Everything you wanted toknow about •

BY BRYAN WOOD

o turf area is immune to compaction's devastating effects.Whether it's between the hashmarks, a goalmouth, or just ashortcut everyone takes through the grass, the damage fromcompaction is very easy to spot. When you see these visiblesigns of compaction they are just the "tip of the iceberg" and

very likely there are similar problems are present in your soil.The primary means of relieving compaction is aeration. You can choose many

methods of aerifying for the differing conditions and situations in a given area, andeach method will yield differing results. What is best? Deep or shallow tine, coringor solid tines, slicing blades, vertical linear aeration (deep power slicing)? How tochoose what's right for you is the question we want to answer.

Having been in the aeration business for more than 20 years and having visitedthousands of golf courses, athletic complexes, and sports fields in the US, Canada,and Mexico, I have found that the problems are all the same and the options haveclear advantages and disadvantages.

Deep or shallow?The age-old question is, should I deeptine or shallow tine? Several years ago,

Dr. Houston Couch of Virginia Tech spoke on the subject of deep tine aeration andone attendee asked, "My old aerifier went three inches deep and the root systemstopped there. My next aerifier went four inches deep and the roots stopped there.Now I started deep tine aerifying and my roots seem to be stopping there. What canI do now?" Dr. Couch looked perplexed and humorously responded, "And what'sthe problem with lO-inch roots?" That little remark encompassed my view in a nut-shell. Given the choice, go deep. It's true, the root system usually does stop where

turf aeration• •the aeration tine stops. But at 10 inches deep, the root system will support a healthystand of turf. I have even seen 10-inch poa annua roots in golf course greens!Irrigation intervals can be lengthened, fertilizer applications can last longer, andmore oxygen is introduced into the soil by using deep tine aerification. Before youstart a deep tine aeration program just make sure the irrigation lines and wires aredeeper than the aerifying depth. I have seen lots of "scenic fountains" pop up unex-pectedly during aerification.

The old rolling type shallow aerifier is still cheap and fast, but there is minimalcompaction relief and generally produces tufting around the holes. Now with thenew designs of deep tine heaving machines that are faster than ever before (over 2acres/hour), deep tine aeration is now even a more economically feasible option formultiple athletic complexes.

Due to the straight up and down (SUD) action of conventional aerifiers, com-paction relief between the holes is minimal at best. SUD aerifiers, although stillmanufactured, are a bit out of date given the newer technologies available in aerify-ing. Even the vertical drilling machines produce little to no compaction reliefbetween the holes. I recommend choosing an aerifier with a positive heave actionthat breaks up the compacted turf between the holes. This introduces needed oxy-gen, will increase the total cation exchange capacity, and can improve drainage bothhorizontally and vertically throughout the soil profile. Plus, at the bottom of eachstroke, the heaving tine is moving horizontally as it is moving vertically, thus havinga slicing plus a lifting action to the turf. This type of action minimizes the creationof a hardpan layer caused by the traditional pounding action of the old SUD aeri-fiers.

Rather than compressing the soil and actually adding to the compaction prob-lem, the process of the "heaving" displaces the soil upward, raising the playing sur-face from "not noticeable at all" to "1/2 to 3/4 of an inch," depending on how the

machine is adjusted. Matching the extent of the heave for thegiven soil conditions can be critical in producing good qualityresults.

http://www.sportsturfmanager.org • STMA

Solid or coring tines?Solid tines are available in either SUD or heave action aeri-

fiers. I recommend the latter because of the minimal damagewith maximum results of a heaving machine. Using solid tineswith a SUD aerifier can do more damage than good. With SUDaerifiers, solid "shatter tines" will go straight in and out of theground and can only shatter the soil if the conditions are desertlike; rock hard, or bone dry. The aerifier would have a hard timedriving the tines into the ground to any considerable depth with-out causing undue damage to the turf and the machinery.Obviously solid tines on a SUD machine are not a good choicefor extended usage.

Because none of the S.U.D. aerifiers have any type of posi-tive heave action, solid tines in these types of machines can onlybe used successfully as a shallow pin spiker (possibly on "in sea-son" athletic fields), but are really only good for opening thethatch surface during high stress times. Again, this is only open-ing the surface, not relieving compaction. Be careful not to usethis method too much or you will have a "sheep's-foot roller"effect and create a really bad hardpan layer in the soil profile.I've seen these hardpan layers so severe that not only was there atoxic gas build-up underneath but the soil also had a toxic chern-icallayer.

