This document released june 9, 2015 This Supplement -- Do You Know Your Astoria From A Hole In The Ground? -- is being released this June 9,

2015, to mark the 90-day mark since the pullout of HANJIN Korean container cargo carrier from service at

Terminal 6 at the Port of Portland: an event which occurred on March 9, effectively ending deep-water shipping

at the Port, and thus ending direct and economically efficient international cargo service for manufacturers,

growers, and -- yes -- even retail importers within the region of the Columbia river watershed.

ALSO on MARCH 9, 2015 – that being the very day that HANJIN stopped calling in Oregon – SYM-Zonia, Inc.,

an Oregon non-profit, public benefit corporation, published the only public policy proposal of any kind addressing

the economic crisis caused by the closure of T-6, and the only single viable and available solution -- namely to

reopen, refurbish and reconnect the three existing magnificent deep-water terminals at Smith Point, Port of

Astoria, and begin planning for expansion of those three terminals to the full seven terminals originally planned

over 100 years ago, and expand further therefrom, to meet the commercial needs of Oregon, in the Third

Millennium.

Our report, published March 9, 2015, disclosed

100-year old plans of the Port of Astoria for

maximizing the full potential of the world-class

harbor at the Mouth of the Columbia.

This report -- in two parts -- is available at

http://www.slideshare.net/RochSteinbach/docu

ments

That Report focused on the existing three deep-water piers at Smith Point terminal at Astoria, as the immediate

and long-term answer to the closure of deep-water facilities at Terminal 6 in the Port of Portland.

Planning for these three piers was

begun in 1913 and construction

was completed to this point, by

1917.

Each one of these three piers

measures over 1300 feet in length,

and is perpendicular or “angled” to

the shipping channel, making for

greater ease and quickness in

docking and casting off again.

These piers are also already served

by a direct rail link to Portland, on

a rail line of the Portland and

Western Railroad – PNWR – of

about 90 miles length. this line just

needs to be checked and repaired to

be put into service again.

But in addition to the existing three

completely serviceable and fully

connected deep-water piers at Astoria,

the original drawings representing the

engineering plans presented in the

Report of March 9, 2015, disclosed the

intent for a fuller development at Smith

Point, that would have increased the

number of such piers from three to

seven.

Furthermore, other drawing showed the

original 19th C. intent to create even

more additional piers along the south

bank of the Columbia: a river which at

this point at Astoria is over 4 miles wide

– and on whose shore such massive

development would make nary a ripple.

An unmatched opportunity...

And then, on the other hand, there is the Willamette River at the Port of Portland …. Let’s LOOK:

POrtLand is a hOLe in the grOund…

The Port of Portland is now closed to international deep-water container shipping. It is the author’s

conviction that this closure is permanent, as it is clearly due to economics of geography, and is not merely the

cause of disgruntled labor at the Port. Now, as we reach the 90-day mark, there is still no other public discussion

of the role which the Port of Astoria – with three deep-water berths already built --must play in the advancement

of the Oregon and regional economies into this new millennium, I’m releasing this follow-up report with a few

ancient authorities on the topic. Indeed… we have to look into history:

The shut-down of Terminal 6 at the Port of Portland was triggered by the HANJIN pull-out, but was shortly

followed by the cessation of calls by Hapag-Lloyd. T-6 is now closed. This abandonment of Terminal Six was

blamed by the Port of Portland and the Portland media, on the ILWU, whose Portland locals have been

scapegoated over problems which really are intrinsic to Terminal 6 itself, deriving from its incapacity to function

economically as a 21st C. deep-water terminal. For a number of considerations which are discussed in the

ASTORIA ONLY Report -- now available in full here: http://www.slideshare.net/RochSteinbach/documents --

Portland is really not a first-class deep WATER port, but truly now a Port-LAND – and in effect, little more than

an inland waterway hole in the ground, out of which accumulating silt must be constantly dredged – even along

the length of a 100-mile inland waterway channel. This is strictly a matter of geography, and the way in which it

can determine regional economic development. Now, with the advent of new “next-gen” container carriers, it is

clear that neither T-6 nor anything the Port of Portland has to offer, can ever accommodate future international

deep-water commerce. Portland is in effect, a 21st century version of Exeter, England, desperately dredging itself

deeper into its own hole; whereas, the potential for developing deep-water shipping at Astoria is not only

immediately superior to anything Portland ever had to offer, but it is also virtually limitless.

Portland’s pre-eminence as a seaport in the first place, was due to precisely the same sort of geographic factors,

which almost forced success upon the city over 150 years ago. Portland’s dominance now, is a vestige of the

romantic age of sail and steam: it derives from three or four geographic features or factors which combined to

make Portland originally a prime terminal for coasting trade vessels, primarily those running to and from San

Francisco or Los Angeles. These features are:

1) Situation at the head-waters of navigation: originally this laurel was Oregon City’s, but the

establishment of Portland a few miles downriver, in 1851, coupled with the advent of rail in Oregon,

unseated Oregon City as the de facto headwaters of navigation.

2) The Vista Ridge Gap: This gap in the mountains which otherwise effective ring in the expansive and

productive farmlands of the Tualatin valley immediately west of Portland, served as a flatland mountain

pass for farmers hauling wheat, oats, barley, butter and other produce, as well as for loggers hauling timber

for water shipment to California. Because of this gap ( formerly Canyon Road, now where Portland’s

Jefferson St. joins the Sylvan Highway (U.S. 26) near Goose Hollow) transport of goods to Portland by

wagon was far more efficient and less risky than to other competing ports, in particular to St. Helens, at

the northern end of the Cornelius pass from the Tualatin valley. This access to the waterfront where

Portland was founded is easily the most significant contributor to Portland’s early dominance in shipping

– but it is no longer of any relevance.

3) Deep seawall berth: Portland possesses (or possessed) a seawall on the shipping channel which was once

suited to tie-up by the large oceangoing vessels, of say 25’ draft. However, no perpendicular piers were

ever constructed off the Portland waterfront, because the river is just not that wide,

4) Room for railroad yards and warehouse expansion: Unlike Oregon City, Portland also possesses

ample low-lying ground near the Willamette river, which allowed for the ready and continual expansion

of railyards, to serve the Port, as well as ample room for warehouses, machinists and shipwrights …..but…

BUT …. CAN YOU FIND A PERPENDICULAR BERTH IN PORTLAND ??

Check out this Glover’s Birdseye map of Portland in 1879: http://www.bigmapblog.com/2014/birdseye-view-of-

portland-oregon-1879/ Download or zoom in. Even at this early date, there was no perpendicular berthing at

the Port of Portland, even for those smaller sail & steam vessels, which are already wedged in along the seawall.

Parallel berthing is not itself that inefficient with these small vessels; but in Portland it indicates a limited (non

existent) harbor: and represents a decision not to build piers off the waterfront, because such construction would

have obstructed too much of the shipping channel.

Image: Detail of Glover’s Birdseye Map of Portland (1879) – shows Portland with plenty of room for

onshore development, but no space to spare in the water for a single perpendicular berth.

HOWEVER, as mentioned, perhaps the single most important factor enabling Portland’s early growth and

predominance as a commercial center in Oregon, was a geographical feature which is irrelevant to 21st C. deep-

water commerce: the Vista Ridge Gap, in Portland’s West Hills first accommodated Canyon Road out of old

downtown Portland through Goose Hollow and the well-timbered Sylvan Canyon, to the farmlands of the Tualatin

Valley, and enabled safe, cheap and swift transport of farm produce, goods and timber to the Portland waterfront.

It was THE lowland wagon-route to the river!

Image: Detail of Glover’s Birdseye Map of Portland (1879) showing Canyon Road – now Jefferson St.

– a low pass through Portland’s West Hills, which allowed ready access for Tualatin Valley famers bringing

their goods to the Willamette river -- by wagon… some 135 years ago. This pass, which pioneer farmers

first took, certainly following Indian trails, established the commercial routes which became U.S. Hwy 26.

The Sylvan Tunnels of Hwy 26 under Vista Ridge and into Portland, were built to accommodate the increase

of auto traffic along this route. Portland itself grew along the waterfront at the end of this road -- the

municipal beneficiary of this unique geographical feature: the one easy pass from the western valley.

And it was charming ! So …. so …. retro... !!

NOTE AGAIN, however, that there was no perpendicular berthing in Portland, not even in 1879: not even for

those little coasting vessels of just 100-200 feet in length !!! And it was the same story twelve years later, in 1890.

Check out Wood’s Birdseye Map of Portland, Oregon (1890) here: http://www.bigmapblog.com/2011/us40-23-

portland-oregon-birdseye-map-1890-wood/ Download or zoom in – but just try and find a single perpendicular

berth anywhere along the Willamette. It was impossible; but perhaps the river current was a factor here as well.

Image: Detail of Wood’s Birdseye Map of Portland, Oregon (1890) showing small 19th century three-

masted vessels tied up parallel to and hugging the Portland “seawall” along the Willamette River: the

Willamette is only a modest tributary of the mighty Columbia river, and one whose width varies from 300

to 600 feet around Portland. Get real Portlanders! Wake up Oregonians! Snap out of the spell of the

descendants of the Portland ‘steam-monopoly’ on the Willamette River…

PORTLAND WAS A WORKABLE 19TH c. SEAPORT

Senator Thomas Hart Benton

But WHAT CENTURY IS THIS ?

You couldn’t put a perpendicular berth into the Willamette at Portland 100 years ago – it would block the shipping

channel … And now ? None of the geographic features itemized, that compelled Portland to commercial

dominance in the 1800’s and early 1900’s are relevant any longer – except its vast railyard capacity. But neither

railyard access, nor any other features mentioned, compensate for the 21st C. fact that the larger deep-water

oceangoing container carriers can barely even fit into the Columbia channel above Astoria -- nor economically

negotiate the shallows around Portland. And the next-gen Triple E’s will not even get past Astoria. So, with this

future overtaking it, why should a 19th C. second-class inland seaport like Portland hold such influence over our

policies for future Oregon and regional development? Why is the Port of Portland seeking to blame labor for its

own shortcomings as a seaport? In fact, the same matrix of geographical considerations that once compelled

pioneer Oregonians to choose to conduct deep-water commerce on the Portland waterfront, are now compelling

us in the present era, to shift this aspect of our regional economy to Astoria. It’s that simple, and it cannot be

resisted. While Portland itself is a beautiful metropolis, the Port of Portland is now little more than a hole in the

ground to these supersize container carriers.

But… The good news is, if you learn the difference, then we can have BOTH: Portland can stay 19th C. retro

while the rest of the State of Oregon acts to develop just this one thing: 21st Century deep water port facilities

at Astoria. Yes – yes we can. It’s not hard.

do you know your Astoria?

There’s a book about it!! Read Washington Irving’s Astoria, or Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains, for

starters. https://archive.org/details/astoriaorenterp00irvigoog Or, for now, as an introductory, just complete your

reading of this 90-Day Supplement, and peruse the appended May 28, 1846 speech of Thomas Hart Benton.

Because the superiority of the harbor at the Mouth of the Columbia – that is, at Astoria -- and its importance to

the Oregon and to United States’ economic and security interests, was recognized by the earliest American

commercial operators, such as John Jacob ASTOR. The same harbor

was also targeted by our earliest official national commercial & scientific

expedition, the United States Exploring Expedition under Capt. Charles

Wilkes, which spent the summer on the river in the vicinity of Astoria in

1841. Thereafter, in 1846, when Congress was considering something

called “the Oregon Question” regarding admission of the region of

Oregon, to territorial status, the harbor at the mouth of the Columbia was

in fact a paramount reason argued by proponents, for extension of United

States’ jurisdiction over this strategic waterway. Yes: it wasn’t actually

inevitable that Oregon would join the United States: some people had to

intend for this development to happen first …..

Senator Thomas Hart Benton, of Missouri, easily the strongest and

most persistent Congressional advocate for the creation of the Oregon

Territory, declared his thinking on Oregon in a speech of May 28, 18461.

This very learned oration is thick with references, and may lie outside the

attention-span of almost in the United States today. Attached as an

Appendix hereto, is the text of just the Second Half of the speech

showing Senator Benton’s intent to fully annex Oregon to the United

States as far back as 1828 …

1 Speech of Mr. Benton of Missouri, “On the Oregon Question” May 28, 1846, published in Congressional

Globe, 29th Cong. 1nd Sess., May 28, 1846, pp. 913-922.

On the subject of the superiority of the harbor at the Mouth of the Columbia -- that is, at Astoria -- Senator Benton

did not rely on his own expertise or analytics, but on the assessment of practical sailors and seamen, one of them

was Captain James Blair, who had served with the hydrographic surveying party of the U.S. Ex. Ex.: the officers

which took the soundings in the mouth of the Columbia. Capt. Blair obliged Senator Benton with the following

letter, which can be found appended to Benton’s Manifest Destiny speech, in the Congressional Globe, 29th Cong.

1nd Sess., May 28, 1846, pp. 913-922. Part of this historic speech appears as an Appendix to this Supplement.

Capt. James Blair , U.S.N.

Sir: I answer your inquiries of the 30th ultimo. I regret that neither Lieutenants Knox or Reynolds are

in the city, for information from them would be more satisfactory to you. They are both senior to myself;

and the first being directly charged with, and responsible for, the service, in which I cooperated, a

statement from him particularly would have been much greater authority than anything from me. Yet I

venture to say that it would be precisely the same in import, however in other respects more satisfactory.

Lieutenant Knox, commander of the Flying Fish, conducted and completed the survey with great ability,.

sharing equally with Lieutenant Reynolds and myself the drudgery of sounding out the harbor, channels,

and bar. * * *

Every ship is obliged to pass within musket shot. You have the same command of the South and Clatsop

channels from Point Adams; and here ships are obliged to pass within a half to three quarters of a mile,

and may be subject ot a raking fire in the approach and in in receding after passing. Even the temporary

occupation of the middle sands with heavy ordnance hold perfect control of the passage up the river. A

secure harbor may be reached in Baker’s Bay [on the Washington side of the Columbia – Ed.] or

near the Clatsop shore, [Oregon side – Ed.] within Point Adams, within three and a half miles of the

open sea.2 Frequently, in twenty minutes after weighing anchor, we have been in open sea. We were

about this time coming out when the squadron (the Porpoise, Oregon, and Flying Fish) left the river.

Shoal Water bay, to the northward, is the only shelter near the Columbia river, and that only for small

vessels; for the entrance to it is shoal and intricate.

The harbor of the Columbia river, as a seaport, is inferior to none, except Newport [Newport News

– the U.S. Naval base – Ed.], on the east coast of the United States, in point of security from winds,

defensibility, proximity to the sea, or capacity as a harbor for vessels of war or commerce.

In the hands of a maritime power, with all the advantage of pilots, buoys, lights and steam tow-boats, it

will be found one of the best harbors in the world.

In addition to my own experience and observation, (the result of which are fond in the notes of the

survey, and marked on the chart,) I obtained much information, confirming my opinion, from Mr. Birney,

commanding at Fort George, formerly called Astoria.

I am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant,

JAMES BLAIR,

Passed midshipman, U.S.N.

2

In both the preceding and the following sentences, Capt. Blair can only be referring to the Clatsop Anchorage,

an unexplained anchorage on the Oregon side of the river, in the shipping channel off Tansy Point, and used by mariners as early as the H.M.S. Raccoon (1812) and also – as shown here -- used by members of Comm. Wilkes’

U. S. Ex. Ex. themselves, during their investigation of the Columbia. Clatsop Anchorage is intermediate between

Point Adams at the extreme mouth of the river, and Astoria, approximately seven miles upriver, on the harbor.

Only weighing anchor out of this downriver anchorage would allow vessels to reach open ocean in twenty minutes.

Another of these experts upon whom Senator Benton relied, was Mr. John Maginn, a recognized expert pilot,

President of the New York Association of Pilots.

Mr. Maginn’s statement and opinion.

Mr. John Maginn, of the city of New York, and since the year 1828, a regular licensed pilot in the harbor

of that city, now president of the Association of Pilots in New York, and at present in the city of

Washington as the agent of the State pilots in their application to Congress, being requested by Senator

Benton to examine the chart of the mouth of the Columbia, in the library of Congress, as made upon

surveys and soundings by officers under Captain Wilkes, and to compare the same with a chart of the

harbor of New York, and to give my opinion of the comparative merits of the two harbors, do hereby

state and declare –

That I have made such comparisons accordingly,

and find that the mouth of the Columbia is the

better harbor, and has manifest advantages over

the harbor of New York, in all the essential points

which constitute a good harbor. It has deeper water

on the bar, having four and a half fathoms, without

the addition of tide, which is there said to be eight

feet, while new York harbor has on the bar but four

fathoms, without the addition of tide, which is six

feet. The bar in the Columbia is half a mile across,

while that of New York is about three quarters of a

mile. The channel on the bar, in the mouth of the

Columbia, is about six thousand feet wide at the

narrowest, and twelve thousand feet at the widest,

and then shoals gradually on each side; while the

channel on the bar off Sandy Hook is but six

hundred feet and shoals rapidly. The channel

across the bar is straight at the Columbia; that of

New York is crooked. As soon as the bar is crossed

in the Columbia, two channels present themselves,

one the south, or new channel, discovered by

Captain Wilkes’s officers, who made the

soundings, entirely straight, and deep enough for

ships of th4e line; the other, the north, or old

channel, being crooked, or rather forming an

elbow, and deep enough for any ships after crossing

the bar. Both these channels are from six to twelve

thousand feet wide or more, and free from shoals;

while the new York channels, after crossing the bar,

are narrow and crooked, and beset with shoals,

which require many changes of course in the ship. IN accessibility to the sea the Columbia is far the

best, as it is immediately at the sea, and ship can get out of the sea into the harbor at once, and also get

out at once, into the high sea, and thus more easily elude cruisers in time of war. A great number of good

and safe anchorages are found in the Columbia as soon as the ship enters, and room enough for thousands

of vessels, and deep enough for ships of the line.

The bar and banks of the mouth of the Columbia are all of hard sand, and therefore not liable to shift,

and being free from rocks are less dangerous. The land on each side of the mouth of the Columbia, is

high, and makes a marked opening into the sea, and confines all water of the river to one outlet, and

therefore would seem to be easy of defense. There seems to be no points, islands, or bays off the mouth

of the Columbia wo shelter enemies’ cruisers while lying in wait to capture vessels going in, or coming

ot; while the New York harbor presents such shelter for an enemy. The winds at the mouth of the

Columbia are marked regular and steady, blowing six months one way and six months another, while

the winds at New York are entirely variable, and cannot be calculated upon by the mariner for any time.

The mouth of the Columbia is free from ice, and also from great heat, the temperature never falling

below the freezing point, nor rising above summer warmth. The current of the river is said to be strong,

but I cannot see that it offers any serious obstacle. The breakers on each side of the channel are also

represented to be very great; but with a channel so wide, and a bar so narrow and free from rocks and

shoals, these would be nothing to experienced mariners. Taking the mouth of the Columbia as it now is,

in a state of nature, without the aid of pilots, buoys, beacons, light houses and steam two-boats, I deem

it a good harbor: with the aid of these advantages, I would deem it a far better harbor than New York,

and capable of containing an unlimited number of ships. In fact, I have never seen so large a river,

with its water all so well enclosed by bold shores at its mouth, and making so commodious a bay,

large enough to hold any number of ships, and at the same time small enough to be easily defended,

and where there were more anchoring and sheltering places for ships, and where they could be

close up to bold shores, and be better under protection of forts and batteries,

JNO. MAGINN.

Washington City, April 26, 1848

Some of the geographical features of the harbor at the mouth of the Columbia which recommended the river to

Capt. Maginn, are really no longer relevant of course: we don’t generally have to worry these days about visually

ascertaining the presence of pirates lurking offshore behind small islands, or abiding in the confidence that your

muskets can guarantee a raking fire from shore, against vessels both on their approach, and as they recede….

However, the mighty gun turrets along the Columbia, recessed in the uppermost cliffs of Cape Disappointment,

date from World War II, and prove that Maginn’s observations trued with military judgment 100 years after.

(Funny there are no photos of these batteries anywhere online. You can find them though, on Google Earth.)

