU adapted from National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC). Internet User Profile of Thailand, 2002
English skills of the Thai Internet user, 2002
13.9
42.6
43.1
0.4 (none)
Good/excellent Fair Limited None
The knowledge indexAn example from Hong Kong, China
Source: ITU based on data from UNDP-HDI (Schooling); World Press Trends 2002 (Newspaper circulation); Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong, China (Education and Language).
ValueI ndex value
SchoolingCombined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment (%), 1999 63 0.63
Primary or below 30.2 0.04
Secondary 52.8 0.29
Tertiary 17 0.15
Total Education 0.48
ReadingDaily newspaper circulation per 100
adults, 2000 26.8 0.27
Per cent of population that speaks an “Internet” language (Chinese) 96.1 0.96
Diversity 0.8 0.8
Total Language 0.88
Total 2.26/ 4
Education
Educational attainment (Age 10+), 2002
Language
Conclusion
• Countries need to identify their knowledge base to measure their information society readiness
• Ideally countries should measure ICT literacy • In the absence of more specific ICT user and
usage data, the knowledge index can help measure a country’s information society progress and potential