SPORTSTURF 31

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type of coring tine. Most people think you have to pull a core for thatch removal, butthe process only provides 5% of the total thatch removal necessary. About 95% ofthatch control is normally maintained by verti-cutting and topdressing, or in the caseof athletic fields, physical destruction by player's cleats.

Ironically, maintaining a certain amount of cushion, or thatch layer, is good andmost athletic field managers would love to have some thatch in the middle of a foot-ball field. This helps protect the crowns of the plants plus keeps players from making

a muddy pigpen of the field duringwet conditions. The only otheradvantage in using a coring tine onan athletic field is to bring soil to thesurface for topdressing, but even thisusually doesn't outweigh the benefitsof virtually no-mess solid tines. Justorder a few extra tons of topdressingmaterial to make up for not bringingup the extra soil.

Another relatively new aerationchoice for compaction relief is deeppower slicing that is accomplished bydriving long 10 to 16 inch bladesthrough the soil. These blades aremounted on a rotating shaft: and pow-ered by a chain drive from the PTOdriven gearbox. These blades are off-set in their mounting so as to pene-trate the ground in alternating fash-ion to create a side-to-side "wave"action to loosen the turf. Theseblades do not bring any soil to thesurface but do provide a considerabledegree of compaction relief. Thistype of equipment produces a contin-uous slit in the ground and is slightlymore prone to drying or desiccationalong the edges of the slice. This typeof vertical linear aeration (VLA)machine can usually penetrate deep-er in the same soil conditions than areciprocating deep aerator can. Sincethis machine uses far fewer movingparts, it is easy and less expensive tomaintain. I recommend this methodfor heavily compacted soils that maybe extra hard or rocky and more diffi-cult for a deep tine aerator to pene-trate.

A slicing roller sounds very sim-ple ...that's because it is. Slicing,although not really intended for com-paction relief, can be beneficial toturfgrasses that produce stolons and/or rhizomes such as blue, zoysia orBermudagrasses. By slicing thestolons and rhizomes, new motherplants are created that will send outnew rhizomes and stolons with a ver-tical growth pattern. This also getsaccomplished with VLA and to a less-er degree with any of the aforemen-tioned techniques. As far as looseningthe soil, the effects are generally min-imal. In fact, the compaction can beincreased through the "sheep's-foot-roller" effect with extended use.Therefore, some kind of compactionrelief program needs to be used.Some methods are designed with

So when using SUD aerifiers, whether going deep or shallow, you should avoidusing solid tines and stick to coring tines for compaction relief. Solid tines can effec-tively be used with deep tine "heaving-type" aerifiers with little or no damage to theturf. With solid tines ranging from 3/16 to 1 inch in diameter and 6 to 16 inches inlength, the ground doesn't need to be bone dry but only needs sufficient moisture foroptimal penetration and compaction relief.

On the subject of coring tines, you will find that almost all aerifiers offer some

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32 August 2005

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SPORTSTURF • http://www.greenmediaonline.com

their purchase. Also, just a spring and/or a falldeep tine aerification program yields unparal-leled results as compared to conventional aerify-ing and is very reasonably priced by many con-tractors.

Be sure to choose a company who uses thebest aeration equipment and employs experi-enced operators with the knowledge to makecorrect decisions for your turf conditions.Knowing the proper machine adjustments, holespacing, tine choice, soil! turf tolerance, andweather conditions will greatly impact customersatisfaction in terms of healing time and playa-bility.

Whether purchasing an aerifier or hiring acontractor, the proper machine and operator,combined with the proper tines or blades for thedesired application, can make the differencebetween satisfaction and disappointment. Justremember, don't try too radical of an approachat anyone time. The main thing to keep inmind for a successful, clean job of aerifying is

not to force the machine beyond its capabilities and don't use too large of a tine or aspacing that is too close for the conditions. The soil didn't get compacted overnightand rarely can the compaction be completely alleviated in one treatment. The bestroute to optimal improvement is making all the right choices, and hopefully it is easi-er done than said. ST

twisted or angled heaving knives to providesome compaction relief. These do have someloosening capabilities, but may cause damage tothe turf. It is a cheap way to aerify if you canafford the healing time.

How deep?I'm most frequently asked how often one

should deep aerify. The answer is really inunderstanding deep aeration as a means of pre-venting compaction rather than relieving it. As agolf course superintendent, I deep aerifiedgreens in spring and fall, fairways in summerand needle-tined greens during the summermonths. In this way, the problems associatedwith compaction were greatly reduced and myturf generally flourished even in hot weather.