But times change, don’t they?

Captain Maginn knew his Astoria. But it would have been unthinkable to any of these old-fashioned seamen

and nautical experts to even proposed to compare a point some 90 miles inland up the Columbia, to the first-rate

harbor just evaluated -- much less to suggest that a tributary to the Columbia might somehow dominate the mouth

of the river which drained the entire 258,000 square miles of the Columbia river watershed. Because, simply

put, that would be like comparing Astoria to … a hole in the ground.

NEXT: A statewide plan, creating an Oregon Port Authority to aid development at Astoria, is called for.

Roch Steinbach -- http://www.sym-zonia.com/ June 9, 2015

Because a watershed is a geographical region in which water and waterways finds their pathways of least

resistance as they move under gravity towards the sea, a watershed will inevitably be limited and ringed by

mountains or equivalent highlands – geographical features which also pose obstructions to human economic

activity. Thus, since efficient human activity depends on overcoming gravity with the least effort, a region of

original human economic activity is also naturally defined by a regional watershed. In the case here, all rivers

and many roads and rails or hundreds of square miles over at least five states, and portions of Canada, are focused

on the mouth of the Columbia river at Astoria – and nowhere else. All presumptions of economic efficiency

should favor Astoria – but in the case of deep-water shipping, established undisputable facts control.

THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. rRINT E D AND PUBLI SH ED AT THE CITY OF W ASHlNCTON, BY BLAIR & R I VES.

2'.hn CoNGRESS, 1ST SESSION. SATURDXY, JU:•H: G, 18~ 6. Ntow S&m&s .... No 58.

for the section: the United Statr~ be, ,11111 he i>< hertohy, amh<H·izetl ,.,~In!( thnt nl\er the war the employment of thc•e Mr. S. J ONES offered the following substitute II ".lnd be ilf1•!·Lh£>' rnar!t'd, Tl1at thn President of J . i\1r. A. JOHNSOX offered nn nmendment, pro-

"That the aids-dc-cnmp of the mnjor ~cner~l nnd directed to calh·P- wrh mnnbcr· of i11 1i,utry, 11 otfrr.er;; :.1\0uld tH>tconunue more than StX monthA. command ing the army in time of war, am! thr , rnntlry, and artillery h1·tirs and nrtirh·s of'\\ar as J\Ir. :\10RSF. moved lln amendment \\·hich tlte aids-de-ramp allowed to the major general tuul lllllY be neces>ary f(H· the instnwtiua and inrorma- 11 reporter understood to be to add the words " ex­brigadier generals, may be selected without re- I tion of the \oluntcer t'nrce call,,,[ inlo~ tlJt• ser\'ice of •·cpt ~uch officers should be taken from the regular gm·d t<> mnk, or the hne of the army; and thttt the United Statr~, or or<krro<l to hold theJ.,,che"i" \ lim•.'' IlcJr·cted. the r.oJilmnnding or hi~hest general in rank mny, readmess for tlmt "en ice. to b<• pn,cur~d an,l di" · I Ar11l the :uucuilment of l\1r. JoH~SON was rc-while in the fiela,llppomt a military senetnry, who tl'ibuteu liH· thvir u' , and that tht• ~n111c I r l'"1'l j<ortcd. ~h:1ll have the P"Y and cmo!~ments of a captain of fi.tr ont of nny,ntoncy in tl11: trca~ury not nthcrwix<· 'I ' l\fr. l\lcK AY offered the following amendment; mhurtry for the tune bewg. RPf"·oprlntcd. . \ wili··h wa~ n:::-rcctl to.

The amendment, by ayes 55, noes ()9, was re- Mr. J EJi'FETl:SON DA VTS mol"(·<] to illll<'lld til<: I ".!fnd br· il f~<rlhCJ· e1wc/ed, That when any offi-jecteil. . . . . ~mcw.ln;,_e::t, ,liy 'triki~1g ~1111 •: ,u·t i,· l•;~ or.~:·ar,' and I ''.'·r of the army 'h~!l mal<~ tl _re(\_ttisi.tion upon the

Mr. ROOT offered an addii.JOnal sectwn, provt- lmserlln, rcgnl.HlOih ol the ,\rl~l). A,recd to. I F..\.crutlvc of ~ny State for nnllll,\ OJ volunteers to ding that the pay of non-commissioned officers, \ And the amcrHlm<nt as arne nut d wm: <I!{I'Cl d ln. be cn~•,loyerl m rite ~~·rvrrr.> '!f the Umwd St~tcs, musicians, and privates, shall be ten dollars per \ The next qlll·•tion was on the li>llowill!; atncnd- 1tl\ha1\ Lethe ihrty_ ot the olhwr to commumrate month. I ment, nlso reported front the (;ommittec on 1\lili- I to the ~tud Execntl\·~ a copy of so much of ~ns

.1\Ir. JOSEPH J. McDOWEL L raised the ques-\ 1 tary Affair·s: lllslructtons llR contmn the ~uthonty under wht?h tion of rmier. • ".'lnd be ·ilfurtltcr nwrted, That the operation of \I he net•, and all culls othenn~e mllde shall be dts-

The CHAIR decided the amendment to be in 1' the act appro\'cd ;\by 29, lF:JO, entitled 'An act rel(nrdcd." . order. to altct· and amend tl1o G::ith arl icle of the Jirst Rer.· The committee then rose, nnd reported the b ill

And the question being taken, the amendment I tion of on act entitled An net for e"tttbli~hing mles and amendments to the Honse . . was rejected. II and anidrs for the ~o,emnrent oflhe Uuitcd StateR And tl1e question being .on concu.rrin~ m ~he

The 9th &ection being under consideration, in tumy,: pasHetl the IOrh n( April, J-106, he, an<! t.hr amrndments and on ordcrmg the btll to a thud the words followina· ·\I same IS hereby, su~pended dttrmg t!te war w11h . renrltng,

"SEc. 9 . • 1nd be"'i.t fllrllttl' enacted, That the nl- Mexico." :ur. " IIUXGERI~ORD ilemanded the previous lowanr.e for clothing to each non·r.ommiHsioned I [This amendment rnahles the commarukr~ to de- question. musician and private of volunteers slwll be three tail a court-martial when on distaut servicl'.] ~'cnrlin~ wltich, the hour growing late, the House dollurs and .fifty cents _per montll ~urm~ the t,1,me The amendment was ngrccrl to. II ad.JillltHed. __ _ he shall Le 111 the servtce of the Umted States. 1\Ir. 11ARALSOi.\" o(l'ercd the followiua amcn:l-

l\fr. McHENRY moved to amend it by adding \ mcnt: ., II PETITIONS, &c. afte~· the word "uon-commllisioucd" the wunl •: ,lind be ilf,u·lld r nwrlrtl, That t•J the m!es ;uul Thr following- petitions and m~morials w<>re pre-.. ufficer." Agreed to. lllrt1rles for the g"llH·n""'~nt of the ar·n'y of till' 'I sentrd uudrr tlw rule, and referred to tltc appro-

Mr. P H ELP S moved the following sul.Jstitutc; .IJnitetl States, ~•tahli.,;llfll hy the abow r~circ·:l "''' priatc committees: which was rl'jectcd: 111 the fir;t section of the same shall be tuldetl tltc \I fly Mr. 11. JJ. HOL~JF.,.;: '!11c renwnmancc of llnrri•

"Thnt the allowance for cJothin~ to each non- I following: Clt' "'""t, A. W. l'olld, anll (;.; otller ollzrus of 1\louro" · · • · • '=' · "A ··I 10'> A ffi ld' , 1 . t>OUIIt~·~ lH w York. ~1:.!':1111:-l any rhnn~t> m tht.> pre,.rut tantr.

commr•sroncd otl!cer, muslet.an, and prl\·ate of vol-. . rl!~ C ·•• ny 0 ecror ~0 rero~ <~ny <~ltet I . Ill' 'rr. s·r. JOll:\: Tile pNit.ion or II. L. Harmer aud unteers shall be the same as IS now allowed by Ia IV II "\the persolm tlc~cnhed .or Ctllltn~mted m. the 60th' 11~') otltercitizcns of \\'ood COUioly, Ohio, a' king n pen•wn to non-commissioned officers, musicillns, and pri- !JGth, and !J1 th of thr smd estnl.Jhshcd art1clc~, and for the "'Jow of the Jtcv. Jo>rph Dndgcr,llcccll>ell, a cllnp-\"atcs of the rcgttlar.troops. of th~ Uniletl States, 1 in genc~u.J all other followers of a camp ot· army of 1•';jv0\:;1,'\~~~~;~1~~"·1'·\i'c'~;~~[,;orial ofcitiz•n• of the United and may be draw 11, Ill clHthtng ur Ill money, at the I, the :Uillted Stutes, "•hen any Sttch. nrmy shall b., State; rc,idi 11 ~ m J.omlon, praying the parclla•e or Catlin'• option of the volunteer." I ~ervmg beyonrlthc hnut~ of the Unttcd Stntcs, lln<l 1 Iu<lian colkclioniJy c•ou~re,;s.

T 1 t h t' l t ~ I thPir or~nnize<l territori•tl "OvernmeniS may be lh· 'lr. ~lOHt<E: Tile J>Nition or Jo,hnn Tarkin,nou, Wi-o tlC ent sec lOll no nmenr men was o. cret . tried "'~ capitally or r.ther~· isc pnni•h;cl l,y Rei I- try Duty, nm\10 otl'."'"• l'"')"ing to llnve the. rari,h of Jack­

The 11th section (i. f. the origmal tenth) being\ tenr~ of a "CIICl"ll r·omt·nrarti·ll "lrcor·lr"tt" tll tlw """ami a l'"'tio 't ' ot.thc t"'~"h <>lfCintlllor~~ mcllulrd " ' ttllhe .1 . d . ~ 11 . r ._, L • ' ' f ~ ... . Ouarlnta lilllu f l~tnct: rc,errt:( to le '-'omnnuce on e unuer cons1 crat10n ~s o O\vs: . ntttnrc and ch·:.:rce of lhf' otlCnce, .fiw Hll}' HllH'<h:r or Jmlu·ionv.

"SEc. 1 l. .'lncl be 1tfurthu cna.cle<l, 'l'hat the col·\ other fdony enmmiucd upon the persnn or prop- II th· tJ u~ ~PI:.\KE!t: Tile petition or Jolin Shirclilf, or In-one! o t: };Cntor o1f~eer of the ordu~nce dl~pa.rtment ts I crty of an·p of the tu -r:-:or:~ Itt.: ... 1·ein irwlud~'l or uonn th:'!'a. a:-.k!:n! :1 y~en~1ou. . , authonzed to enliSt for the sernce of that de11art- I J • ' .• L" .Hr. C. ILL": fl1e mcmon~l of Drs. John r. M"cken-

• • • • • ·.' ('r I t 1e person or prop0rty <_Jt fllJ y of 111~ pt'up!e of th~ 7,.. 'l'lw111a~ If. Bud·lcr. John \VhitrilJ~e, \rilliam ·r. J,ron-ntcnt Ud many u1nster Dl.lllOICtS,_tnO.StCl Cturt'"~'='e~ country beyond the ~atd gcographu·al or judieii.-1 :u•l. ~~oul nthl'r>~.o!'.tlw rH) oi llaltinwr~~. pruymg that leerhcs mnk_ers, mns1er black~nH~hs, aruficcrs, m·tnorcr~, llinltt~. ,, 11wy t;(• :·ourn,-ucd m_1Jl!'il"to1.·artJcJrH free of duty: rctbrred cnrrutgc·mnkcrs , b~ac~snuths, and 1aborcrs_, as ~he · 'I'hc mncnrhucnt wns agreed to. ru t_' •; · C ~~m;ta!r.!t:c o~ ~\•,tpl and 'Ie;u,:-~. . _

b)" c se vice in Ins JUd~nent under the dtre<'Uon I · t.) Mr. t Bl r t'f'. J c pent1on or ;\f. \V. R~we anrl 65 pn 1 r ' ' . . ' 1\1r. GROV~ll otTercd the following as an ad- otht'r r 1t1zr us of Po"f'J' co1wt_v, Tndi:wa, pmyiug tJJnt Con-of the Secretary for the epartment of \ Vnt , may <litional scntcnc.,: ' I grt''" no Jo .. n~:o'r Cmjlii•Y chaplnin>. to he r.aut out of the pub-reqturc." " 1'. d f . l f I · ft. he- frf·a--ury, hut th·1t thr 1U(l-rub('rg wJ1o rcccn·e :r:S per day . . . I ~ l om an n tel 1 le pa~.3n~e o t liS net, no o II· tOr then !-rrvic-e~ J.mV thf• (•haplaitHI of thci t O\Yn choice out ¥r. BU,RT, from the_ Commrttee on M rhtary cer in tit~ army of the Unite<[ Stutes not artnally of their own prhall.'fuudJ. lt. fhurs1 olle1·ed the followmg usn subdlltute; whtch I en~ngeu in prosecuting 1.\0stiliries against the puh· ~Y ~Jr .. FOi-;'J'Ett' 'l;r.emem~rinl of the Che•apcake n.~u wns re;cctcd: I he enemy shill! be entrtJe1J to recetvc more than D1.nw.rrc Gn'"'} Compau), relative to the stock ueld thercm

" SEc. 10 . .1/ncl be it fttrthtl' tnacltll, That the six ration~ per day as comnmtation therefor." hy the Umtetl l:itatc_ ... _ _____ _ ordnance department be so orgunized ns to contnin 11 Mr·. P. K I NG mol'ed to amend the amendment, the same number and gl't\des of officers ~s are now hy striking out the wortls "not arlllally en~nged in . S P E E C H 0 F l\1 R. B E NT 0 N, prov1ded for by law for the corps of en~meers; nnd \I prosecuting hostilitie~ against the puLlic e"ncmy:" OF MISSOURI, thnt the colonel or senior officer of the or·dnul"!ce \ agreed to. department IS attthortzeil to enhst, for the serv1r.e \ And the question on the amendment of Mr. IN TnE SENATE, .May 28, 1846. of thnt department, as many master ~rmorcrs, mns- 1 GRO\EI!. (tlms amended) wa$ tal<en, and the vote On the Oregon Qttestion.-(Concludtd.) ter C!'rrrnge-makers, mast~r black~mtths, armorer·s, I stood-ayes 73, noes 73 . A tie. [See Congres,lonal Globe, No. 54.] ~arrmge·makers, blacksmnhs, artrficers, m1d lal,or· The cltairnran voted in the ne)!.'ntive. Mr. Pnum~;~T: Jn the progress of my speech ern, not e~~.eed~t1g o_ne ~housand 10 nttmber, as .the So the amendment was rejected. 1 find another little bit of rttbbish in my path , j ust publjc fse\vtrS, 111 hrs .J~d~Vent, under the_ dt~ecd The fol.lowing amendrnent (by whom ofl'crr<l t.hc

11

tl.1rown into it from the other side of the sea- from tron o t te_ ecretary o ar, m~y requne, an reporter 1s not ccrtnm, bttt unilcrstood Ly J\lr. London-which I must clear away Lefore I pro-that the_enl!stecl men shall be subJect to the rules 'VoonwonTH) was rejt•cted: cted further. It is in the form of an article in the and nrtlcles of war ! a nd shal_l be entttlcd to the "Be il fm·tlur cnucte<l, Thill from nncl after lhr London Times newspaper. A friend hM j ust sent benefits of the pensJOI~ ln w~, 111 l:~e manner wrth passrrge of thi~ act no person of the age of Rixty-ft \ e me some numbers of that paper, in which a fu­other troops ~f the Unlted States.. . . year>:,_ o.r upwards, shall be qualifted to hold nny riotts war is wnged upon .the Utrecht line. of 4.9°,

M_r. BUR f , trom the 9ommrttce ot;~. M1htary commtsston 111 the artt1y or na,·y of tl1e linttcd !, motil'ed by the conversatiOnal debate wh1ch took ~ffatrs, offm·cd the. followmg as an tlddJtJOmll sec- Stutes,. find every sur.h office shall become vnr<:~nt place in thts chamber some t\~0 !"onths ago , and tton; wluch was reJeCted: to all mtcnts ant! purpose~ npon the rrtcullluem's 11m which the Senator from M!Ciugan LMr. CAss]

".iln~t be itfw·thel·_cnactcd, T !tat the Pr~siJent is attninin~ tltr age of sixty-li\'e years." and myself were speakers, and in w luch the ~x-nuthortzed to ~rgnmz~ the officers and ~nhste~l men \ . 1\lt·. GllOVF.R nov1 111m,ed an '.rmcndmcntsim- istence, or n_?n-existcnce! ofthatline wns th~ p omt of the Otdnance tlepattment as a_ company 0 1 com- 11ar to the one al.Jovc oiferrd !.Jy hun, but ucstgna· of conte$lntlon. T he Times tak~ P,D.rt w~th the p!tnte~ of rocketeers, for SCl'VlCC m the field, when- ing eight instead of six rations per day. I Senator from Michigan, a nd <:<'rr tes m to h1s sub-cv7r, m ,l:Js Judgment, the pubhc serv1ce may re· Thi• mneutlment, by ayes 74, nors Gil, wns ject the usual quantity of h•s fi ery zeal. I t s.o qurrc 1t. adopted. )1:1ppens, 1\.Ir. President, _that I pos~css a very delt-

Thc <]Uestion now was on the following amend-\ l\1!-. E. II. E'V£NG ofl'crrtl an nmetHlmcnt, of I cate ~cent, nnd smell tlmtgs, especllllly of the rat ment (from the Committee on Military Affairs:) which we hare not ncopy, and winch was n:jectcd. , species, at an immense d1stance. So, when 1 read

58

914 THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. June 3, - :--,======-- ..

these articles in the Times, I smelt them-smelt the l of this wi"c remark. All th«' rrst of the cons!, from 11 and south, and a hove one hundred widc;-rich ill beave•· that was in them! and, the scent coming the Strnits of l•'uca out to New Archangel, (and ~oil, grnss and timbe•·-sutlir.ICnl of itself to con­upon me Hry Htrong, I \\as struck with an idea. nothin~ hut 11 fu•· tr;\llmg po~t there,) remains a va- , stitnte a respectable State, and no\\· the seat of the It was the same which struck the wonhy Dr. 1 calll WRStr, abnudonr1l since the quarrel of Nootkn B•·itish comme•·cinl and mililltry po8l of Vancou­Primrose the stcond time that he met the accom- Sound, and brr.ome the derelict of nations. 'l'he ver, and of their great fanning establishment of pli~hrd F.phmim Jenkinson, and heard from him Columbia only imitcs n po•sr~sor; and for that I Ni~quully. a second rehearsal of his greek learnine on the possession, s;•~ciou'3 H•·iu>h diplomacy has been The middle distrir.t, from the Ca8rndc range to cosmog-.111y, or r1·ention of the word. "Pardon j long wrnving its web. lt is not n \\·orthless pos- near the base of the Rocky 1\Iountains, is the rc­mc sir, sa1d the Doctor, for interru!1ting so much st·ssion; hut valuable mul<•r many nnd large ns- , gion called, desert, and whidl, in the imagientious lrnrning, but I think I hnve hrnrd n l this before." I peels; to the con~idcrution of some of which I now of many, ha~ given rhamcter to the whole conn­The apparition of the fnir, with all the cnt.ostro- prorcrd. try. Ju some rcRp<,cts it i3 n desert-barren of phe of the colt und blnekhcrry, immediately rose 1 Jt iR valunhlc, hoth as a country to be inhabited, wood-~prinkle•l with snm1y plains-melancholy upon the meutal vision of the learned com men- and ns n position to he held and defended. I speak under the sombre !1RJ"ICCt of the gloomy artcmi,i<t tator on Sanconiathon, Manctho, Luccllus Or.a.-, of it, fir~t, ns a position, commanding the North !~-and de,olntc from volcanic rock~, throt~gh the nus, and Uerosus. Seeing he was cnn~ht, he

