knowledge acquisition and modelling introduction
TRANSCRIPT
Knowledge Acquisition and Modelling
Introduction
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Broad Summary of Module Knowledge
What is it? What forms can it
take? Examples? Storage? Relationship to
humans? Relationship to
artefacts? Reliability? Certainty?
Its Elicitation and Acquisition How to? Challenges? Approaches?
Its Representation Conceptual? Functional? Schemes? Certainty?
Module Aim To develop a foundation in the
key tools and technologies used in knowledge acquisition, modelling and representation
To provide an opportunity for students to gain practical experience of using these.
Learning Outcomes – What will you be able to do ? Assess the main methodological and
conceptual issues of knowledge acquisition; Design, justify and implement an appropriate
acquisition and elicitation strategy for a knowledge based problem;
Develop a conceptual knowledge model for a knowledge based problem;
Learning Outcomes – What will you be able to do ? Examine the difficulty and complexity of
knowledge representation; Assess the appropriateness of a range of
knowledge representation techniques for a knowledge based problem;
Formalise and represent knowledge using an appropriate knowledge representation technique;
Learning Outcomes Employ appropriate uncertainty management
techniques in the representation of a knowledge based problem;
Analyse a problem and identify the most appropriate knowledge representation, uncertainty management and reasoning approach to employ in solving it;
Use various computational tools to formalize and represent knowledge using uncertainty management.
Basics Assessment
50% assessment Assessment broken
into three parts Deadline
Wednesday December 5th @ 10.00
50% examination Two hour exam Compulsory Q1 + Any other
question
Lecture notes Supplement to
attending lectures Available via class
website Reading Material
All reading material will be indicated as part of lecture notes
What do we already know? What is knowledge ?
What does it mean to know something ?
What is Knowledge? ‘Trivial Pursuit Model’ Accepted absolutes Common Knowledge Mediated Knowledge Unmediated Knowledge What do you want to happen when you read
an ‘encyclopedia’ or use a similar source?
What is knowledge? Reliability
Knowledge is a true belief that has been arrived at by a reliable process
How reliable? Is it possible to ever create the perfect
encyclopedia? If there was a perfect encyclopedia, could you
get knowledge by reading it, understanding and believing it?
Who should create the perfect encyclopedia? What is the role of experts? Expertise?
What is knowledge ? Does not exist in a social vacuum
Kuhn’s Paradigm The transition from a Ptolemaic
cosmology to a Copernican one.
The transition between the worldview of Newtonian physics and the Einsteinian Relativistic worldview.
The development of Quantum mechanics, which redefined Classical mechanics.
The acceptance of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection replaced Lamarckism as the mechanism for evolution.
What is knowledge?
What is knowledge?
What is knowledge? All knowledge is the answer to a question that
someone has posed All knowledge began in doubt
Knowledge By Description (Russell) Public knowledge Knowledge of facts Knowledge of a discipline Describes the world using statements or
propositions Language and form of expression are crucial Statements about reality are usually a
combination of facts and interpretation
Knowledge by Description Example
There has been an accident. A single observer (you) experiences the reality of the situation and communicates back to an audience.
You state: ‘There are 12 people involved.’
There are several built in assumptions that will determine if I believe you you can see things for what they
are, the conditions of seeing are
adequate that you can describe them
accurately that you are a truth-teller and that I can understand you
Overall the statement is thought to be objective
i.e. Another person in a similar
situation would report the same thing
However, details of the condition of the people involved is subjective or interpretative Your opinions, feelings, experience
will shape your statements Knowledge By Description has
as its goal more objective propositions but we recognise that most statements are a combination of fact and interpretation
Exercise Which statements are more objective than
interpretive? 1 There was murder in his eyes. 2 Four cars crashed together at the stop light. 3 The sun is coming in the window. 4 He was drunk when he hit the car. 5 There were eight puppies in the kennel
today. 6 The fire drill rang at ten o’clock. 7 No one was prepared to leave the school in
an orderly way
Knowledge by Acquaintance (Russell) Private knowledge A felt knowledge, how to do something May not be easily expressed but sense of
certainty may be strong Must convey your knowledge by acquaintance
by descriptive knowledge Best shown not explained
Rationalism v Empiricism Rationalism (Descartes)
Reason has precedence over all other ways of acquiring knowledge
Empiricism (Locke) Senses are primary with respect to knowledge
Exercise Look at each of the propositions below and decide whether it can be
proven true or false or both or neither. Imagine that someone is asserting each one as knowledge, not
merely believed or held as an opinion. 1 I know it is raining. 2 I know it is raining or it isn’t raining. 3 I know 2 + 2 = 4. 4 I know two apples and two apples make four apples. 5 I know my brother is my sibling. 6 I know how to speak French. 7 I know I will pass the test. 8 I know girls are better at theory of knowledge than boys. 9 I know murder is wrong. 10 I know my tooth hurts. 11 I know she doesn’t like me. 12 I know God exists.
Answers 1
is empirical and needs sense experience to prove it true or false.
2 True under all conditions once you have understood the
language, What could prove it false?
3 true at all times within the
mathematical framework of base 10.
what could prove it false? 4
There is surface similarity to 3 but This is an empirical statement
about the physical world not maths
5 a rational proposition true by
definition. if he is your brother, then he is your
sibling.
6 a ‘knowing how’ statement, not
‘knowing that. Requires performance to proof
7 either true or false but, as such, it
is not verifiable. can a statement about the future
be claimed to be true or false in advance of its occurrence?
8 could be classified as empirical
since, in principle, it could be established as true or false by looking at all the evidence.
Exercise 9
Is this more of a belief? 10
Only true for you No one else can verify it
11 Opinion or belief. How would you know?
12 ?
Exercise What do you make of these propositions? Are
they more rational or empirical? Every event has a cause. All people are created equal. Whatever has shape has size. Every cube has twelve edges. I see with my eyes. There is life on Mars.
The Correspondence Truth Test
A statement is made about a state of affairs (facts) which either matches or doesn’t to the facts (state of affairs)
Coherence Truth Test
Statements pass through their rational agreement with others
Pragmatic Truth Test Based on believing something to be true
rather than actual truth Becomes interesting with beliefs
Exercise Which truth tests would you apply to test the truth of the following: 1 coherence (logical truths) 2 correspondence (observational truths) _______ a Metals expand when heated. _______ b It is raining. _______ c It is raining or it is not raining. _______ d A triangle has three sides. (The sum of the interior angles of a triangle = 180
degrees.) _______ e All white cats are white. _______ f All white cats are deaf. _______ g The population of Tokyo is larger than that of Hong Kong. _______ h All wives have husbands. _______ i Mars has no moons. _______ j Mars is a planet. _______ k The best team will win the World Series. _______ l If Bert is a younger son, then he is a brother. _______ m If Bert is a younger son, then he is a sibling. _______ n It is now raining in Rio. _______ o The hydrogen atom has one electron. _______ p You are either here or somewhere else. _______ q There is an invisible elephant in this room.