Sports field managers could adopt a programof deep aerating as often as desired. If you areworking on a tight budget, this may determinethe frequency of your aerification program. Forexample, if you own a machine, a program ofon-going use doesn't cost much more than the occasional use, just additional top-dressing, tines, and labor. If you choose the on-going program you will find that thetremendous savings in applied chemicals, irrigation water, and greens rebuilding willmore than offset the purchase price of a deep aerator.

For those with limited budgets, financing is a solution to getting this regular usageand the accompanying savings. Many customers, however, hire a contractor to get thejob done. They have a couple of reasons for contracting the job out; they want to seethe finished results and are relying on experience of the personnel before they make

Bryan Wood is president of Commercial Turf & Tractor, Chillicothe, MO,which specializes in contract aerification services.

AERA-VATORTMRENOVATION PROJECTS NEVER END. THE AERA-VATOR LOWERSEQUIPMENT COSTS BY PERFORMING THE WORK OF SEVERALPIECES OF EQUIPMENT. THE AERA-VATOR CAN FRACTURE THEHARDEST GROUND, RENOVATE THE SOIL, AND PREPARE THEPERFECT SEEDBED. A PATENTED SWING HITCH ALLOWS THEOPERATOR TO TURN AROUND OBJECTS WITHOUT TEARINGESTABLISHED TURF. THE AERA-VATOR COMES IN SEVERAL WIDTHSFROM 40" TO 80" WIDE WITH OPTIONAL SEED BOX.

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SPORTSTURF 33http://www.sportsturfmanager.org • STMA

maintenance equlpm nt

Getting ahead of field design and constructionBY JIM PUHALLA

Ifyou are a sports field manager, grounds supervisor, or administrator in charge ofsports fields, you may ask "Why should I care about principles of design and con-

. struction?" That's a fair question. Hopefully, your fields have already been designed(and constructed) by people with sound knowledge of these principles who designed afacility that is easy to keep playable.

However, many of the daily challenges you face in preparing your fields for compe-tition are profoundly affected by the decisions made by its designers sometime in thepast. The more you know about how these decisions were made (and about errorwhich were made during the design process), the better prepared you will be to takethe steps necessary to adequately support competition.

For example, field managers will be able to make better decisions about field reno-vation and or maintenance based on a sound knowledge of field design. If a baseballfield skinned area drains toward the outfield grass, the challenge would be to keep a lipfrom forming in that area so water can flow freely into the grass. If the skinned areadrains toward the foul lines, then the grass in that area must remain flat for water toflow off the playing surface.

Many field managers are intimately involved in the process of designing and con-structing new sports facilities. Under these circumstances, you have the option of sim-ply leaving this work to professionals hired for the purpose. However, it's worth consid-ering that if these people make mistakes (and, sadly, sometimes they make seriousones), you will be the person responsible for cleaning up after those mistakes, some-times for years to come.

If, on the other hand, you have taken time to familiarize yourself with the basicprinciples of field design and construction, you will be in a position to ask questions,

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34 August 2005

make suggestions, and warn against errors. So the time invested in learning as much asyou can about the design and construction process will pay huge dividends in time,money, and headaches.

Here are some or the most common design errors and solutions.

1. Incorrect Field Contours* Sports field contours are expressed as percentage of slope. Any slope that is less

than 1% (except baseball/softball infields which should be .5%) or more than 2% isconsidered to be incorrect. The preferred slope for sports field grass areas is 1.25% to1.75%. Baseball or softball field skinned areas should be between .5% and 1.75%.

* A baseball or softball infield should never be the lowest point on the field butrather the highest point to enhance surface drainage.

* If the contour is not even and consistent, it is incorrect. A field with a 1.5% slope

• Cut your field preparation costsby 30% while improving accuracyand quality.

• Accuracy to .250" provides•• superior playing field.

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should be graded evenly with an lIl2-foot difference ingrade over a span of 100 feet.

grid pattern even if you're planning on reconstructing theinfield only. The outfield grade dictates what can be doneto fix problems in the infield. Include the fence line andfoul territory in your survey.

If you're surveying an existing football field, shoot eleva-tions every 10 yards down the center ·of the field and 40feet increments toward the sidelines. Include at least 20

2. Failure to Isolate Fields as Drainage Units* No field should be expected to drain away more water

than what falls on it. Even if a field is built with correct con-tours, water running onto the field from another field or anadjacent area can seriously compro- ,-------------------------------------------------

mise playability in rainy conditions.* The preferred design isolates

each field as an individual drainageunit by using swales and/or catchbasins around the field, or by makingthe field higher than its surroundings.

3. Insufficient Clearance AroundField

* Fields that are designed or con-structed with insufficient clearancewill have inherent problems: out-of-bounds areas may be too small for thesafety of players, spectator areas maybe cramped or unsafe, and surfacedrainage around the field may notwork as intended.