1

Pacific ocrnn, nnd oYcrlooking the eastern coast of l du1sms or which plnnge the lwadlong >Jtrrmn.. conressed; for JenkinAon har1 some redeeming- A sin. 'l'he North Pacific is u rich sen, anrl is Dut this desert lats it~ redeem in;; points-much wa­\'lliut~ about him, nntlnc\' CI' lict1 when there w :1s ulre:1dy the tent of a ~n·ent commerce: Tiritish, ter-grass-mnny on:>cs-mo\mtuins capped witll 110 usc in it. Jle r.onfessetl the whole; and the French, American, Ru•sinn, anti ships of other snow, to refresh the air, the land, nntl the eye­J?ortor's ".idea" receive<! ~he seal of it~ confirmn- 1 nations, frequent it. Our whaling ships cover it; ·[blooming vnl_leys-t! cleur ~ky, pure air, and a su· twn from Jus c:m<lor .. In hke manr~cr, l m~1sl beg onr slups of war f!:O there to rrotcct our mterest; 1 pre me ~alnlmty. It JS the home of t~e horse! .round the pardon of the cd•tor of the T1mes, wllh the and, great ns that mtcrcst now 1s, 1l1s only the he· there w1ld 111 all the pel·fcctlon ofh1s 1\r;;t n..:,\l'~'<­suggesilOn that l 'tul\·e seen aft illlS lltrec)lt karn- 1 glnn;ng. 'Pulurlty \Vlll dc,·clop un ··mmense, and I 'I.Jcautlfu·l !lllG itect-l.ery unil uoc!tc-p:nient, en· in? before; thnt it is an old ncqnnintanrP of ,·nrious, commerce on that Rca, of which the far I during, tmd aJrcr.uonatc. Gt•lwral Clnrk hus told mme; all familiar to me from the time that Presi- greater part will be American. That commerce, me that, of the one hundred and se\"cnty horses tlrnt"'JcJrcrson's governor of LoniRiana drove the neither m the merchant ships which carry it on, which he ruul Lewis obtain~d in this di•trict, he British tmders across the line of Utrecht-across 1 nor in the military marine ':'h~ch protects it, can 1 had never seen the mat<'h 111 tmy equal number; 49:--an<l kept the~ there, rrgard.lcss of.all the~r Jh~d a port, to call lis ~wn, w•tlu.n twen~Y, thousand 1 and he hat! seen t!le finest which the .~P.ortu~g cnrs and lamentatiOns. I reco"mse<l th1s old ac- ~ nulr" of the field of 1ts operntlOn~. l'he double course, or the war!Jke parade, hnd cxlnlnted m qunintance in these new articks in the Times- kn:;-th of the two Amencas has to be run-a Vir6nifl. It is the home of that horse-the horse nothing chnngcd in s pirit, only in form. stormy and tcmpr~tuous c,npe to be <lou bled-to of Pcrsin-which gallops hi" ei;hty mile" n day-

The Earl of Selkirk, nn<l his as.~ociate sufferers, find itself in a port of its own country: while here swimming the rivers os he comes to them-finds !n forensic language1 r.onfc~se•~ and nv?idell; that tl lies one in the. Yery ed~e of its field, ours by right, his own food ut.night, the honf~craping away the 18 to say, they adm1ttrd the lme of l:trceht, but rcndy for use, and ample fol' every purpose of re- snow when 1t hides the grn"~-gullop~ Ius c1ghty plead its abrogation by war, and its ~uperscdeas by fnl!:e and repair protection nnd domination. Can miles again the next day; and so on tln·ough a !on~ the consent ~nd co.nmvance of the Spaniar~s; b~t we tum om l?~ck upon it? a!ld, in turning the an•1 hc~lthy li.fc; cnrryit.lg his master in the cha•e, the new artiCles, u?provrd by the mtrepnhty, •f ba~l~, dehvcr 1t up t': the Dnt1sh? Insune, and or the l1ght! r.n·cumycntn,lg the game, and pursumg not ?Y the _p~ofundlty, of Grecnhow's book, (ac-

1 sulclllnl would be tllC tatul ~et! the foe, wllh thc.mtell~~;cnee of reason nml the

cred1tcd as It m on tins floor by the Scn::ttor from To ~ay nothing of the datly want of such a port fidehty or f1·1Cndsh1p. Ucneral Clark hus mform­Michignn,) boldly take the short cut to the object, in time of' peace, it~ want., in time of war, becomes II ed m? thnt it was J~ecesstlry to keep a scout.ahcad, und now deny, out nnd out, wlmt was confes,;ed If ruinous. Commodore Porter ha.~ often told me to dr~>e nwny the elk and huflillo, nt the s1ght of !Ul~ avoided before. In oth;-1· respects, th~ Times th.at, wi,th prot,cction f1·om I.mttcries in the mouth whieh >lll their horses imm.mlintr}y formctl for the art~elct< now·, ure the memorml~ ?fthe l!rJtts.h. fur- of the Columl>l:l, he never wonld have put htmsc!f

1

c!1nse, the loose ones tlnshmg oil to Rnrround nnd trader~ at the eroch of the acqulsJllon of Lot\ISlmm, m a concl1l10n to be attar Iced undc•· the weak, or 1 CJrculll\·cnt. the game. The. old hunters also hu"c and the cxpul~ton of these traders from it by virtue collusive £\'llllS of a neutral port. J Ie has told me toll\ mr then· niUrrcllmm •.tones llbout these horses, of the Utrecht line of 4!). And now I want to that, with such It port for the reception of his d and that in wnr n11rl huntmg they hnd more Acns~: ask the ~nator from Michig-:m [1\lr. CAss] if, at prizes, he would not have sunk in the ocean, or 1 than peot.•l,e., t~nr1 M lllltrh roura!!<", llnd loYcd Jt ~cemg lnmself thus npp1atuled by the London hid in isltmd s where it wn8 often found, the three as well. lhe C•>uutry that produces Nurh hors~s, T1mes, he d~>es n?t feel tempted, like the Athenian millions of Ilritis h property cnptured in his three mt~st ul"~ pmducc men, ttll(l t•uttle, and all the •u­?f old a~ seemg h1mself appbudc•d by n rabble that years d •. nrin!!: und. dnuntlc•s crUJse. O~ten has he j fcw.>r lllllnlals; nnd .m~1st ha' u t;tnny bencfH·c•'t ne desptsed, to turn round to his fncnds, an<! as k tol<l me, that, w1th such a port at l11s hnnd, he attnbutes to redeem lllrom tho st1gma of dcsola-":hnt he had doneami~s to bringthisapplnuscup~m would neHr .have bern drinn. to ~pill upon the tion; . . . . . . hnn? P·Tr. CMs nodded asscnt.l 1 can tell hnn wntcrs, that ml, for want of winch, as !l member I 'l he mount:un dtnston 1ws ltB own pecu1mr feu­what he lm>i ([one r~mi~•.: he has taken the British of the BritiHh Pal"liamcnt xaid, London had burnt lure", and many of them as usct'ul ns pictu•·u<quc. fur-trut\erR' s ide of the linr ofUtrrrht. And as for darkly-lmd been in the dark-fi>r !l whole year. At the hnse of the mountain~, a lon;!, brond, an•l the .editor of the Tin~es, if he wi"l~cs light on the '\VItal happened to Commodore Porter and his hi;\h bet.H:h is sccn-th~ec hunllre•lnulcs 1on~! fifly RUhJcrt., I can refer hnn to nuthcntJc sources of in- pri;o;ts-what h.lpp~'ntd to nil otn· nll'rchnnt ships, m1les w•de-thc depo•lle of alwadcd mountanJ.< uf formah'?n ju~t at Ins hnnd, nnn~ely; the Kin~·~ dr!vc·n f.-om the North Pacific during the wnr-nl\ 11 sno'': nnd \crdnrc through. thou~ands of yenr« .. mal!• w1th the Utrecht llne upon 11, as. well ~s the !Ius to lutf'J'"n n;,:am, nnd. upon a far !urger scale, Lew•s nn.d Clark tln~s descnbc ~Ins ~:cut bend~ ol 1\fmu~ boundn•·y hnc upon Jt, (ull wnttcn m the '"but hnlfthc evll oftunun~ our IJilcks uow upon II land, wh1ch thl'y t\\ICC crossed Ill r.he•r expedllwn old K1ng's own hnntl,) whir·h so man·efl"uslydis- this commanding poRition; ii1r, to do so, is to deli· II to and from the PacJfic ocean: appeared from the F'oteign Oflirc at the time of tho ve1· it into the hnlld~ of a Power that knows the "The country nlnng tho Jto<·ky "ountain•, for >rwral Ash burton treaty; and nlso to the thin quarto with value of positions-the four quarters of the globe ~· hunrlre~lmih•• in ten~tll aud n~uut nn.y '.'·ide~ is a lii~li I• nl

<1 foocs printed "tthe , t'St M t. ' L' d t , 1 d I I ' plam; 111 nit •ts }lnrts t•xtn'>llrty ft•rJ•Ir, anrl m many phrc< re e1.~ • , . " eo1nero .. : nr m s nne, an o.ur own cons s attest t lllt-nn Jus 1cr eye co\w .. d mth a ~rowtiJ of tntt, 1011~ l••aferl pine. 'l'his plain ChnnngCross, London, nnno DomLnl MDCCLIII, on this one. The very ye1u- after the renewal of is chiefly intrrrupwrt !ll'ar the""''""" ofwat.rr, where til< prepared by Thomns Jefi'reys, Esq., Gcogmpher to the <!elusive convention of Hll8-in the year 1829- I litis are •tccp ""'' lofty; but the ""il is good, ~cin~ uncn~ the Prince of '\Vales and intended for the ins true- a mnstr•· shiycnrr1entcr wns deRnatched from L . cumhrrerl by mucl• >lone, and PO'"'''"''" more tunbt·r !han . ) I · ' . . ._-l ot~ thf' level <.'OIUHry. C"ndPr l"hr'ltrr of lh<'~P·lnlll'l, the houom tlon of .t le leJr·nppnrent to thP; tlom•mons wh~se , don to Fort ancouvcr, to be~m th~re the repn•r lands >kirt the wnr~in or the rirc,.., nud though narrow ant! boundarieS he was drfinmg to h1m. Upon Jenkm- . of vessels, nnd even the con~truetwn of small confined, are sutt fcrlitc and raro•ty innntlnled. Nearly the son's principle, the Times editor RIJOulrl confess, I ones; and this work hM been goinoo on. ever since. , wimle of this witte"pr~•ott trnrt i" <:ovt'red with a profn.''"" after seein<> this mt\p of Geor"e the Third and tl is She r •sists o 1r 1o••cs•ion no 1 Jf · 1.. d II of I''""' ami plant•, "tltch a•·~ at th" hnw (~hy) '" lu2h as o . . .o . ' 1 ._ ~· • • l. l · · • · w · we Ru,~n ?n, the kucr. Among thr"P an• n vnru tyofe~<·ulent plant.OJ and ge~gra~hr, m w)'u_ch that kmg studied the bound- 11 sl~e wdl retnm! A1.1d ~er wooden walls, brJstlmg rooU<, aNJuin·d "ilhout mu~h ditli<·lllty, an<l yi•·l~in:: not lUtes ot hts ~omtntons. w1 th cannon, and tS5Utnn- from the mouth of the on!.\· a mltririon"', hnt n vt·ry n~rf'C'.n11f' fi~nd. The air i~ prue

This bit of rubbish being remoYed from my path , Columhin will gi,·c the 'i'lw to the North Pacific anti !lry, the clim,<W<tnite "" nntd, ir not mlf,t<·r. than the I ow O'Q on \Vith n1y Rub' t ' . ti ' 1 . I b . . f' samn p:uallds or laflttule In the .\tbntiC Rtatc .... nwl JIIU:'t

n o ~ec · . I permll n.~ ?llr H l!P~ to sncn r. a out In t1mc ~ he t·q,nlly hf''llthy, fil.r all chc di:unh·Oi- which we have'' 1t . The \"Q~tte of the country-I mc..on the Col~lmbll\ reace-smkmg, SCl7.lllg,. <_>r chasmg them nwny, lll ne<.<e•t way fairly be tmpulett nwro•to ••.•·: >.JniUrc of the IIi(•(

nvcr an.d Its vallcy-(I mt~st repeat tlw hnutallon tnne of war. As n poSitiOn, then, nnd if nothino- than t·> any HJtt·mt><-mncc ofdomote. llus cenernl ohser­every time, lest 1 be cnmcd up to 540 40' )-ha.~ but n rock or desert t>oint the posseRsion of tl"' " 111011 1• of""""'" to tw quahfl<'1• ~"'0.'''" lhc '""'" lr:wl of b t . d 1 . tl d I I I c I b. ! . I b ' . lC eountry the dcurCf';oj or the t:omhmauon of heat anti C(•)d:

een ques tone on tlls oor ~n e ~ew 1ere. t o um Ia 1~ m~·a ~a le to us; nnd 1t becomes our ob<·r lhe inllm•nre of Filuntion. 'l'hus the rruns of the to11

has been suppose~ to be of httle value-hardly duty to mamtmn Jt nt all hazards. ~nmml.•, ne·u- our ramp, nrc •nows in th~ hi~h 11lain>; :mol worth the posseSSIOn, much less the nc(]uisition;

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A!!;riculturnlly the ~'n~ue of !he country is great; white the ann >h~n.<·s.w•th i~ll.cnse hea~ in the comfl.~:·•t hot~ and treated rather as a bm·den to be o-ot ru! of than and to understand II m nil Its exte t tl . I· ., toms, the l't:un< '"J"Y. omu• h rotrter n•r, :lllrt the·" .cl:llll•n

b fi b d Tl . . t~ ' ' 4 n .' u.s UI~C ~~ rf'l:-~rdf'rf at h·a~l t&f\l'Ul da):-t, wlult> at thr. toot of thf'

ns a enc t to e preser:-e . ~·s ~s !l great error, r.<_>untry should be contt•mplnted under 1ts d11ferent mountain• !he , 11ows are •t•tl '""") ft·<·t in deplh; ;o tht and ~n.e. that only prevmls on !Ius s1de of the watPr: d.m~10n~-the ~hre:fold natur~_tl geographical di 1 i- I within t. wonty m. ih•s of on~ t·amp we otJ•rrw the ri~o.- of the 13rlll~h know better; and 1f they held the t1the s1ons under wh1ch lt presents Itself; the maritime, wmrer eotd, !he c~ol.alr ol •r~ug.' -"~<t the o~tnr'>IVC heal of our utle they would fiooht the world for what the middle nnd the mo nt in d. t .· ts , of nud,ummrr .. E" n on llu. t>t.un:'- howe>er, wllere lhe

d ·' ) . b I ~ '· '. . u l\ ts. llC • . . snow h:L"' falll'n, 1t :-:N'IU!-1 to fJn hnt l1ttlr. 111JIIIY to the ~r;:bs

we eprecm.te. t IS not a wort 1lcss country, The marll1mc reg-lOn-the fertile part of 1t-1s null other plants, which, thou~ll "l>to:m•nlly tender ami '"'-hut one of 1m.mense vnlu~, and that under many I the long miley brt\.VCI.'n the Cascade and the coast I ~<'plthte, are ,titf hlonntiu~, at the hl'iltht ~f H~ari.Y ci~h~e.en cspects, and will be occup!Cd by others, to our in- rnnges of mountains extrndinoofrom the head of the me he• thron~h tllu •uow. In >hort! ttn• <l••tnct aflnrds J·ury nnd annoyance if n t b l. 1i . . '\V I -1 h- , I ' '. h I· . ~ 1 f 42 d . ; m:my atlnluta""" to. •·rttl"''• aJHt If propr•rty. rntuvat•·tf,

. , . o y onrse 'cs or ou.l l\ l u. ln~..tt 1~ Hem t c <Lf~ltH co eg-J~es, to I would yif'1cl t'vf•r_\' obJel·t nect!:::.hary fur thtl subsLStcncc and own benefit and protect1on. FOJ"ty years ago Jt thcStnuts of l•ucn, twm· lnlltude 4!). In tlus val- comtimofciliti~cd Ulan." was wr1.tten by Humboldt, that t.he banks of the ley lies the rich tidewntrr region of the Columbia, Other, and smaller benches of the same character, ~olu~bm presented. the only Sltuaho!l on the north- ,

1

Wlth the vVah-lnh-mnth riv.cr <~n t!w .. south, and the i nrc frequently sren, invitinf;': the farmer tt~ make his ~•.est coast of Amer•e<~; fit for the resHience of n c1v- Cowc!lslce, and the Olym(•lr dJ~tnct, on the north. healthy habitation and fertile field upon 11. 1hzcd people. Expencncc hns confirmed the truth It i~ a miley uf ncar fivl' humlrt·d miles long, north 1 Entering the gorges of the mountains, and u sue-

916 TilE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. June 3, ~==========~==

North American rond to India. Twenty-eight lj up the Kooskooske, thence oYer a high mountain 1

east from it, is ~ixty miks-in all, one hundred yeursa~o Iwrotl' something on this head, and_pub-jj to the f<>rl<s of Clark's river; nnd thu1cc throu~h J and fifty m~les from the fori<~ of Cl~rk's rh·cr 1<1 )i8hed 1t. A quarter of a century of cxpcneuce the North Pass to the Grent Palls of the ;,\Ills- the Great 1· a lis of the :\I IRSmu·J, wlmh, wlded tu and observation has given me nothing to detract souri. The Hudson D~y ContJ)any have discov- ~ixty miles from Clarlr's rh·er to the upp<'r Fall>~ from what I then wrote-nothing to add, except~~;s ~~ cred a b~ttc~ route to Clurk's riYe_r, follow in~ the of the Columbia, g-ives two hundred and trn mile11 derived from the progress of the arts, and espcel·· Columbmlugher up, and lcnvlll~ It nt the Upper of land carnage between the la~cnnv1gaLle wattrs ally omnipotent steam. I Falls, in latitude about 38~, tmtt where they h><ve 'of the Columbia and Mis~ouri.

The trade of the East has always been the rich- establi~hed theirrlepot for the mountain trade, callE-d I This is the sum of my best infonnation on the est jewel in the diadem of commerce. All nations, , Fort Colville. From these F><lls it is ~ixty miles I snltject, the reRult of' thirty year~ inq•tir.es, an•l in nil ages, have sought it; ~~;nd tho_se which o~tnin-JI overland to C!nrk's river, whence the river is nav- believed to be corr<-'Ct; but nn accurate topugrapl,i­cd it, or even n share of 1t, attamcd the h1ghest 1gablc to tts forks, three hundred nulcs up, and cal survry of the country bl!twcen the two rivers, degree of opulence, refinement, ami power. The I within one hundred and fifty miles of the Great and a profile, ns weil a.~ a superficies m~p, with routes ,through _which it, flowed fertilized deserts, j Palls of the .Mis:;ouri. Alon; this route the Ilu_d·

1

bnromcu·ical, geolo!!;ical, botani<·r.J, as_trnnomir-al, and butlt up c1t1es and kwgdoms nm1dst the deso- son Bay Company have can1cd on tl1c1r trade, for ' and meteorological tables nnd oh~cnnt•on,, woulu latlon ot roCKS nnn ,;anns. P'hcn1ti11, "£.,'ry)l\, Ytt- l 'll~"l>l \\\:.Wj )~~. ~'i~\\ ~,ll\m th~uu;l\ Vl \he CU.Sl solve CVl'ry upe•tion, ~nd Le al:ll"l!;e routt·ibution sia, were among the nncient thoronghfnre~ of this I side of the ltocky :\lountains; paying no duties, I to the sri~ncc of the n2;e , and to the fuwrc tr,m­commerce; COJ1stnntinople and Alcxnndria among using our river nud territories, poisoniug the minds I action of llllsinc"s. lf snow, dnring some months, its modern chnnncls; and Venice and Genoa in the of the Indians ngainst us, and exhausting the coun- j should be found to impede the ~tram car in tLis south, and Brugcs and Antwerp in the north, the try of its furs. Thcit· goods arrive nt Fort Von- cJc,·ated region , (guessed to be sc\·en thousand fctt meru1s of its di"stribution over Europe. All grew couver in ships from London-ascend the Cohun- jj'tbove the level of the sen,) that same ~uow be­rich and powerful upon it; and, with wealth anu bin to Fort Colville in battcaux-make a portage comes the basis ft•r the next best land comeynnre power, came civilization und refinement. T he of sixty miles to Clark's river, the lower purL of u(tcr the steam cnr-the sleigh. So thntthi' little Cape of Good Horc became the rccem route, with that river being unfit for navigation; then ascend I intervention of dry ground between Canton u111l wealth to its discov~•·m·s, the Portuguese, and to Clark's river to its forks, three hundred miles, and I :'\ew York will prove to be no obstacle either i11 all their rivals ruul followers-the Dutch, English, thence to the headwaters of the J\Iissouri. The j summer or winter. French, and others. only part of this route with which I have but little AJTiv~d at the Great Falls of the Mi•souri, the

The commerce of Asia, always dazzling to the acquaintance is the sixty miles of portage from the II East India merrhant mny look Lack and say, my Oriental nations, became the intense object of de- Upper l•'alls of the Columbia to the point where voyage is finished! Ire may lnok forward ant! sire to the western Europeans, from the time that Clark's river cnn be navigated. It may be moun- say, a thousand 111arkcts lie Lef<•re me,ofnll which I the crusaders visitrd C8nstantinoplc, and Vasca di \l tainous; but that it is pracLicublc, is proved by tlte Jl muy tnke choice. A downward navigation oftw<> Gama doubled the Cape of Good II ope. 'l'he daz- I fact thut the Hudson Bay Company have used it thousand five hundred miles carrie~ him to St. zling attraction of thi~ commerce was the cause of for thirty years: that it i• the be~t route, is proved Louis, the centre of the Yalley of the ?vlixsi~sippi, the discovery of the New \Vorld. Columbus, !!O- by the further fact that long acquaintance with the and the focus to which conver!_'"C all the steHul­ing west to Asia, wns arrested by the intenentlon II country has notindueed them to change it. '\Vith 1 hoats-now thousands, hercafier to be myriads­of the two Americas. From his day to the prest.nt, this slight deviation, the Hudson Day Company , l"t·om ull the extended circumli'rcnce of that vast skill and power hnve exerted themseh·e~ to 1=et follow the return route of Lewisand Clark; and this

1

valley. Loug hdore he rcach~s Rt. Loui", he is round, or through this formidable obstacle. All will be the rvutc of commerce to the end of time. runnmg the double line of American towns nnd ,J. the attempts to discover a northwest passage were The Columbia river is decried for its navigation, luges seated on either hank of the ri,·cr. 'l'he l\Tis­so mru1y nttempts to discover a we" tern rond to not by the llritish, who know it~ value, and strug- j souri river is Raid to be the he~t steambo:1t tinr India. All the discoveries of' the French among glo to maintain its possession; but by tho~c who upon the fitcc of the earth-the lon:;est-rd,tiniu~ the interior lnkcs and great rivers of North A mer- see the whole country beyond the Rocky Moun- II its water best at ull sens1n1g, aud periodir.dly Jlood­icn were with the same view. Ln Salle, the great jl tuins tln·ough the medium of deprccitttion. It is, ed nt a known day-free from rock.•, nntl, for nrnrly French disc,werer, parting from his friends eight even in a state of nature, a prncticalJlc river for two thou~and mdcs, free n·om sn111itn trees; for 1t miles from Montreal, for his lust word, exclaimed, navigation. The tide flows up it one hundred aud is on approuchiu~ the lu a'y fortst lauds of tl,e Ln Chine! (China,) us the word which displayed I' eighty miles; and to that distm1ce there is shiplla\'-l llowcr i'vfi~souri that this oho.truction oecnrs. All the object and end of his adventurous enttrpnse; I igution. llattcuux ascenu it to Fort Col\"llle, at nbovc is cll·uroftlds tlnn"~·r. The ri vcr is lnrge frnm nnd bythatnume the spotis known to this day. He the Upper Fulls, makin~ more, or fewer, port:1ges, the Fall" down; the mountain strc:un., ahn<"t in­had nil the q_ualities of a ~real discoverer but one: ~. ~ucconling to the state of the water; and beyond thnt II nnmcral>l<', 1 ourin~d<m"ll ~uchamplccontril•utJOn~. he knew not now to conciliate the feelings of his I point they still r.sccnd, to the "l:lcmt Encump- At the .\l:mdan v1\lngcs, tuulaftcr thr.junction \\'ith people, and fell a saet·ifice to their resentment on ment," opposite the head of the Athal,nsca; wh~re theY ellnw Stone, it elf cqu.,t in l ·ngth to the Ohio, the Arkunsns. The Jesuit fathers,courug<;ous und 11 a Pas~ in the mountains leads to the waters of the it prc,en!s the same tnn,itStie appr.nranro to the eye pious missionaries, to whom tho world wus in-JJl•'ro7.cn ocean. Periodically, the riYcr is Hooded that it docs toward:; ns mouth. Coni lines it~ rlchted for nll iL~ early knowledn-c of the interior of by the melting of the snows in the mountuins; und , hunks in 111any \'ltu·es; fertile land nboun<l~. A North America, ( I tun spcaki;.,. only of' this m- then many of the fttlls ru1d rapids arc Lurie• I iu millu.ry po~t wil doubtless soon he estnbli•hcd nt terior,) seeing the waters of a th~usand bke~, held II deep wutcr, aud no trncc of tll<'m s"en. This is tho Great ~'ails, liS ulso mt this sitlr, at the Ycllo11f in equilibrium on a VtiSt plateau in the centre of the even the cn>e with the Great Falls, where a pitch II Stone, nnd bcyon•l, in the valley of Clark "s rive•·, contment, from which three great rivers went off of twenty-eight feet, at low wata, dis!ipponrs I mu.l on the Columbia, at the Upper F,tlls: every north, south, and cast, to the Atlnutic; nnd hear- wholly under the flood. Sixty ft:tt is the ri~o, and I post will be the nucleu• of a settlement, nud th<! in!\" the Indians speak oft\ river of the west, in their / that annual, and punctm\l. ~'<'o ice obstructs its II future site of n gTI:at city. The g,,,t India mer­llmguagc Oregan~'\ spelling which Humboldt fol- surft~cc: no sunken t1:ees_cncumber its bottom. Art I chant,, upon the new North Amrr!can rond, will lows-naturally supposed that, from the same) will 1mprove thenav•gntton, and steam-vessels w11l, find hnnselfat horne, and nmong Ius countrymen, plateau a fourth great river went oil" west, and aetu- undoubtedly run to the Up]•Cr 1'all~-thc pitch I land under the flnoo nnd the arms of his wuntry, ally sketched an Oregan from Lake Win epee to the sixteen feet-a distance fi·om tidewater of some from the moment tte real'hrs the mouth of the c,,_ Pacific, still to be seen on some old maps. They l six hundred miles; and the point where the land lumuia-•ay within fifu·cn days aftrr ll·aving- Call­were right in the fact of the ri vcr, though mistaken carriage of sixty miles begins. Clark's river hns ton ! All the re~t, to the remotest market wluch l,e in its sonrce; and this is the first knowledge which

1

a breadth of one hundred and fifty yards, up to its I can choose, either in the vnst interior of tlw Union, history hns of Oregon. forks, being ncnr the width of the Cumllerlunll at or on its extended circumferencP, will lJo umon,;

l\1r. Jeflerson, that man of rare endowments and Naslnille. The melting of the snows gives it a friends. '\\That a c.ontr.tst to tho time, und the common sense-of genius and judgment-philoso- periodi~.al flood. The valley through which this J perils, the expo~ure am! expense of protection, phy nnd pructice-whose fertile mind was always I river flows is ri(".h and handsome, in places fifteen which the present six months' voya~e irl\•olns! teeming with enterprises beneficial to his species; miles wide, well wooded and o-rnssy, ornamented Arrived at the Great Pull~ of the ,\.Jissouri, the thio mre man, following up the gt-nnd idea of Co- \ with the beautiful Pint Ilcutl La'ke~"llake of thirty- East Indin men·hnnt, upon thi~ new ro:>.d, wiU >CC

lumbus, and takin~ up the unfinished entm·prise of fi,·e miles in length, scmed in a large fe1·tilc cove, u thousand markets bd'ore hi Ill, lnrh im iting his Ln Salle, and anx1ous to crowd into his Admini"- and em bosomed m snow-cupped mountains. Hot approach, and of easy, direct, atul ready ucce""· tration a gala.."Xy of brilliant events, early projected and warm springs, ad,·antageously compared by A downward na\·igation of n~pir\ descent tttkes lum the discovery of nn inland route to the l:'ncific II Lewis and Clurk to those in Yirgiuiu, also enrich to St. Loui", nnd New Orleans, and to all the ocean. The Missouri river was to be one long it; nnd when the Enst India trade hus taken its Jl places between. A continuouH voya~e, withotlt link in this chain of communication: the Columbia, course throu:;h this valley, here may grow up, not Hhifting the position of an ounce of his cargo, 'In'! or any other that might serve the purpose, on the I a Palmyra of the desert, but a Pulmym, queen of enny him fi·om the Great Falls to Pittsbur!!": a other ~ide of the mountains, was to be ttnother. the mountains. From the forks of Clllrk's river,, single tnuMhipmeut, and three days will t.oke him Lewis and Clnrk were sent out to discover n com. nearly due cast, it is about ninety miles to the lito the Atlantic coust: omnipotent steam flying hmt mercia! route to the Pacific ocean; and so j udi- North Pass, along a well-beaten bufTalo road, and from Canton to Philndtlphia in tl•e mnn·ellooa ciously was their enterprise conducted that their over a fertil~, grassy, and nearly level moun tam I •pace of tiOme forty-odd tlays! I only mention one r eturn route must beeome,and forever remain, the plttin. The 1\orth PaRs is us easy as the South- I I line, >lllrl one city, a~ n sample of all the rc"t. routeofcomnteree: the route furthen10utlt, through practicable by w1y vehicle ina state of nature, and \Vhat is said of l'itL"Lurg and Philmlelphin, may the South Pass, near latitude 42, will be the trav- no obstacle to the full day's march of the traveller. be cqu:.lly said of nil the westcm river towns to­clling road; but commerce will take the water line LewiH nnu Clark made thirty-two mile~ the day I wards the heads of navigation, nnd of dl the At­of their retum, crossing the Rocky Moun!fins in they came through it, and without being sensible Jllnntic, Gulf, or Lake cities, with whieh they latitude 47, through the North Pass. I of any essential rise nt the point of sep:u·ation be- communirAlte. Some sixty days, the ubual run nf

With the exception of a small pnrt of the route, tween the Atltmtic nnd Pacific waters, To the jl n bill of exchange, will reach the most nmotc: Bl

1he Hudson Bay Company now follow, and have right and left the mountains rose high; but the j that a merchant may (;iive a sixty days' bill in his followed for thlrty years, the route of Lewis and I Puss itself is n depre8sion in the mountain, siul<ing own country, after th1s route i. 111 opcmtion, and Clark. These eminent discoverers left the Co- to the level of the country at their bru;e. From this I] pay it nt maturity \\ ith silks n11d teas which were lumbia river near the mouth of Lewi~'s fork, went Pass to the Great Falls of the Missouri, uud nearly . Ill Cunton on thu day of its date.

1846. THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 917

This is the North American Road to India, all ready now for use, except the short link from the mouth of the Columbia to the Great Falls of Mis­souri !--all the rest now ready-made ready by nature, aided by private means and individual en­tet·prise, without the aid, or even countenance of ~overnment! And will government now refuse 1ts aid; nay, more, obstruct the enterpnse of mth· viduals, and frustrate the designs of nature, by leaving the Columbia where it improvidently placed it, in the year 1818-in the hands of a foreign Pow­er, and that Power Great BTitain! Forbid it, every principle of ri~ht and justice-every consideration of policy and mteres t. Now is the time to decide this great question, and to redeem the error of 1818. My voice denounced the error then, and was un­heeded. It was solitary, and received no response. A nation now demands it; and it is not for a na­tion's representatives to disregard a nation's call. But even if it should be so, it may defer, but can­not defeat , the great event. There is an order in the march of human events which the improvi­dence of governments may derange, but cannot destroy. Individuals will accomplish what gov­ernments neglect, and events will go forward with­out law to guide them. So it has been already with this Columbia. In 1792, a private individual of Boston discovered this river: he revealed its ex­istence to the world: government took no notice of his splentlid revelation. ln 1806 Lewis and Clark returned from the Columbia: government sent no troops there to occupy and retain the do­main which they had nationalized. The seat of a future empire lay a derelict on the coast of its rich and tranquil sea. An individual administered upon the vacant domain. A man of head-Mr. John Jacob Astor-sent a colony there. During two years his batteaux, carrying up goods, and bring­wg down furs, traversed every water of the Co­lumbia; his ships visited Canton, New Archangel, the coasts of California, the Sandwich and the Po­lynesian islands. Astoria was in communication with the commercial world. The name of the young TYRE-future queen of the New World­was known to nations. Then came the acts of government to baulk, delay, defer the great com­mencement. I do not mean the war-that was a brief and necessary event-but I speak of the acts of government after the war. The commissioners did their duty at Ghent: all poste, places, ten·ito­rics, taken from the United States during the war, were, by the first article of that treaty, to be re­stored. The posts or places of Astoria, the Olea­nag-an, the Spo-lcan, the Wah-lah·math, and the whole territory of the Columbia river and its valley, came under the terms of the treaty, and were bound to be restored. The fate of the restoration of all western posts attended the posts on the Columbia. After the peace of 1783 , the northwestern posts were retained: British traders, backed by their government, retained them : the Indian wars of 1791-3-4, were the fruit of that retention; and the war of 1812 found one of its roots in the same cause. This was the fate of western posts after the war of the Revolution. After the war orl812, a far worse fate a waited the western posts on the Columbia. A fictitious restoration of one post was tmnsactcd-to be accompanied, in the very moment of the transaction, hy the surrender of the whole country to the British. I say the surrender of the whole; for nothing less was, or could be, the effect of a joint-use possession between the weak and the strong; between the scattered and dispersed Amer­ican traders, abandoned by their government, and the organized British companies, supported by theirs! A quarter of a century the British have held the Columbia, the government doing nothing. Four years ago the people began to move. They crossed the Rocky Mountains; they have gone down into the tidewater region of the Columbia. Without the aid of government, they are recover­ing what government los t, and renewing the phe­nomenon of mere individuals exploring the bounds of distant lands, and laying the foundation of dis­tant empires. The question of American coloniza­tion of the Columbia is settled! The people have settled it; they are now there, and will stay there. The trade with India will begin. If no more John Jacob Astors shall arise to commence the trade upon a great scale, it will proceed upon a small one-grow up by degrees-find an emporium in the mouth of the Columbia, and spread 1tself all over North America, through the line of the Columbia and of the Missouri. The North American road

to India will be established by the people,_if not by the government. The rich commerce of the East will find a new route to the New World, fol­lowed by the wealth and power which has always attended it; and this will be another of the advan­tages resulting from the occupation of the Colum­bia.

And now, Mr. President, this is the exact reason why the British want the Columbia. They want it as the indispensable link in their own projected North American route to India. This is shown in McKenzie's history of his voyages of discov­ery in 1789 and 1793. On both occasions he was seeking a river line of communication between Hudson's Bay and the Pacific. In the first voyage he followed the Unjigah, or Peace rinr, bearing northwest through the Great Slave Lake and the Great Dear Lake, and after two thousand miles of navigation, found himself at the Frozen Ocean, north, or rather cast of Behring's Straits . That was too far north to answer any purpose. In the year 1793, he sat out again to find a more southern river to the Pacific. On Loth voyag-es he sat out from the same point-Fort Chipewyan, on the Athaba­ca Lake. Instead of descending the Unjigah, he now ascended it-went up to its head in the Rocky Mountains-passed through a low gap-found a stream flowing west, and followed it from its source in 550 of north latitude, and followetl it down to 520. Finding it to bear south , and be­coming a large river, l\1cKenzie believed it to be the Columbia, already discovered by Gray; and thereupon left it, and crossed over direct to the Pacific ocean, which he reachetl some distance north of Vancouver's Island. This voyage, like the other, had failed in its object: it f()und no navi­gable British river leading to the Pacific. And then a new idea struck the disappointed explorer, which he gave to the country, and impressed upon the British government, eight years afterwards, in his History of the Fur Trade. That work, published in London in the year 1801, after lamentiiig that a Northwest Passage could not be found, and de­claring that the Columbia was the only line of interior communication with the Pacific ocean, boldly proposed to take it! on no other ground than that it was indispensable to the commercial communication between Hudson's Bay and the Pa­cific, and no obstacle in the way, but American adventurers, who would instantly disappear from before a well-regulated trade! that is to say, be­fore the power of the British fur-trading com­panics, backed by the power of the British gov­ernment. Here is the extract from McKenzie's History, which very coolly recommends all this policy, as if the taking an American river, and n1aking the Americans disappear fr01n ir, was ns justifiable an operation as that of" catching a beaver, and killing him for his skin. Here is the propo­sition of McKenzie, earnestly pressed upon his govcrnn1ent :

"The Russians, who first discovered that, along the coasts of Asia, 110 U.'.iC ful or regular llUvigation C.\h=tcrl, op~!li Cd an interior comtnunicatiou by river:;, &c., and through that Joug and wide-exteiJded coutincHt, to tile strait tllat separates Mia from America, over wltich tlley pa~scd to the Ameri­can coutinent. Our situation i", at length, in some degree, 8itnilar to theirs: the non-existence or a practicalJie passage by sea, and the exi stence of one through the contineHt, are clearly proved, a11d it requires only the countenance aud s upport of the British Govcrmncnt to incrc:u:;c, in a very ample proportion, this national advantage, and secure the trade of tlJUt country to its :-.uhjccts." "By the rivers that dischar"e them~elvcs iuto IIurlsou'd llay, at Port Nd~on, it is prop~sed to earry on the trade to their so urce, at the head of th e Saslmtchi\vinc river, w.ilicll rhc;;; in the Roc ky .Moun­tain~, uot eight df'grce~ of'lOHJ!itude from t!1c Pacific Ocean. The Colmn!Jia flows fro111 tl1c oumc mountaiHs, and di-;­charg•_·s it£clf into the .Pacific iu 11 0rth latitude •J6 ~0. llvt h of them arc capable of rccch· in!.\' ships nt their mouths, and are navigable tliro ~Lghout for huat.-:. " "But whatever cour~c may Le tal<en from the Atlautic, the Colmabia is the line oj comnw.micationfrom the Padjic Ocean poiutcd out hy nature, as it is the only n:lVigablc river in the \dlOIC c.xtent oi'Vau­couver's uii nute sn n ey of that coast; its banks, also, i'onn tlic firstlevel country iu all the ~outllern extent of continental coa;:;t from Oook'o entry; and, conscqurnUy, the mo~t north­ern sitnation, ::;n!tablc to the rc::: ideJH.:cufa civilized people. Byopeuing tl1L~ intercourl'>e between tile Atlantic and Pacific 0Cf'aBs, aud timuing regular cstabll:,;hJllCllt.:> through the in­terior, a11d at Loth extrc!llcs, a=-- wciJ a;:; along the coa~t and islands, the entire COilJinand of the fnr trad e ofNortll Amcri('a might be obtaiuerl, from latitu cle 48 to tile pole, cxcPpt that portion of' it which the lt11~;o:ia us have in the Paeilic. rro thi~ may be added, the fishiag in both sea:-:, and the marl\et of the four quarters of the globe. :-:;uell would be the field fOr commercial enterprisr, and incalculaiJ!c would he the pro~ duce of it, wl1cn ::-upportcd hy tll e opt·ratinus of that credit and capital which Great Britain so pre-e miuentlypo::'f-iesscs. '!'hen woultl this country begin to he relllun~ratcd for tl1c expense it has su:;tained ia dbcovering all(! surveying tile coast of the l)acific Uccan, which is at prc.:5cnt lefltoAmer-

ican adventurers, \:vho, without regularity or capital, or the desire of conciliating future confidence, Jook altoge ther to the interests of the moment. Such adventurers (and many of them, as I have been informed, have been very success­ful) would instautly disappear from before a well regulated trade." "Many political reasons, which it is not necessary here to enumerate, must present themselves to the mind of every man "'acquainted \'vith the enlarged system and ca ... pacities of British commerce, in support of tlte measures which I have briefly suggested, as promising the most important advantages to the trade of the United King­doms."

" For a boundary line between the United States and Great Britain, west of the Mississippi, McKenzie proposes the latitude of 45 dcgreees, because that latitude is necessary to give the Columbia river to Great Britain. His words are: 'Let the line begin where it may on tl1e Missis~ippi, it must be continued w est till it terminates in the Pacific Ocean, to the south of the 0J lwnbia.'"

It was in the year 1801 that McKenzie made this proposition to the British government. That government never ventured to act upon the propo­sition until after the joint occupation treaty of 1818. Before that, its Ministers here hinted vague claims, but refused to write them down, or to sign them. After that convention, and especially after its renewal in 1828, and after the disappearance of our people from the Columbia under the power and policy of the Hudson Bay Company, then the government took the decisive stand, and went the whole length of McKenzie's recommendation. This is the origin of the British claim to the Co­lumbia !-Because they could not find a north­west passage-because the Unjigah went to the Frozen ocean-because Frazer's river was unnav­igable-because the Columbia river was the only practicable line of communication with the Pacific ocean, and its banks the only situation fit for the residence of a civilized people: for these reasons, after long delay and great hesitation, and aided by the improvidence of our government, they set up a claim to the Columbia! It was found to be the only river on which a commercial communication could be opened between Hudson's Bay and the Pacific ocean-the only British American road to India! The command of the North Pacific ocean, and the monopoly of its rich trade, depended upon the acquisition of the Columbia; and, therefore, they must take it. This is the origin of the Brit­ish claim to the Columbia river. It was an indis­pensable link in their commercial line across the continent. The other end of that line was in the frozen and desolate regions of Lake Winipec and Hudson's Bay, along the icy streams of the Sas­katchiwine and Missinippi, (Nelson's river;) yet even for such a route as this McKenzie invoked the aid and protection of the British government, and obtained it. That government now backs the powerful fur company-the instrument of its policy in America as the East India Company is in A~ia-in its pretensions to the Columbia as the substitute for the Northwest passage; and if they had the tithe of our title to it, would never surrender it. Even with one end of their line terminating in the icy and desolate waters of Hudson's Bay, she still struggles for it. vVhat would it be if she had the North Pass and the Missouri river, bearing down south to the centre of the valley of the Mississip­pi? The British Government would fight the world for such a line as that, and spend unnum­bered millions in its improvement and protection: yet we have turned our backs upon it-left it for thirty years a derelict in the hands of our com­petitors; and lmn now listened to with some sur­prise and incredulity when I represent this grand commercial route to India upon the line of the Missouri and the Columbia, as one of the advan­tages of Oregon-one of our inducements to main­tain our rights there.

The effect of the arrival of the Caucasian, or White race, on the western coast of America, op­posite the eastern coast of Asia, remains to be mentioned among the benefits which the settlement of the Columbia will produce; and that a benefit, not local to us, but general and universal to the human race. Since the dispersion of man upon earth, I know of no human event, past or to come, which promises a greater, and more beneficent chan;,;:e upon earth than the arrival of the van of the Caucasian race (the Celtic-Anglo-Saxon di­vision) upon the border of the sea which washes the shore of the eastern Asia. The Mon~olian, or Yellow race, is there, four hundred milhons in number, spreading almost to Europe; a race once the foremost of the human family in the arts of civilization, but torpid and stationary for thou­sands of years. It 1s a race far above the Ethio­pian, or Black-above the Malay, or Brown, (if

we must admit five races)-and above the Ameri­can Indian, or Red: it is a race far above all these, but still, far below the White; and, like all the rest, must receive an impression fl'Om the superior race whenever they come in contact. It would seem that the White race alone received the divine command, to subdue and replenish the earth! for it is the only race that has obeyed it-the only one that hunts out new and distant lands, and even a New World, to subdue and replenish. Starting from western Asia, taking Europe for their field, and the Sun for their guide, am! leaving the Mon­golians behind, they arrived, after many ages, on the shores or the Atlantic, which they lit up with the lights of science and religion, and adorned with the useful and the elegant arts. Three and a half centuries ago, this mce, in obe­dience to the great command, arrived in the New 'Vorld, and found new lands to subdue and re­plenish. For a long time it was confined to the border of the new field, (I now mean the Celtic-Anglo-Saxon division;) and even fourscore years ago the philosophic Burke was consider· eel a rash man because he said the English colon­ists would top the Alleganics, and descend into the valley of the Mississippi, and occupy with­out parchment if the Crown refused to make grants of land. What was considered a rash dec­laration eighty years ago, is old history, in our young country, at this day. Thirty years ago I said the same thing of the Rocky Mountains and the Columbia: it was ridiculed then: it is becom­ing history to-day. The venerable Mr. Macon has often told me that he remembered a line low down in North Carolina, fixed by a royal govern­or as a boundary between the whites anu the In­dians: where is that boundary now! The van of the Caucasian race now top the Rocky Mountains, and spread down to the shores of the Pacific. In a few years a great population will grow up there, luminous with the accumulated lights of European and American civilization. Their presence in such a position cannot be without its influence upon eastern Asia. The sun of civilization must ~hine across the sea: socially and commercially, the van of the Caucasians, and the rear of the Mono-o­lians, must intermix. They must talk together, ~nd trade together, and marry together. Commerce is a ~·eat civilizer-social intercourse as great­and marriage greater. The White and Yellow races can marry together, as well as eat and trade together. Moral and intellectual superiority will do the rest: the White race will take the ascen~ ant, elevating what is susceptible of improve­ment-wearing out what is not. The Red race has disappeared from the Atlantic coast: the tribes that resiSted civilization, met extinction. This is a cause of lamentation with many. For my part, I cannot murmur at what seems to be the effect of divine Jaw. I cannot repine that tl1is Capitol has replaced the wigwam-this Christian people, replaced the savages-white matrons, the red squaws-and that such men as Washington, Franklin, and Jeiferson, have taken the place of Powhattan, Opechonecanough, and other red men, howsoever respectable they may have been as savages. Civilization, or extinction, has been the fate of all people who have found themselves in the track of the advancing Whites, and civiliza­tion, a! ways the preference of the vVhites, has been pressecl as an object, while extinction has followed as a consequence or its resistance. The Black and the Red races have often felt their ame­liorating influence. TheY ell ow race, next to them­selves in the scale of mental and moral excellence, and in the beauty of form, once their superiors in the useful and elegant arts, and in learning, and still respectable though stationary; this race can­not fail to receive a new impulse from the ap­proach of the Whites , improved so much since so many ages ago they left the western borders of Asia. The apparition of the van of the Caucas­ian race, rising upon them in the east after having left them on the west, and after having completed the circumnavigation of the globe, must wake up and reanimate the torr.id body of old Asia. Our position and policy will commend us to their hos­pitable reception: political considerations will aid the action of socml and commercial influences. Pressed upon by the great Powers of Europe­the same that press upon us-they must in our ap­Pt:Oach hail the advent of friends, not of foes-of benefactors, not of invaders. The moral and in­tellectual superiority of the White race will do the

rest: and thus, the youngest people, and the new­est land, will become the revtver and the regene­rator of the oldest.

It is in this point of view, and as acting upon the social, politlCal, and religious condition of Asia, and giving a new point of departure to her ancient civilization, that I look upon the settlement of the Columbia river by the van of the Caucasian race as the most momentous human event in the his­tory of man since his dispersion over the face of the earth.

These are the values of the Columbia river and its valley-these the advantages of its settlement by us. They are great and grand, beneficial to our· selves, and to the human race, and amply suffi­cient to justify the United States in vindicating their title to the country, and maintainin~ its pos­session at all hazards. But I apprchentl no haz­ard. The excitement in Great Britain was on ac­count of the British settlements on Frazer's river, which our r.laim to 540 40' included and menaced. That claim is now on its last legs. The myriads of good citizens who have been deluded into its l,e!Jet', and who have no interest in being deceived, now abandon it as a ~heer mistake. The Balti­more Convention, and the editors ami orators who were so unfortunate as to stake the peace, and the honor, of their country on that error, and who had probably never read the Russian treaties of 1824 and 1825, nor the diplomatic correspondence of that time, nor ever heard of New Caledonia, nor taken it into their heads to consider whether con­tinents were appurtenant to islands, or islands to continents: these editors and orators may still hang on to their old dream of" fifty-four forty from mor­tified pride, and the consistency, not of judgment, but of vanity: they may still hold on to the shad­owy phantom of their former love; but their power to involve their country in a war for a line which has no existence, and for a country that belongs to Great Britain as clearly as does Canada, is gone. They can no longer lead the country into war upon a mistake! and thus the war party at home may be said to be extinct. In Great Britain I see no desire for war except with those who have no power to make it, namely, the abolition fanatics, and the Hudson Bay traders. The former of these parties, uninstructed by the scenes of the San Do­mingo insurrection, and its effects upon the blacks as well as the whites of that island, would deem ne­gro emancipation cheaply purchased in the United States by the slaughter of every man, the violation of every woman, the massacre of every child, and the conflagration of every dwelling in the whole slaveholding half of the Union: but, happily, these fanatics have no longer a French National Gonven­ti"n to organize their crimes; and speeches and votes must still be their arms instead of the knife and the torch.

The fur traders, now as always, arc still ready for a war which gives them a little while longer the monopoly of beaver; but their power is not equal now to what it has been. They set the In­diems upon us in the war of the Revolution, and in fact began the war at Point Pleasant (month of the Kenhawa) in October, 1774. They instigated and kept up the long Indian wars in the northwest, terminated at last by Wayne's victory under the guns of a British fort. One of the causes of the late ·war had its root in their love of beaver; and their savages, as in the war of the Revolution, fought the first battle in the bloody drama that was to follow. As an interlude, when not at war with us, they fought each other; and nothing in the long catalogue of Indian massacres can be more shock­ing than those perpetrated upon P.ach other, through the instrumentality ofsav~ges, by the Hudson Bay and Northwest Companies; and all from the love of beaver. The act of Parliament which united these two companies under one charter, assigned it for a reason of the junction, in the face of the act, the necessity of joining them together to prevent their destmction of each other. This company would still find, in their opinion, judging from their past acts and present writings, a compensation for national war in their own further monopoly of beav­er; but I see no sign of their success with the Gov­ernment; and, for the rest, let them beware! The nex t war with Great Britain will leave them not a fort standing, from the Lake of the Woods to Hudson's Bay-from the Saskatchiwine to Fort Chipewyan-from the mouth of Frazer's river to Bear lake. But they have no longer power to make war. After doing all they can to give that blessing

to the two nations, they will probably set up for the innocent and injured party-demand indemnity for losses-claim the navigation of the Columbia­and require time to remove. I should be willing to be a negotiator for half an hour when they should come forward with such reclamations. I would remind them of something that might stand as a set-oil', and that without going back to the war of the Revolution, the wars of the northwest, or the war of 1812. Leaving out old scores, and confining myself to the unsettled account which has grown up between us since the war of 1812, and the five hundred men killed on the Missouri and the Columbia, the five hundred thousand dollars worth of property /)lundered there-the thirty years' ravaging of a I the fur regions in the valley of the Columbta under the reciprocity convention, which expelled our traders from our own territories in­steaa of admitting them into the territories of the British : confining myself to these modern items, and I would soon find enough to silence the de­maud for indemnities, and rejecting the prayer for future favors. But, enough "of this. There is uo longer a party, either in the United States or Great Britain, which can make a war either upon a mis­take, or upon fanaticism, or on beaver.

The treaty of settlement and limits will probably be concluded before the expiration of the twelve months whtch the abroo-ation of the conventwn requires: if not, the effect will be the same to us, though not to Great Britain. Under the first ar­ticle of the Ghent treaty we shall receive the pos­session of the Columbia; and, as an incident of that possession, as well as by the admission of Lord Castlereagh in 1818, we shall have the right to hold and govern it until the question of title is de· cided. This brings me to the practical question of providing for the establishment of o-overnment, and the administratioil of law, in th~ country which we claim. The President, in view of this question, and with due consideration of what we can do pending the convention, and what after its abroga­tion, and confining himself to the first class of these measures, has recommended five, namely, the no­tice-the extension of Jaw and government to the American settlers to the same extent that the Brit­ish Government has extended law and government to British settlers-the protection of the emigrants by amounted regiment-block-houses on the way­a monthly mail. These are the measures recom­mended by the President. Four of them have been granted (for the mounted regiment will furnish the best mail-carriers;) one only remains, that of the temporary provision for the government of the set­tlers; and this might have been passed in as little time as it would have taken to read the bill three times, if presented in the form recommended by the President. He recommended an extension of our law to our settlers to the same extent that the British had extended it to theirs. This might have been done by the easy process of copying their act, with the modifications which would have adnpted its application to our citizens; and by this means an adequate temporary Government would have been provided, with the advantage of being free from the possibility of o~jcction, or cavil on the part of the British authorities.

/ The bill. from the Ho~se iR not a modifi~d copy of the Bnttsh act, and ts therefore objectwnable. It also provides for what is already· done, and therein is objectionable again. A l.Jill for the mounted regiment, and the chain of block-houses, for the protection of the emigrantH, passed the Senate five months ago. Not being presented us a war regiment, for the conquest of the country up to 540 40', it passed with so little notice, that the event seems to have been almost unobserved. It has lately passed the House of Representatives, and is now the Jaw of the land; and if all the othet measures recommended by the President had beeu brought forward in the same way, they would huve passed as easily, and the whole five measures, notice and all, fmished four or five months ago. But they were brought forward as war measures­war for "all or none"-clear np to 540 40'. This was the cause of the delay, and the reason why one of the measures-that of the temporary gov· ernment-remains unacted upon to this day. The pl'Ovision in the bill from the House for the regi· ment and the block-houses, is, therefore, not merely unnecessary, but a work of supererogation-a sort of superfetation in legislation. Equally supererog­atory, and absolutely impracticable, is the pro­vision in the bill fo1· the establishment of a monthly

1846. THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 919 mail hetween Mi~•ouri and Orc:?;on. Mails in an I tmvel through tl1e South Pa~R, nnd the water line ' mHl all we have to regret is, the discredit whiclt \llllllhnhitrd country of more th-an two thousand of commerce through the North Pass. 'l'his their want of acquuintance with our own treaties­five hundr~-u miles, trawr..ed by savages, nnd run- v.·ould keep the Inchans in order on both routes, II want of acquaint~ncc with our own documeuts­nin;.: over mountnins of seven or eight thousand north and south, all([ speedily open direct commu- and want of acquaintance with our own geoprnphy, feet, where deep snow lies fur more than a tl10u- nicr•tions "ith the Pt\cific ocean. In a word, I has h~ought upon us in the eyes of Europe and sand miles more than one-lmlf the yellr, could not 1 would prepare to tnlce pos~ession of the country Amcr1c.n. be carried by the solitary eon~eyancc or acontrnct- (for its exclusive posse~sion comes to us under the The danger is passed. The language and con­Ol''s 11\l\n or boy. Fum or five mounted riflemen, Ghent treaty, whether Great Britain treats now or duct of Great Britain i~ pacific~perf~:ctly 80. She ~oin~ to;,....,ther ,nnd stal·tc<l fmm the difi'crent posts not) on a scale commcnsumtc to it.~ importance was n little rufllcd at first; ns who would not be at to relieve ~:;wh other, alone could do it. In wmtcr, and to our rank and power in the world. For this the menn(:ed invasion of a p1·ovince? But ~incc she they would have ~teitihs drawn by do~, the reliefs purpose 1 would have the bill r~rommitted, and has seen thnt the in,·r.ders nrc brought to a stand nh~<l)'3 bciug rcudy ,1t t'nch post. The mounted the committee in3tructed to report sepnmtcly the at home, she seems to hnve rcco,·ered her good rc.giment, ttlrcady provirled for in the Scm•te's bill, II temporary measure for the preservation of order, humor, and the Oregon quc,tion hns nearly died can rcmkr thi.~ sen icc, costing 11othing, and by and the pet·manent government for the tmTitory, 1 out with her. Now, everybody i~ lool<in~ for a the mere order of the President. No law is neces- which 1 have sketched. sPtticmcnt of it on the lm•is of the old olfers of Hu·y nbom it. A non-commi"sioncd officer and Mr. President, I hn1·c pcrfonn~d a painful duty- 11 1807, 1RJ8, lf:l~3. These ollhs I di~ested into the i(mr or five mr·n, rl'licwd at each po~t, arc the only one from which I have Jon"' held back, hopin,(\' that form of two t·esolutions in Hl:!8, in Executive ses­Pl',letiruulc lllllii·Cal'l'icrs o1•er snch n line; and while even~q would cor1·rrt the cr~rs of the dny, and free sion of the Senate, with n view, by their adoption, <·arrying the 111ail, will al$0 be in the line of their 'I the country from dan~cr. 'l'hcre waR great danger I to J1l'C\'cnt the ratifirnti(ln of tho renewed joint oc­militnry duty, in looking out for dang('r, nnu giving I of war with Great Britain when Cong-ress met last~ ~ cupation eonvcntiou whi<"h we arc now all so <lP­n•sist:mr:e to traveller~ and emigrants. fitll, and ull upon a mistake llnd lt b!unrlcr. "\Var tcnninc<l to ;.:et ti(l of. These re~olntions have

In the land gmms, the !Jill from the House is II speer. he~ mul war prepural ions were immediutcly becu relld once· to the Senate, hut 1 will rem! them entirely dcfi,·icnt: it proposes three hundred and commenced on1his lloor, and the people were in- ng-ain, not tn Hhnw my rouxi"tenry , (for my ambi­twenty arrcs to cnch settler. Now the bill which flamed up to the fi!:hti11~ point. I cndcamrc<l tion is to h~ ri;ht, nncl to g-et ri~ht hy chatwing, P·'~'etl the Sen:lte heretofore ~tl'e double dmt gently to quiet these dan:.(t'mus movements-all to I v:hcn •·tnndin~ •ttl! h"eotncti error;) but to ehuke tnnount to carh father of a fam1ly, and half that no purpose. At ll\$! 1 I 1\:lt it to he my duty to my the qniuhlcrs r.llll gnrhl<-r~ who mutilate nnd mis­<unount li•r cn~h child under ei~h1cen years of a!;e, country to bpeak out , nnd to let the people see that I a pply my wrll'cls, to !:C't Ill" into the same box they includin~;" the c·hildrcn brm\ within five years after II they harl becu lccl into gn·at crrm s , and to the brink arc in theH•schcs. :->ir, 1 came into thr> Senate he­he wcut to the country, and nlso httlfthnt amount of war, hy edit<ll'S and or.\tor:-t, nssuming to speak fnre the f,,thers of the rhurch h.td all left it, and to the wife in h('l' own ri~ht; and to all bin~te men with great authority. 1 know the fl·ailty and the \I hen it Wt\S the ~u~tom of the young SenatorH to over ei;.;htccn ycam iL al~o ga\'e SIX hundred lUld vanity of poor humtm nature, and how hard it is listen to the old one~, nnd not to throttle them; and forty acres. Such bcneficittl provi~ions as the>e, for party lend em to admit a mistake w hiclt they when, I fl,,tte•· my~clf, I le~trnt something; and, once ~anctioned by the Senate, should not be gi,·en have induC<'d myriads of good men to adopt. The I limOn!!; other thing~, leui'Jlt that 4!l was the propn up without tul cfi'ort to restore them. leaders are a~hamed to retract: not so the mass of boundary between our Columbia river and the Brit-

The bill, thercfoTc, now before the Senate, is, in their follower... They hn1e no intere.st in bcu:g ish Fra•.er's ri ver. Upon this !<now ledge I acted :>omc resptcL~, \tlliWccosnt·y-in some, ii(jurinus- deceived, an<) no prtty \'anity to be mortified ut in dmwing thrsc resolutions eighteen years ago; in "'>me, udirient in justit•c to the settlers-and, in the J'ctruction of cn ol·. They only wish for what und 1 ha\e nothing to add, or to take from them, defining nc'> !JoundarlcH for the territories to be oc- is ri;,o;ht and honorable, nnd with them truth pre- to-tiny. c npied, is dan!;'crous to the peace of the country, 1·ails, and error pn,scs away. For two years the "[1~ Senate: scuet Session: Tuesday, Feb. 5 , 1828. und commit11 the. hazflrds of war to the collisions, people have been indoctritmted with a Russian line j "1\-[n. Br.NTO)I's lh: soLt:TIONs. uccJdentnl o: des•~ncd, of Government <J.gents, four u1;on 540 40', f1·~m the s~'" to the Rocky Moun- "n.~olt'C¥1, That it i• 1101 expedient for the Government thousand miles fmm the scat of Government. It llallls, the ltn~~ll\ns <lii'IJJng all n~rth, and \~·e all I oftlw IJuiled States to treat \lllh hi< Dnraunic MaJc•ly, in confounds temporary ~llld permanent measures, I south, and leavwg no room for Grc.at Bntnlll be- rcrcrent·c. w th c~r ~erriton.al r laims and .bou"'lnrlcs west of wh1ch should be kept distinct. A tempomry gov· tween. Well! the trcallCS suppose<[ to establish the !lock': Mmlllt·'"""' '\1'"" the hn<>s ol n JOmt occupatwn cmnwnt to !>rovidc fnr the !)reservation of order this bound·u·y and thus to cut out Great Kritain h) Ou· e •t• ~""" ol tile I 11!t"tl ~tales nud wbJccl8 of Great

' . . . - . ( ' . .' · llnt·uu, o t th t> couut.ry cl(lllurct hy 1·nrh l'owcr. a nd the uclmuustratwn of JUStiCe unlit the conven- nrc produced, ancl they show that there 1s 110 sucn "R.s,l .. c·d. That 1t " 1·xpNii••nl fur the Cowrnnwnt of the tion expires, is one wunt--a permanent. territorial I line-that the United States line with ltussin is in- l:nit.nl ~'."'''' w tr,·;U wi\h Ills B.1it1nnic .Mojcoty in refer­-•ovel·nm,nt is unothcr· nnd, for the putpose of sular and not continental; 11nd that. Russm, by cncc to ;td! <Ialli •< :nuli>olln<Ltrie', 11pon the b;u.~g of a •cp-"'t· .· (? 1 ' .·. 1 b. ,.1 1i _ . ' d · 1 D .· 1 · 1 · 1 p _ aratwn ot llllcn:~~'t~,ntH1 the c·.:t·\hh~hmcut ot the 4Dtll deg:n:e oal' m,. lte.se measures appropn,tte y IOU0 1t or h ealy, n m1L~ tIC 1 ~~~~ 1 lit e qmte out to t 1e a of norlh l~lltwl<'"' a I' ·rmancut boundary between them, ward, nnd m a way to pu~s, I shall move to recom- c1fic ocean, und COI'el'lng the exact place where the in the •liorte<t p<H•ih:c \uuc." mit the bill with insu·uctions to bring in the tcm- bo~ndm·y of 5·1.0 40' \\',\s s~ppoRcd to.hccstabli?h- These resolution~ were olfered in secret ~cssion, porary and the permanent measures separately: II ~d. Tl1e treat1es show th1~; and tl1cH· produclloH as it wns proper to olfcr them, but have long numely, a temporary cxtcnslO~ of law to the ex- ts enou.gh for tho~e who lmve been dc~etv~d mto since be{! II mfl([e public, with other proceedings on tent recommenclec~ br the l'rc,ndent, and a plmo for the belief of a 540 40' boundary. Agam: for two the ratification of the renewed joint-occupation !' perm11nent t~1·ntonnl. government, fully organ· 1 years the people have b~en deluded mto the behef com·cntion in' l 8.2$. They are known to the lend­J~.cd, to !al<e e~~ct the m~tant.~hc prescn.~ conven- I that tins ~40 ~0• w~s. tl.leH· t_r~1e and r1ghtful no~t.h- ers, ir not to the followers of the fifty-four-forti~s, llf!>~ expiTes. 1 hcse are my \Jews: ,· 1 '·.oul~ not ~:n bound,\ry. ~h~Executll'e document.~ of 182.l- and would be oppe.al.ed to by all who would wtsh Jill X ten~pornry and penm•~ent provisions. I woul~ 24 were produced, ,,nd th~y show that the states- to represent my opmtons as they are, and not as do !'othmg half way, or m~ardly. At d10 term1- men who made the treahes suppo&cd t~ g1vc us J they arc not! nall?n of the pres~nt conventton, l would tak? pos- t~Js northern boundary ~ctuall:l;' proposed. a, at the I I have no pcrsonlll interest in this matter. After sebelon of the terraory to the same extent that·~ \\'!ll! tune, over and over ugtu~, to Great Bntam, as her / long delay 1 have spoken publicly (for my opin­held by Mr. Asto_r-from the sea to thc~ountams- northern boundary, conung_ dc~wn to 49 for qunn- ion II were neve•· a scc1·ct) what my duty to my uml take po~~c"SJon as nn o.wn.er knowmg lls \'alue, t1ty, an~ that, not upon a prmc•ple of comprOll1lbC, country required nt my hands, and arcording to ant! determuwd to m>untam tt. A 1i'".vcrnor who but of r11;ht, ~o cover her •ettlements m the \'alley I the knowled••e whicll thit·ty years' ~ tully of the should be both a stnt•·~man and. a soldier, with an of' F'mzer'~ nvcr; settlements well known to the subject has g~\Cil to me. 1 hnvo been fighting the adequate salt~ry, ~hould be at ~ts. he.ad; n ~1st1n- statesm~~ of that d~!• h~\\'Cier .unknown to t!10 battle of O~·cgnn fm· thirty years, and wh~n it hall g~.ushcd gencutl shonld b~ under hun as the 1mme- , bra1e hlty-fnur-fmt~e:> of the present day. For but few fncnds, thou~h now enlircly eclipsed uy tlmte.conunandm· o~ the m.rhtnry force, retulars a!1d two years the .rcople lmve been toU that every the new convertH. 1 mn where I nlwnys have rn1htm. A terrllcmallcglsluture-supcn~'; ar_•~ m-~ acr~ niH! evCl:Y mch-::-ev~rr gra1~ of ~and, ~lade ?f j been, m.Jd rrjoiyc to sec the question coming- to. the fer10r courts of law und eqUity , and of aamualty grwss, and d10p of w.tte1, 110111 4- to .>4 40, IS OUls. concluHIOll wluch I have alwuys deemed the rwht jurisdiction-~nrl a cu~tom-housc, should be estnb- Geogn:tphy, lu~~o?:.!'n~~ ~h~ mn~Js ~rc p~oduccd, one. )~or my juKtification iu making head ?gal~1st hshed. A skilful cn~meer should be .sent out t.o and show th,,t I rtlZ< 1. ~. 11 ~ et ~O\\ s f1 om '"'to 49- 80 much eno1·, !throw mysl']f upon the eqLuty an<l sup~rmtcnd thC: planmng m.'d constructiOn of forti· dtscovcred lly the Drrllsh m 1 ,!}3-settled by tlwm intell ig-ence of wy countrymen; nllll, never having firatlOWI: a rc~nncnt of artillery should go to. man m 1806-covcred from hend to mouth w•th thc•r had uny fea1· for mybclf', I now huvc none for my the works .. A nnvy-y11.rd should_~~ established I st; ttlcm,ent~, a!HI !mown by the Scotll;~h nn~c !Jf \ country. for the rcpau· of.v~sscl~ T he m1ht1a should be .l'icw Ua lcdon.a when we ~egnuated wnh Spmn m , Mr. BENTO~ then mol'ed to recommit the organi;.cd, and chndcd mto classes, r~dy for scr- 1819: nnd .then the Execull~e ~ocumem~_ nrc pro- bill to the Committee 011 'l'tl'l'itorie~. amcnclctl on \icc _when called, to uc compensa~ed 111 land for duccd, wh1ch sh.ow that th!s. !·n·er and 1ts senlc- the motion of his collcngnc, [.:\lr. ATC·m soN,j to h~>ldmg thm.nsclv~s ready, and paul for thClr ser- mentK were adm.lt~cd to. be hr1t1sh property by Mr. recommit to the Jmli1·i;~ry Conu11ittce, with in­\JCe:i when m the. fidd. 1\founted gun men, cav- ~1onroc',; Aclmtnts~mll?n, who no. more set up a structions to 1·cpott u~ follows: nlry, un<l.hO I'.~C nrullery, so well adartcd to a coun- Utle to tt ~mdcr the Spanish treaty of ltH9 than \h~y Th"t t!>o hill tw ;..,,.11uuiurtlto the Commiuec 011 the Ju-try ~f plam~ nncl gr<~~~. shouhl bc.rchcd on fo~ field set up a li_tle to Canada un<l~r the same treaty. ~ et di<'i •ry, w!th hHIItct•ou- . . . . ,;ervl('e n;am~t Iud1ans , or any mvnder: art11lery our warhke fifty-four-forucs opr>ned the scss1on . V~r•t. 'I•• l'r"'~"' '"' xutfutlall'nt C\l<·ndou~ llw JUn.<~h~ and infantry (rc<>ulai'S and mihtin) for the defence 11 with demanda for ships nne[ troops to fight Great t<<>n nud In\\ sol t.t ... ' . .'m"-'•.t f'tar ' • rl\l l nn•t •·nunnnl, OH·r

f d 1i "' A 1 · f h 1' · · 1i 1 · 1::1 ' • t Ad l the t'll17. n. of lh•• t m:..ft1 ...,t·tle-' 111 c lrt nn , tn the tiame c·\ o poslS nn orts. c 1n1n o po~ts on t c COOl· :>rl~tUil ot· t liS very ~ rnzcr s nver · t:m~uu u·11t that Gn·at nn~m t' \t<·,uh·d 111 r Jllrt .. tllf'tion and Jaws nlCrciul route of the Columbia nnd Missouri should wh1ch put her up to slurs and troops on her !!Ide, 0\'cr !u•r d<itru• "' tlu· lt!ltuu t rr: t "Y hy the act of l'arlia­be establi~hc<l. That route flanks the British es- until she saw that theRe intrepid invaders of Ne1v "'""' of.lnly 2, 1-~t, :unl Puptlr nH·ntal no\. tnblllihmcnts and is open to the dcpreJntion of the Culedonitt would he set ri.,.ht at home. F'rom that f'•·cmully. 'l'o r•'t"'11 a lull lor tlw lull amt l><'rfect ~>:Ovcrn-

'· ( 0 h ~ f nwn~of tl1c tt•n1tnn·. to tHk(' c1h•ct nHn the nhrogntlon of northern l nd1ans. Posts at the Oka-nag-an, and I mo~en~ her war fever abated; l c war •ever o our the jr•int·n"<' com·1•1ition, prm·idiu~for til<' ap1x>iut!l!eut of a at the Uppc~·lo'aiiH of the Columbia-in the ~alley vahttnt mvadcrs abated also.: th~y 1:ow cry war no g<"'''""!r,tolir_'l•••uilitaryaJ~d<· •''I cl~ir·('of\~wwrritory.:,~nrl, of Cltll'k's nver-at the Great Falls of the M1ssou- more; tuld to do them enhre lUStlce, I venly be- ll ,. officto, •up• rmtmdrut ot ln~han .tll.•~r, '· P'"~'""'". uloo . d I I r l y •11 s I ld I r . h i d • . I ·d f 1:' .. . ... .. ttl fora tcruttmnl lev.• lature, nnd tor thr ndutmt.ll'atlllll ol JIIS-

rl, nn n.t.t l C m oult o . t 1e ~ O\V tone, s lOU ~e\C t cy 1a nC\Ct 1ca1 o r..~Z~l s tJ~er a te titc; nbo providin~ n,r tlH' dtt\·ncc of the territory by fOJti-bc cstubh~hed. The protectwn of Government t1mc they proposed ,to walk over 1t 111 the1r march fym~ the 111oulh<H"tllo Cohuuhia llver,nnll oll"'r points, and should be extended to both routes, the land ltnc of I to fifty-four forty. 1 hey nrenowpeaceuble enough; orgnuizing the nulitla; ul•o tur the comluctmg of COIHn•crcc

920 THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. .June 3, ======~~==~--===-~= -==~===-~~-==== by c•~~bJi;hin~ a colleolion rli-tri<·t and cu-tom-ho~ ;;;--J antl tt~kin~ that route, tl~,·onlll immcdit~tely be -~~thence hy th~l coasting voyage to the mouth5 Ore"""; abo to pro<-ido tor the •e<'Urity of tt:ni)(atlon, hy able to carry furs ami hrend mto the market~ of of the Ind us. The disll\nce between the ~ra ru1d Jight'~hnu"l'i! , huoy.,j , lwll('on~, &c., at Hw nroutl• of Lhc Co-Jurnhw. Tb" hounrlanc• of •:rid terriwry to he , urh on the Asia, tlte first of which is now pillaged from them the Euphrates (two hundred mike) required a sta· north It" mar be ··~~bh>hrd hy trcuty with Great llritam; l.y Englishmen and Russians, the latter would I lion between them. It wn• fOjlnd in a ~;ruve or and unhl •o e>tnbli•hed, to be along the par.Utel of 4U' of have to be raised from the fertile banks of the Co- •.nlm trees; a fertile spot, well watered, in the midst north latitude. Jumbia river. of sands, about midway between the sea and the

lL Souglu tiflcr by nit naliom.-During thirty

1

river. It~ inhabitants entered with urdor into the APPENDIX 'I centuricu the ntttions of the earth ha\e flnr.kcd to trade of conveying co. mmodities from the river to

TO MR. DENTON'::! RPEL(;ll ON OREGON. 1 A~ia in seareh of its rich commerce. Sacred and the sea. As the most valut1ble protluction• ofln· profane history exhibit the same pirture, of mer- I dia, brought up the Euphrates from the Persian

I.-NORTH AlliER! CAN ROAD TO INDIA. ch,u1ts lo~tded with gold and silver, traversing the Gulf, were of such •m"ll bulk us to bear the ex-

11 deserts on camels, or the trackless sea in ships in . pense of a long Janel carriage, this trade soon be­

Exlmctsftom e~say.!t!'!"illrn an<ltntblished at St. Louis, H<'arch of the rielt productions or the cast. From I r<\llle so considerable that the opulence and power in 18l!J, by Tltollw.! fl. !Jtnltm. the time of the l'ho:niciaus to the Engli•h of the of Palmyra incrc.11~ed rapidly. (1/obfrls•»·} Its

- llwcsent day, the countries of custem A'ia have . government Wt1S best SLtited to the genius ofnrom· onEGON.-AstATIC <: OM\1EI\CE. . I lecn the chief thcntrc~ of commercial enterpri"e; II mcrtial city-ru:PUBLICAN. ( Pliny tltr Eldu.) 'I' his

C~~::,~~~.:~~~;~•,:;~~i~-;:;~~::~~~~~-~;;~::~.,',',";~~~:;;;:t:= m_ul the notion which ~hurctl t~lis commerce in the ~rot then hegan to exhibit the wonders of ~vhich New ront4' vrur)O:"ed b.r rhc p :ople Ol tlw · ·nilt-11_ >;'ta{NO. lu~ht:~l dcglCC, has acqturt:.d J)\ . an Hg'I'S the first commerce IS capable: From a ~radmg Stt\tiOn, It by the Colu111uia at•d ~lls-onn •iver>-l'rnefloalnll ty of Jl rank m tile arts, the sciCnce", 111 nallortal power became tul opulent crty, the capllal of a gret~t em­thi• ruute-;-l'rt·ti·rcuce rlnc to it, "' shorll'""" or ,l,,t,mrr; und individual wealth . And such willprobahlv he , pire the xeat of st:ience and the art.• the rival of lJl sat t-ty; '" clwapnr .. ur trall~J.mtalt<IJI; Ill -uiNitlltlll<( I I d f I . ld N . "t It• , R . ld b . . . I ' 0 f tl e an CM"hau~,~ (,( cOJimwtJili('~ fOr a trad~ in ~o!d aud :-II· t ~e ens~ to t 1e. en o t1c "(Jr . u.t~r e ~n~ \.Orne. orne wou cnr no U\n . . ne o . 1 ~ ver-Othcr ndvanta)!c" in rend··m•t th·· cmnowrc~ of the mude hut one Asta, but one couutry ahouttdmg\\ rth

1nrost powerfnl of the empct·ors (A urelmn) cRrned

rf'public irult:rH'tHlc,it ~lf Cumv~; in l!'lvi.ngy' r.hP: n·pu~,Jic I the rich productions which are foun<l in the East . the arms o( the ('mpire agl\inst the "City nf Cm,l• the cm.nm~u1d of tfw J'\onl_i PacJf_lc 01 'f'an; 1'1 !l \'lll ~ ~0 the ludie:::;· atH.I w]lilc tnankind continue to love Hpic·rs wurre. ,, Palmyra wns suUdued · it~ trrulc dilertrd repuhl1c tuco monov.•ly ot tht! .LL·t l udm tr:uh•-J•,Il·,·t tJf I . '. , ·.. ,.. · . I·· . · 1 1. .. d 1 , . · .. ' f 1 . thi~ n1nnntK'IY on th~ \\(';11th m 111 JWl\'Ot!r of till' npuh: rt,_• ; Ullf l.UOI11;LIJC::i, prcClOU~ StOJlt':-:1, P.OtCe aJ.~tS, fillC toOt 1er ~· \c\~lnels, nn tIC l1Un;j 0 temp ~S nrr.(~t on the \vealut and rowt•r of En~Jnnrt; on ll1'-~ wealth a11tl cottons, s1lks und tea~, the tnulc wJth Asm. n1u~t the udmti'O.llon of the tru.vcllcr on tl1e spot wlur.• powt•r of Jtu..;:~ia; on th1~ rt'\i~inu:-o~u_ul politi('11 t·_o!ulnion "f eontinue to he .sono-ht uflcr M the Lrightcst je\\tcl \VUH once the &eat of so much power nnd JO.i;nifi· tl~t! t)('np\e of .A_ .. ~<l-Bifcct ot tiJt• entlnary .. x~•IUI!lll w ~h:- in the t.liadcnl of t·gnlmerce. renee ( J"'olllcy.) l Pl)(:r!\lts .. oun t n layin~t;openthf"u~wrontf'-F.!tt ·ctoi an I . . 1 • Tl · E J ~r 1 Amertotm FurCompall) iutnn 11 n~tlte •:a>tliHiilltra 1e iulo Ill. .JRcten/ chatmcl8 oj _l.n8 fOIIllllfl·ce.- ~~se After the conqnr~t of • gypt by t .•e ·' J wme· thenewroutc-;l'rojct•tnfafurcomp'"'Y with n v ie\~ w tlmt ! may be traecd by th~ nllns of the grent crues dnnR, the people of the Romn~ Clll)''r~ wne sl~11L ohjN·t:-ltlea ot the vah1· nucl Jl~f' .. Put cotuhLI"!l of_ the fur \\ lHch :::rcw up \\' tlh the po::-,.se~ton of this trade, out frotn the port of Alexttndna. flus ;.,:1\\e n~o tra,Jt· m riorlh ..\merwa, a;.;. carn··d tl7l lty the l::n;!h~h; hy , l ·:· ·] U .· 1 · 1 . 1 - f 1 ·l ~ tl ]mli thr. J:u.:-ians; hy _tiH! .\m.·ricans-:-e~~rt·un f':-tabhi<~hluct.t (\11~ pcus 1e wtt 1 _Its .. ngs;, . . to t 1e open111g _o n new c t~nu< or. \C , ."' of the new rout•·, lllllll<"th:~tely, wtth thn tml of rile Amrri- Tyrc, '' Q~<~etl oj Cthes, wns tis first emponum.ll trnde . Constanunor.le became tis cmpormm. flu~ ~au Go~·errunent,e';~u.rnall;,_b.~thdurccofcircum•tnucc; The commerce of the cust centered there before, rout~ lay thrott~h tte Blnrk Sea to the mouth of aud the natural pro.rc ·' o• "" 11 ~· • tl1e c<tpll1 ny of the Jew~ m B.1hylon, upward~ ot the nver Phasrs; up that nvcr and hy n land _car­

. L Uommarr 1rith ·?•ia.~'>p•ccs, ~romatws, pre- •ix huutlrcd y<·nrs ueforc the comir~g of Chri~t, 1'1 riage of five days to the ri1·.er Cyru~, do1•m•tto CIOttS stone:~• porcchlll_ts,_ cottous, stlks, ~and teas, I (Rvllill.) Sllll trndcJ to Amhta, l'er,na, ~nd ludm. tl1e Casptnn Sea; RCro~ this. sea three llundrc1l arc the artrclcs of ,\~ntltc commcrrc. Srh~r and j ller route wM hy the :Mcdrtcrranean :Sea to the , mtlcs, tet the mouth ot the nvcr Oxus; up that gold arc the art!cles wtth wluch they are purcha~ed. <·oast of B:;ypt, over land to the Red &a by the river nine humlretl miles, to the rity of :\1!\l"~alllla, From the earliest a:;e~ of the worl~, tl1c_ prrrwus 11 Isthmu~ of ~uez, down the Rcll t:.ea, and thence now SanH~rcand; thenr~ a<"ross th~ mountnms to metals haye Jlnwod l,nto Asm; nnd thts tlmut, which t·ast~by coasung voyng<:s to the countnes aboutlhe the countries u~n the r1nr Tnrlus, 01" ea~wnrd by ltns been mce~sant Jur se1·cral ~housantl year>~, h~ ~~ liulr of Penna and mouths of the nver Indus . The " journey or e1~hty or a l1undrcd clays, wuh tho become still more enormous tn later times. The pu,sc,~iou of this comtllercc mnde Tyre the rich- 1;;1rr.dnn camel, throug-h d1•sert couutriCs 111111 wnu· Americans_ almte. ha,·e cnrriccl tw~lve millions to. 1•st and the prou.dest riLy itt the universe; ~ave her 1 tiering. nations which wn•itlerctl tl!e mPrclwut eastern Asra wtthrn the last year, e1ghtnullrons ol the command ol the seas; "mmle lt•r tra.ffuket·s tlze 11" the1r prey, to the wcsfHn prO\mrcs of till' which. were carri~<l to Cunton, and exchanged for II ltonc.·ublcs of tl•<' earth," (I>aiah,) and cuabled her 1 Chinese empire, (PI illy 1/u 1':/dcr.) This nJuh•, tea, Silk, porr.~lam, and co_Wms. Tl11s cou.t sc of tllerchun.ts Lo d1spute with kings i,n the splendor of thong!! long :uld pPnl'!""• 11111de Cnn•t::mrnnple the trade hns occasroned a prod1g10us act·umulatton of their livtn~ nntl the ntstnes~ ol thur ~xpen>es. Ct11piiTlUll1 ot the ltHIL"\ tmde liw nil ( hnstt.m nn­the precious ntl"lnl" in en•tern Asi"; fot· w hat is car- .:--cbuchad~Jezz~r, kin.. of fl<thvlon, conquer<·d tinns for 8CHml <·eotnrit s after the conqueRt ot" riell there remains there, there being nothiu;; in the Tyre, and rn<.ed it to;[." fnuudntlons; f.,ut he ditl l~ypt by the :\lahomedaus, and made it the seat commercial or politi<·al relations of the counLries to lunt found a rival city, nnd the coutinunncc of the of wealth an<l power for many ages after the C1"eato t< counter current, and bring it baclt into Imtia tr.tde imnwdi;ttely restored the "(~U<fll of downfall of the Roman en1pire.1 Europe or Atnrrirn. To stop this dmin,and sub- ("itic.•" to alllu:r fo rmer d<·grce~ofpowPr and pre- IV .• U.tl<nl clommrls.--Con~tnntinople contin­stitute for it a trade in harter, would be an object Clltinenr.e. Alexandct·conqn,,red her again, fouud- rwllto he the emporium of the lntlin trade till the of_ the ftrst i~1tere~t with any country, csr.ceinlly ctl a nml city on the. roast of Egypt, at~d Tyrc firtctnth _cci,_tury; , The Ver.tetinns and Gcnoese w1th the Un_rtcd States, whtch ha\C no mmes to I'>CC>UtlC ·•a place for fishermen to dry then· nel-'i," ll ~ngn!?;c!l m .tt. lh~y e~tahltsh<d tmdm; lwus<;S supply a drutn so lllCCSRant and ~() enormous. To l u:=ckitl.) Ill Constantmople, and rose to power and pre-tnll­go further, to c1·eatc n chunge which would drnw I The Jews, in the time of Dnvid and Solomon, ncnee from the profits of this tratlr. Thrir· Jkets back n pnrt of the gold and sihcr whi.-!1 has nccu- jlsuccecdcd to t!te India trade. Their route was the connnandell the ~«'M, at a time whfn llccts were mulnt~d in A~ia, would be a commrrrial operation tsnme which the Phreui<·ians followed from Tyre, yet unknown to the rest of Europe, and the riti· which 110 nation ~as ~et a~complisl_Ied, and \v~ich 11 alH( th<:i r country be~ame the theatre. of we?lth, II zens of ~hcsc r~publics diaplayed n mognifio·ence in would open It _vcm of unn>_all<'d richness. J,~tl• 1 uud thf"ll" k~ugs t?c arb1ters of ~urrouud;!'g nauous. thctr hvmg whrch surpa,s<·d the stntc of the g:·cat· of the"e op<'t111tons are pmcttCl\blc, not by the Eu- In the rel""n nl Danu~ Uysta~pe~, h .mg of Per- c~t monarchs beyond the Alp~, (Robrd,ott.) lo rom ro_peaus, who have nothing which they could sub- 11 sia, a IICW ~ute was opened wiLh India. It luy II Vcniee and Genoa the commerce of Asia Hprcad st1tute for silver, or by the Ameri~nn~ while th;y fi"Dm the bor_-ch-rs of Persia through_ the Caspilltt iuto the _north of_ .Emope. _Enrges _nntl Ant~ve1·p follow the truck of the_ people o! Europe. ) et ::-il'a, up the nnr qxus to the mountams whtch dt· b.ecnme tts tmpOJ~a, and rl'l<IIO to tht~ da);' t•vtdent there are arhrles for whtch the Asratrcs would not I nde it from the nver Indus, across tho~e moun- ,, "1"118 of the wealth and splendor to wl11ch they only give the rich pr~ductions of. their·. country, 1 tams with the a.itl of th e Bactrian camel,and thence atlttined. This wns the lon~rst and mosl perilous but freely exchange thc1r gold nntl s1lver, tfbrou~ht down the river· Indus to the countrtPs about Its route over wh1ch the comm~rce of lntlut has hrcn into thetr market by any nation. T hese nrtirks mouth, thrn the chief seat of the India trade, nnd Jl conducted. It is tntly astuni;hiu,; to think of lt. arc n :as and BtiEAD. Of the former, Europe has the limit of the ancients in thci1· trade to the east. From Erugrs and Antwerp to Genon anti Venice, none to semi, of the latter b~Hiitt!c; _a~td if sf.te had II' This route co\"eretl a distanec of three thousand i/tlt<·nre to Con>tantinoplc, arro•.s the B!twk l'r.t, any to spare, her geogmplural positiOn, the l'ust miles : six hundred on the CaE<pian Sen, ntue hun- acros" thf' Caspian Sea, ttpthe rtl"cr Oxus to Sam­distance whi<"h intervene~, would pre,·ent 118 ex- d•·ed on the Oxus, two or three hundred overland nrcantl, the limit of Alcxnnder's nmt·d\ towards portation. America, on the c•mtt·.u-y, ~bounds in

1

. cro>sing_ the mountains, and allout twelve!tnndretljl the northcllst of .1\~a: and Itt ~amnrcand it ~cemcd both these 1u·t•cles-thc first hns been blmrlly nbau- I on tlw nvcr Iudus. tl1at the jomncy wns only hrgrmun~, as there eom­doned to our cnernic.<; the S<"cond h<ts not been The foundation of Alexandria created n new em- 'I m~nred tLe voyn!!"" overland "ith the llnrtrian carried to Asia, bet;nu~c ~he Americans "crvilcly Jl ponurn, and opened a ucw route for the commcr~e I cnmel, through desert regicms nn<lnnlion~ of rob­follow the track of the Europeans, null are sllill of the rast, cl10~cn with so much judgment, tlmtlt 1 ber•, to b~: contumed from e1ght)' to a !IUn~rcd more remote than they from the seat of commerce. continued to be followed from the time of Alexan- dny~ to arrrve m the western provtners ot Chmn, The Am~rican navigator ~~ails to the ea.,t, travet·ses I' t!er the Great, upwards of 300 yenrs before Christ, l where the most valnnble productions of the East 30,000 nule~ of sen, dnubl~s ".stormy ~lid tempest- t1ll the di~covcry of the Cnpe of Good Hope m the were then found. Yet so great '':ere the profits of uous rap~, 111 order to arn1'e m what ts called the ftfteenth century. This channel was along the ca· the trade, that, undrr all these <li:<Udvant.•~<·;~, the Eas_t Indtes. In tl_1e meantime, whnL was _the EAsT nal of Alexandrin to the .\"ito, up the Nile to Cop-! cititirs of Constantinople, of Ycuice, .. nd <;:enoa, Indres to the ancient~ arc the \V >:sT Indies to the ltus, thence acro~s the desert with camels to the ?f Brue;esmul Antwerp., become the seat~ <?I learn­Americans; for they l1e to the.. west of us, and but j Red S<:a, and thence ll coastinn- voyage to the m; and refinement, ot luxury and mngndicencc, a few dnys' snil from our own coast. The wc~tern moudrs of the Indus. The Ron~ans, in the flour- of maritime nnd milit."try power, when all other sh~re of North America an~ the enstern ~hore of ,, i~hing times of the repllblic and of the empir?, II parts of Europe were sun~ in po~erty and igno­Asta front each other-the nnld and tranquil waves dcn\'ed then· sup piles of India goods through tlus ranee, darkness anti barbnr~sm_ of the Pacific ocean nlouc interv~ne-in. the broad- 1 chnnnel. .

1

Towards the entl of the 15th century, the Cape est part as narrow as the Atlantic, and tn the nou·· l n the •nme age another channel wns opened wtth t of Good Hope wn.~ doubled. A new route was rawest, at Behring's Straits, only thirty miles India. lt lay overland, acros~ the desert, from the then opened into India. The Portuguese, who apart. Instead of going to the east,. A~ericans jj bottom of the Meditermncan Sea to the riv_er Eu- I ma~e this discovery, became the mnsters of the should therefore go to the we~t, to nnwe m Asia; phrates, down that nver to the Gulf of Persm, and India tratle, destroyed the fleets of the Turks and

1846. THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 921 Venetians which were launched upon the Rctl Sea j America. The existence of a chn.in of great lakes of the officer~ of the late Exploring Expedition to keep open the ancient channel through Egypt, I stretching westward being ascertained, he believed I under Captain "\Vilkes, who made the survry o!' and established n. commercial empire in india. that an iuland passage to China might be discov- the mouth of the Columbia river; Messrs. Knox Portugal then been me one of the most powerful

1

ered by m.eans of these lakes and the rivers flow- ttnd Reyno!. dH, who are not now in this city, being nations by sea and land, and Lisbon the centre of ing from them to the Pacific ocean. (Slocldttrt.) the other two; and that you were upwardM of two European wealth and commerce. l<'ull of tb1s ide:1, he left Montreal about the yettr months engaged in that work. It' so, I Hhould

The passage by the Cape of Good Hope (some- 1680, in the hope of immorwlizin:; himself by suppose that yourself, and the two gentlemen times by Cape Horn) has since continued to be I opening to his country: a new nnd d1rect route to I named, must be better acquainted with the mouth the route of India. the commerce of the East Indios. Partin"' Ji·om I of that river than any other persons in the wol'!d;

The Portugue'e did not long retain their monop- 1 his fr? 'nd,; eight miles above Montreal, the last und desiring to have the best information in rela­olies. The Dutch became their competitors, and \ word1l€ s.tid to t11em was China, and the spot re- tion to the place, I address myself to you nlonc, soon after their successor in the India tntde. Por- tains the name (La Chine) ever since. But death II in the ab•ence of Messrs. Knox and Reynolds, fot· 1ugal declined to ita ori~inal insi;:nificance. Hoi-

1. tmcsted him in the valley of the Arkansas, the fate . the fullest account which you can give me of it,

land rose to wealth n1Hl power hy sea and land, 1j which Columbus had so narrowly escaped, that of with all its def~cts and capabilities as a harbor for nnd Amsterdam became the principal mart of being asRu.ssinated by his own followers, who had ves~rls of war or commerce, such M it is now in Europe. not courage to follow him any further. II a state of nnture, and Much as it mny be in the

The En~li•h followed the Dutch, and have sur-11 The En~lish, or all others the most avaricious hands of a maritime power, ttnd with all the ad­passed nll their predecessors in the successful pros- of the lndm trade, also turned their views to the II vantages of beacons, buoys, lightR, pilots, tuHI ecution of the lnrlia trod e. A company of their 1 discovery of a western passage to Asia. A pas- ~team to1v-boats. The clwracter of tho coast about rnerch~tnts ha.-e erected an empire in 1ndin, main- snge round the American continent above Hucl- it, whether high or low land-the character of the tained fleets and armies, subjugated vast empires, Hon 's B.ty, was for a long time a favorite object channels, barlj, 1t11d hrealwr:<-depth of watrr on dethroned powerful monarchs, disposed of king- with the English government, and still occupies Jl the bnr, nnd 11lso on the inside ami outside of the doms and principalities as other merchants dis- i1s attention. Numerous squnth·ons lmvc been bnr-distnnrt' ttcross the bar, and the l~n~th of pose of bnlcs of merchandise; und with the riehes fitted out, nnd repeatedly attempted the JltiSHa;;e, time tu crM~ it, com in~ in and going out-the cur­thence derived, England (a spot no larger than sometimed.from the northwest by Behring';;Strat~, rents, wimb, untl tides-temperature of the ai1·, one of our States) hos been able to contend single- ~ometime:< by the northeast through lludsun's summer am\ winter--capacity of the port M to the hamlcd a<>ainst the combined powers of Europe, Bay and D1~vis's ::)traits. The multiplied dl.'ons to nt~mbcr ?f '""~PIH it c;\n t't'r.~[ve-it~ ~crur~ty from to tnumph over them, and to 1m press h1•r policy, 'I dtscoyer tins passage show the value wlur.h the wntds-1ta tlelcnsdllllly ngnm~t enenncs-llt! ptwx­more or less, upon every quarter of the globe. En!\'lish place on the discovery of a direct route to inuty to the R<·a-the poims, if any, outside .,f the

One other route, among the modern channels of Asta. But they haYe not confiued thcm"clns to harhor to shelter, or hide an Cll!·my',; fleet block­India commerce, remains to be mentioned. It is I "ca voyugcs. Taking up the idea ol' Ln Salle, ad in~ the port, or waylaymg its commerce-with the line followed by the Russians from the city of II they ha\e sought an Jllland pas~age by mcnns of all other infbrmation necessary to a complete 1\losr.ow to the frontiers of Chinn. By this route rivers and lakes. This project was entrusted to knowledge of the place !IS >I good 01' bad port, nnd the Russians cnny on a trade with Chinn worth l\lcKenzie. Confined tu the northern parts of our 118 being capahle or not capable of being made three or four millions of tlollars per annum, in continent, he could only prosecu1e h1s di"covtries s:~fcr arid hctter. I wish you to give me, it' pos­which the produc.tions of the respective countries north of the headsofthe J\IissisM!ppiand l\11s~ouri J sible, the full reRult of your experience and obser­nre bartered a<minst each other, almost tho only I rivet-s. He was confllled to high northem lati- I vations dtt~·ing the whole time you were employe<l iustance of trade by barter which any ttntion has tudes, but succeeded in showin~ theex1stcncc of a

1

in the survey, with the facts and cit·cumstllllCe<l carried on with the people of the East, but sufli- water conummicution, with a lew portages, from I which justify your opinions, and whi~h I may rely cient to show that there are nrticles for which the Hudson's Bay, north lt~titude 55 to the Pacific on 111 any UMC which I may choo~c to mttke of your Chine~e will barter the rich productions of their ocean in the north latitude 46. The lVIt~sissippi, · statements. conntry. !his route is often ll'!ade entirely over lithe Peace rher, the C<:>luml>ia, D;ntl.somc lakes, I Very respectfully, s(r, your f~·iend, , land, and 1s then upwurds of stx thousand miles l'<>rmed the means of th1s communtcauon, and ltttle 1 TTO:WAS H. BENfON. in len((th; sometim~.~ by the ri1·er "\Vuh;a, the Cas- ~t~eful as it woul<l.scem to u~ intt latitude so high, JAMES Bu111, Esq., U.S.N. ptan 8ea, 11nd the r1ver Oxus, and thence over land It was deemed a disco,·ery ol gre,tt momeut by the by the aneient route from Constantinople, which English. McKenzie received lhc honor of kni~ht- James Blai•· to Thomas H. Btnton. increases the distance but relieves in some degree II hood for h1s enterpnse; the Dm1~h fur tr~ders un·1 1VAstn'<GTnN, ,l}pril 2, 1846. the labor of the voyuge hy sub$tituting for a part II medu:tcly began tu c,;;p?rt thCJ.r lut·s to Chulll by Sm: I an~w~r your. i11quiries oC the 30th ultimo. of the way water for lam\ cttrnage. the dn~cct ~oute of t~e Columbm, mtd the prtnlege l,r~rct tha~ ne1thcr :r-ltutenants Knox or Reynold>~

Servilely followtn~ the Europeans in nlmost of uav1gattng that nver for ten years has been se- are 111 the ctty, for mfonnatton from them \\oultl e\•erything, the people of the United States also cured to them by treaty. be more Bati~ructory to ynu. They nrc hotlt sc­follow them in their route to India. They quit II The Missouri above upon the Mandan villar;es II nior to myself; and the ftn;l being directly chttrgetl Asia as it were, leave i~ behind them, to sail thirty \~f\8 ye.L unknown. F.rom th~ mouth of .the .l\i1s· with, and responsible for, the ~ervice, it~ which thousand nules, doubltng a formJdttble cape and sts~1pp• a mnn of gcmus proJected 1ts dJscovery. I coi;perated , n statement from hun particularly bravin~ the dangers of a tempestuous sea, to In 1796 the &ron de Caronddet, governor gcner· would have ueen much greater authority than any­arrive 111 a country which is only a few days' sail a\ of Louisiana, planned an expedition to the II thing from me. Yet I venture to say that it woulcl from their own continciJ!, They do this because sources of the M issouri and thenc~ to the P3ctfic j be precisely the same in import, however in other lite people of Europe, ''no can do no better, have ocean. lie oht.atned tltc approllatton of Charles respects more Mti,factol'y. done so bef'.'re them. ln the meantime the efforts 1 V, King of Sp,!'in. A liberal compensation was 1 Lieutcmult Knox, commander of tJ1e Flyi.ng of the Enghsh to dtscover a northwc~t passaE;e to ollaed by the Kmg, nne\ the Baronannoullc<,d an F1:<h, conducted and completed tlte survey w1th Asia, should convince them th~t even t.he Euro- addtttOna\ reward of ~hrce thousand doll,u·~ to the II gt·eatability, shuringeqnnlly with. Lieu1cnant Rt•y­pcans . woul~ not submit to cJrcumnavlg'tlle the II persons. who should hr~t sec tlte great ocean. T!te uolds and mysrlf the drudgery of sounJmg out the globe m ihetr voyage to lndin, if a western route cxpc<litwn was undet:U1kcnby Dun, Jacc1u~s Cia-~ hurbor, chnunels, and hilr. . wuld be found through, or around, the northern morgan, an euterpns1.ng ctttzen of St. LouJs, who I The accompanyu:g' chart w11l >how you how paris of the Ame1·icm1 continent. Still, with aU 1 prosecuted it some diMtancc up the :.\li~~OUI't at I f.tithfully the work was JH:rli>rnwd--{,.el'y ~pot in the dangers added .to the 1:-tqth of ~he voya;e,. the great ex pen~~. b~tt without accompli~hing the !l~e bed of the. river ht~viug iL~ depth asc~rtai1wd. East lndta trade ~~the nchest vem of Amencan 11 news, of the :Spamslt Government. . lltedtagrnm wtllexplam howe<~Hilythe nve:'""Y ~ommerce, and soonest leads to the J_llOSt splendid I A few yearH after, ;r,.ouJstall!l changed tts master·. be entered by ranges of lrm~nmrk~, a111l ~~· ,th o,u t Jortuncs; con\•Hlcmg proof of what tt would be 1f The eyes of l'vlr. Jetlcrson, takmg the dtrcctl<ln of the eompa.~~. The only dll1tculty Iii entenn~ t'"' a new route"'"" opened, exclusively Ameri~an, S? mttny eminent men, were turned upon the Pa hn.rhor o(the Columbia, is the strenglhofthn ntr­short, safe, cheap, and direct, and substitutino- a j c1fie ocean, and under his ausp1c'-"1 the lubors of rent~. They vary from fi1·c to tlu·re miles un trade in barter for the present ruinous drain of g~ld

1

Lewis. illiO Clark httve demonstmted the existence 1 hour, 11ccording to the tiute of tho ttde, and diJ!t·r­and silver. I of a water communiCiltion, with a few prn·w!>es, ing in. several parts of the chunn~l. "\\'hen tltc

V .• 1\ho route proposetlfo•· .11~ pe~p!e of the United through th.e hettrt W1d ~entre o_f the Repullltc fr~m I water 1s low, and confined to the ~luuuu·b, tho ''!If­Stales by the Colmnbta and .Mt:~soun nr.ers.-Colum- th~ Atlanuc to the .Pac1fic. 'Ihe ~1vers Columbia, rems are ."ery "trong; b~tt as the rner nsts the tule bus was the first who concctved the 1dea of going J\.l1ssotm, and Olno, form tlns ltne, and open a H\1 eeps m over the nnddle sauds, uud are much west to ~rrive ttl th~ East Indies,. His dis,~ovcry ch'u?nel to Asin 1 short, d.irect, s~fe, cheap, nntl ~x-11 moder~ted. of Arnenca was ow1ng to that 1dca. H e was in elus1vely Amencau, whtch IUVJte& the cntt;q>nse Durtng the two monthH and a half we were rn­~earch of a western passa,;e to the e<\Stern coast of of Amcrietm citizens, and promities to them a ~plen- 1 ,2;nged in tlH• Fly in!! Fish upon this smvey, from Asia wht·n he was arrested by the uncxprcted in- did participation in the commerce of the Ea<tt. August to November, we had nmple opportmuty tervention of the American continent. Nor had VI. Practicability of this roulc.-The new rout.e I to observe the efiect of all weathers upon the hat· he any idea that he hac! iound a new world. lie will consist of four pnrts:-1. A sea voyage J a11tl channel H. In heavy weather the bar is cbn­belicved himself on the coast of India, and under across the North Pttcific ocean. 2. A river nan- gct·ous, but not more so than any other bar, "ith that belief ga,·e the name of Indians to the inhubi- gn.tion up the Columbia. 3. A land cru-riagenrross \the same d<·pth of watc1· and in like situation. tants; a name which they have retained ever since, the Rocky Mountains. 4. A nver na1·igution de- The ehannelR nrc \cry HHH"h protected hy tit~ north nlthough the error on which it was founded has scending the M1ssouri. and south breakers, upon which 1he sea hrcakN, been Ion~ since exploded. (Robe•·tson.) --- lllellving the channels colliJlllmthcly smooth, nnd

La Salle, founder of the French colony in the u.-HARDOR AT THE 1\IOUTH OF THE co- when the tiCa is runni11g highest, the more com-valley of the Missis~ippi-a man pronounced by LU~IBIA plctcly is it broken upon thc~c breakwaters. 1f the Mr. Adttms to be second only to Columbus in the • • . I bttr and channeb were buoye<l out, there would be list of great discoverers-was the next who cher-

1

. Letter from Sena_l~l' Bc!tlon to James Blatr, Esq., j no necessity for pilots. Four·an<l-a-ltalf fathoms ished the idea of going west to India. The French l Umlctl Slates Navy. i ~ the lca.~t wnter found on the btU' tit any time. were then masters of the Cnnnc\as, and were daily "''VAslllNGTON CITY, Jl!ttrcl• 30, 1846. j This is sulftcient water fot· fri!!ntes nne\ the larg;to;t extending tl1cir discoveries to the interior of North I DE.!.R SIR: I have understood that you were one I merchttntmen, even witl1 a la;';e swell running .

922 THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. .June 4, -There is as much water on this bar as throu"'h I' session of both the Cape and Point Ada,;s. From II best, as it is immediately 11t the sen, and ships ran

tlte f<unous Gedney Channe! into tl~e .harbor 0

of I the. cape you can command .the North and the get out of the se~ into the !mrbor at oncc,aud a!S() XPw York. In a state as It IS now, 1t 1s far pref- Chmook channel~, by a rnkmg li1·e for two and a get out a t once mto the lu~h sea, and thus mure ernblc to that on many aecounts--cspecially on half miles, whether in approaching or receding I eMily elude cruisers io time of w:tr. A grc.tt num­thc proximity of safe anchorage to the sea, which

1

from the cape, after pa~sing it. E\"ery ship is I bcr of good and safe anchorage~ arc founcl in the the bold shores of the ri,·er, the high land, and the 1 obliged to pass at the uearcst point within rnmrket II Columbia ns soon as the ship cnh•rs, und rocm heavy timber, <;over from the Atorrn. shot. You ha~·e the same commtuHl of the South enough for thousands of vessels, tmd deep enough

Lieutenant Knox discovered the south channel, and Clntsop channel::~ from PointAdttms; and here II for ships of the line. (whi••h renders the entrnnce into the river much ships arc obliged tl) pass within a half to three- The bar and banks of the mouth of the Colum­morc direct and ea,y ,) when, upon a reconnoi,sancc quarters of a mile, and may he subjectl!f." to a I bia nrc ull of hard sand, and therefore not liable t<l <>f 1 he work to be performed, he observed and con-11 raking fire in the approach and in reccrlir>.J+ after

1

shift, antl being free from rocks ore le-ss dan!?;.f'r­dudcd that such a vast body of water as swept pas~ing. Even the temporary occupation of the I ous. The land on each sicle of the mouth of the between the g•·ettt middle sands and the southern middle sands with hem y ordnance hol<ls perfect Columbia, is hi!?;h, and makes umnrk!-d opcnm~ shore must create a deep channel. He pulled I control of the passage up the ri,·er. A secure !tar- I into the ~ea, and confine' all the \\atrr ..r the ri' cr throu!{h it in a hoat, and followed shortly after- bor muy be reached 111 Baker'~ Day, or ncar the to one outlet, and, therefor!.', woultl ~··em to he ward~ with the schooner drawing nine feet wnter. C!atsoj> shore, within Point Ad<\DI,., within thr~e I ~asy of defence. Tht•m ~c<'m to I.Jc n•> points, '!'his channel is a straight chute, and, taking the ljand a mlfmiles of the open sea. Frequently, in 1slaud~, or b~ys off t!tc mouth of the Co!umbi,t tn direct course of the dntcl tree landmark with the twenty mmutes uftc•· we1ghcng tho anchor, we )I shelter cncnucs' cnuscrs wlulc !yen;!; 111 watt tn remoter one on Young-'s Point, I Cockscomb llill ,] have fJeeu out at sea. "\V c were about this ti111e capture ve,.Nels going iu, ot· co mini( out; while tlco you enter the riYcr on a strni~ht 1inc; never hnvin"' coming out when the ~quad ron (the Porpoise, Ore- New York harbor prc,.tnt' such 81wltn f•>r nn k'll than fi1ur and a halfththonn wnt<'r, and a width gon, and Flying !?ish) left the riYCr. enemy. The wind~ at the mouth of the {'nlumhia of from three-q11nrter" to one-thin! of a mile. There :Shoul 'Vater Buy, to the not"lh\\ art!, is the only are markccl n~rtclar nnd <t,mly, hlowin~ six months is no dilliculty in entering even ng-uin~t the ebb tidP, shelt<'r n<'<tr the Columbia ri,·er, untlthnt only for one way, anti six months nnotlwr; whilll the wiw!, 1f the ship has a six-knot breeze. Three knots nrc I snmll ,.cHsels; for the entrance to it is shoal and 11 at 1'1 ew York are entirely mrinblc, and •·•wnot "" suflkiPnt to keep the range on with the flood ticlc. intrieate. cnlculatc•l upon by tht• mal"iner for any timP. Tlte

The wind is frt·e for this ~hannel to enter, The harbor of the Columhi" ri,·cr, as a seaport, mouth of the Columhia i" free from H"c', and aiM \dten from any point of the comp!ll!'l west of north is iufcrior to none, except ::-.'c:wport, on the cast from ~rent !teat, the tempnaturc llC\Tr fallin" b -anti ~out h. 'l' hrou!';h the chauud the tide is Ro coM! of the United :States, in point of security from low the freezing point, nor rising aho\'c the snm­;,trong that a s cnall vc~scl can lwat through it with winds, <lefen~ibility, proximity to the sen, orcupa-

1

mer \\armth. The current of the rhcr is said tn the title against the wind, and a lar~e one can buck city as a harhor for vessel8 of war or eommerrc. I be strong-, hut I cannot""" that it offers nnvserinus and till throu.~h when the sea is not high. 1 prt,He<l ln the hands oC n !lllll'itimc Power, with all the obstade. The brcakr·rs on caeh side of t1JC dtan­m 1t11d out of the river, in the schooner and boats, I atlvant,tg-rs of pilotM, buoy~, light~, anti steam tow-

1 nel arc tt!so rcpre:;cnll'd to l.Jc \Cry ;;n nt; hut \I ith

from thirty to fo1·ty times, an<l Wlls never in any boat,, it will be found one of tlw best harbors in a channel HO wide, a111! 11 J,,.r "' narmw, .tnt[ free tlang-cr, except \\lat·n venturing- upon the breakers the world. I from rocks and shoals, thcsl' woulci!Jc nothing to or tht' middle sacul". Lieutenant Knox would I In addition to my own expcrir•rwe and observn- I c.xpcriencctl mariners. 'J'11kin~ the u1outh of the :solll•'timcs rlub through the Muth channf'! 111 a 1 tion, (the re:;ul,s o( which arc found in the notc·s of Co!utnbin 11~ it now is, in 11 state of natun·, with­calm, uwrely using his anchor to shce1· fron1 one 'the stu·vcy, and mariC<•d on the chart,) I obtained I out the accJ of pilot.•, buoy,,, bearnns, Ji .. llt housr, ~<ide of the channel It> the othec·, as the occaHion II much infim1ntion, confinnin!!," IllY opinion, l'mm and stemn tnw-hoa~•. I d•·em it a l;"otl hurlwr' 1·cquin·tl. If Sir Ed11ard Bclchtr, of the En~li"h Mr. DinH')', commttndiug at Fort George, fonn(r- with thr uid of these nlh·nnlu~PS, I \ltltcld dr•m 11 Jlrt>y, knew this !'hannel, llc kept it to himself, tiS I ly C<t!led Astoria. n filr hcucr h.trl>or thnn ,:Sc\1" York, nnd l"llj nuleor he did nil the infonnlltion he hut! outained while I nm, sir, respectfully, your obedient serYant, containut~ an unlimitr d rcumiJC'r of ~hrp•. In fi ct, here. This wlt.s ingratitude, unless the result of II JAME::l llLAIR, I have ne•r•· scc·n so la~c ,, ri1er, Wllh itR \IRI• r obedience to positive orders from the Admiralty; J>a.mil ,1Tidshi]mUtn U.S. J•<. nil so well enl'!oscd hy l•olcl shons nl it m"uth, for the Pencoek ussistet.l him, when unfurtutmtl', m Hon Tuol\l~s li UcxTO" I and makiu~ eo cr>mm•>~f~~>us a bay, I. r e , nou •It the Fc .. je~ Islands, •u:J Cap.tuiu Hudson's waut of I · U;lited ~tuits Se:Wtt. to hold any number of shtp , and at th 1 time mfonnatwn was the unmcdmte cause of the loss of Bmall crcough to be c: 1ly dcftndld, nPcl ''here hiR •h1p; yet this disaster mi~.;ht haYe been 11\0id- there wt•ro more anrhorin~ at d sheltcnn~ places ed, if the precaution of feeling-our way in had been JIJr. ·'faginn'! statement lm•l opinion. fi>r ship•, nncl \I h ro they , oulcl Le do e up to .tclnpt~cl. Mr. John 1\lnginn, of the city of New Yorl<, hold slwrl•, ancl he better under tlw pro1tctio1t of

\Vhilc the Peacock WfiS I("Oing to pieces on the and, "iucc the yl'ar lt'-28, tt n·~ular li•·eusc·d pilot in forts and Latt•·ncs. north breaker, Lieutenant Knox, in the schooner the hndwr of thnt city,"""' l'rcsiclent of tho \sso­Fl ying Fi~h, fdt his way with the lead ov.·>· the ci.ttion of Pilots in l\c" York, and at present in bar, .md was about to anchor n<ar Cape Disnp- the c1ty ot' \Vashin~tnn ~~~ the agent of the ::itnte p ointment, und wonlcl easily the nr-c ha~e ente-red pilot>~ in tllf'ir applit"Ution to Con"n ss, b!'ing n·· the river, but wn~ onlerc<l to Sl\t u~ain by ~ignal quc"ted by Senator Uc·nton to examine the chart

JXO. :\1AGI?\X 'V.a.SIII!iGTOS Cnv, .'lpril '!6, ltl-16.

IN i:lENATE.

from the Peaco<·k. After the• discovery of the of the mouth of the Columbia, in the Library of TnuRson • June 4, 1·" 16. :<outh channel, we used it or tlw JtOrth as NervnJ Con~rcss, as made upon suney~.u1d soundings hy l\Tr. STP!tGEON presented the mcmor1al nf best fur the occasion. Yon can sec, by inspect in~ otT.tcrs uucler Cnptnin \\'t!kes,nncl to compare tbc the present owner~ of the barque " !'on , " lately tho• ac•·ompanying ch11rt, that tht· north ch!lllll<·l I ~ame with a chart of tho harbor of ::\cw York, out! cond;-mn11l a111l sold as a sllt11•r, prayin the 11 1e (which seems to lmH' hrcnthconlychannel known, I to give my opinion of the comparntt\c merit:; of the of ""1d vessel may be <'hall~l'd to CortlclJ.t; "hich or 11t least u"etl, uutil l(nox':; disenvcry of the two harbors, do hereby state and declare- I was refcrrccl to the Committee on Comn~t·rt•c•. NOuth channel) hus two elbows, und it is, brMitles, II That 1 have nwdt• sttch cumpari"on accordingly, >Vlr. DAVI::> prc"entccl the mcmnri,tl nf citizens subject to stroug cross tide". It is, howcYer, and fintl that the mouth of the Columbia is the lwt- of Alexandria, rrmon"tratin!{ n~uinst tlu / e deeper uml "·idcr thnn the south channel. All th.in~,., ter .hurl..or, and lmM lllanit'cst ttdmntages over the of the hill no1v Lel'ore the ::lenatc pro\ i< lll"' for , .• ,n.idrrcd, I think the south channel prefcrnule harbor of New York, in all the e"'"eutial poin~' I the retrocession of thnt county to tlte ::ltntc of Vir-for entering, and the north for lea\"ing the n\·er, whll'h constitute u !!nod harbor. It has dcepet ginia; which wa~ rdhrcd to the Cummiltle fur with the prevttilin; northwest sea breeze. 'I' his watcc· Oll the bar, haviu~ four an<lll half fathom", the Discrict of Colmul>ia. sea bree"e genemlly prevails throughout the yent·, without the addition of tide, which is there said to iVfr. STUltUE:ON pn·scnt~cl a mt·nwrial from in all dear weather, fmm about eleven o'clock A. I be eight feet, while tho New York harbor has on the Chesapeake and Dda\\tur Canal Company, ~1. until sunse t. There wos, durin~ the sea>nn the bar but four fathoms, without the ~tddition of askin!!; th.tt the United ::itat< rchnqutsh he st" k w e w ere on the Korth west con!<t, much more clear the tide, which is ~ix feet. The hnr in the Colum- held in thut !·ompanr nn certain comhuons. Th1s weMhc 1· than l have C\et· experienced on the Ea."t bm is haifa mile acros~, while that of Xew \ork lmemori·tl wns urderccl 111 h< p inted. co«"t of the United States at the same season of is nbout three quarters of a mil<•. The channel on Mr. B.\G ilY prcsPnted n petition front ,V,u!i' the year, anti a mil de•· climate nt all seasons. the bur, in the mouth of the Colmnbi11. IS ab<)Ul Allen, ask it·:; to be allo\\ eel compensation fi,r <'Xtr.t

Yon will pcrrch e, by iuspecting the din>tmm, six thouwntl feet wide at the nurrowe~t, and twch e

1

sen ice on ct crrtain mnil rontc; "hich "a rtferrrt! that the .i\orthwr~t hen-breeze i~ a leading wmd in thousand feet at the \\idest, and then shoals grad- to the Committee on the l'ust Officr nml Post throul'h the south, and a leading wind out through u.t!ly on each ~id_e; \\!tile the cl~<tnttcl on the b;~r Road~. the north chaunel. off::landy Hook 1s but about stx hundred feet and Mr. ARCHER prcs~nt<·d fnur mrmon.t! from

ln tUIS\I:er to your inquiries of the depth of water shoals ntpidly. The chauncl across the bar is citizens of the town of .\ kxandria, prnym' !he on the bctr, I reply that the mellll depth i>l 11bout II straight at the Columbia; that of New York is pnsS3!;e of the bill now hc·forc the ~c·t 1att pro" fiyr lilthoms: in ancl outside of it, six and a half crooked. As soon a~ the bar is crossed in the cling for the r!'lrocession of th•• county of \lex .. -fathom•: distance nct'ORS it, half a mile. \Vh<·n Columhia two channels pre•ent themselves, one dria to the Stntc ofVir:;inia; which \\ere r< rret1 the current of the ri1cr combine~ with the tide, the the ~outh, or new cht~nncl, disco,ertt.l by Captain to the Committ<'c on tlw Distri<-t ofCoh,1n!Ja. water flo" s out of the river fne miles an hour; I \Vill<cs':; oliiccrn, who made the soundings, en- l\1r. PE~NYDACKER pn scntctl thr m1 mo­t he current tt"ainst the flood tide nearly neut1a1Jze tircly ~twight, and deep enough ftll" ships of tho rials from the snme place nn<l to th<· e,11111·, ffcct n.• carh other. ":\1ean rise of tho tid(•, about s;x fil<'t. t line: the other, the north, or old chunHcl, being the abovr; "hich were rl'l\·ncd to the Committee

The winds prevnil from the north, northwest, II crooke<l, or r.tthcr fbnniug nn elbow, and dccl> I on the D1"tcict of Columbia. and west, and moderate during the summer; du- enough for any ships after ~ro,sm~ the bar. Bnt t Mr. DEXTOX pre,c•1tcd n memorial from the rin~ the winter, from west to southeast, and these channels are from SIX to twl'ive thousand militia ofliccr, of the ::llllt<! of ~larvland, nskic .. sto~my. Temperature of the air, as mild as that II feet wide or more, 'lntl free from ~hoals; while the the adoption or certain improvcrnentsmthe nuliua of Europe, in the same l11titudes, during the same New York channel,, ttfter crossing the bar. ~tre II system of the United Stat•~. for the hrtt1·r protcc­st nsons. Seeurity from winds ItS good as any llliiTOW and rrooked, and beset with shoals, wluch tion of the citic~ and towns of the s•·nholl!d awl harbor that I have evel' been in of the same size. require many changes of courses in the ship. In lake frontier; which was ordered to be prin•1 d.

Its defensibility perfectly easy by those in pos· accessibility to the scu the Columbia is far tho ' Mr. ASHLEY, from the Committee on tho Ju·