* Consider space requirements inthe planning stages. Make sure thereis enough space around each fieldbefore construction begins to preventit from being "locked in" by otherfields, parking lots, roads, buildings,etc.

4. Failure to Provide SufficientAccess

* A well-designed sports fieldincludes access roadways for players,spectators, maintenance equipment,and heavier renovation equipmentincluding large trucks.

* Parking lots should be centrallylocated to provide easy access, espe-cially for elderly and handicappedfans.

Surveying and designingIn designing a field for reconstruc-

tion, the first step is to perform a topo-graphic survey including spot eleva-tions, dimensions of the field, andother structures in and around thefield like fences, catch basins, swales,etc. (Surveying an existing field canbe done by anyone who has experi-ence using a level.) In planning forthe reconstruction of an existing field,it's helpful to shoot the elevations ofthe key points on the field; simplyshooting on a grid pattern will missthe most important points that arecritical to good playability.

For an existing baseball infield, besure to take measurements to thebackstop, dugouts, fences, and otherstructures. Shoot elevations at criticalpoints, like home plate, pitcher'splate, the bases, and the fence line.Make sure to survey the outfield on a

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maintena ce pq

feet outside the field to make sure the grade will carry water off the playing area. In myexperience, a crowned field may need the addition of 4 inches of soil from the centerof the field to the hash marks to reestablish the crown. Follow the same procedure forall rectangular fields establishing a grid starting at the center line.

Many people assume football fields are crowned down the center when in factmany fields are built with a side-to-side slope. This design works well as long assomeone doesn't try to recrown the field. Adding soil along the center line of a side-

to-side sloped field will cause the upper half of the field to become muddy in rainyconditions because the additional soil leaves the upper half of the field level or withvery little slope.

When designing a new field it is wise to hire a professional surveyor to do thetopographic survey. Property lines, utilities, structures, and other limits of construc-tion must be shown on the plan. Simple grid patterns used by the amateur surveyorwill not locate these items accurately like the total station instrument that profession-

al surveyors use.

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36

ReconstructionLet's look at an example of a base-

ball infield that needs reconstructed.The outfield drains toward the infieldcausing standing water and unusualwet conditions in the infield. After sur-veying and designing the project, theinfield is raised at the base of the pitch-er's mound 18 inches so the infielddrains only the water that falls on it andnot all the water form the outfield. Thefirst step is to scarify the existing soil inpreparation for additional soil to raisethe grade.

Then add soil to raise the grade towithin 6 inches of final grade. Beforeadding soil, scarify the soil to eliminatethe layering effect that stops drainage.By using equipment with tracks, com-paction is minimized.

There are many different pieces ofequipment you can use to reconstruct afield. Beware of using heavy-dutywheeled vehicles, because they willcause extreme compaction causingproblems for turfgrass roots and inter-nal drainage. Examples are roadgraders, earthmovers, heavy dumptrucks, and even skid steer loaders.Bulldozers and skid steer track loadersare best for moving soil and final grad-ing sports fields because they cause theleast amount of compaction. Thesecret to good sports field constructionis scarify, scarify, and scarify. Scarifybefore applying subsoil, before apply-ing topsoil, and before planting.

Bad designs lead to bad construc-tion, and fields that requires a lot oftime and attention to remain playable.On the other hand, good designs andspecifications lead to sound construc-tion techniques and fewer mistakes.The result is fields that can be used inall kinds of weather conditions andfields that will support competition foryears to come with minimal yearlyrenovation. ST

Jim Puhalla is president ofSportscape International, Inc.,Boardman, OH and also co-authorof two books, "Sports Fields-aManual for Design, Constructionand Maintenance," and "Baseballand Softball Fields-Design,Cons~ucuo~Renovauon,andMaintenance. "

August 2005 SPORTSTURF • http://www.greenmediaonline.com

For information, circle 066 orsee

HUSTLER SUPER Z 26-HPHustler Turf Equipment's Super Z now features a 26-hp Kawasaki liquid-cooled engine with no mules drives or

gearboxes, the vertical crank means simple, direct-drive to deck. Engine sits lower in frame for better center ofgravity and performance on slopes. Also features SmoothTrak twin-lever steering with automatic parking brake.

BOBCAT DOZER BLADEBobcat Company now has a

new 96-in. dozer blade model thatfits large-frame Bobcat loaders,enabling the machines to excavateand grade more material. Thereare more than 60 versatile attach-ments compatible with Bobcatcompact equipment. The 96-in.dozer blade complements the 80-in. and gO-in. dozer blade attach-ments; the 1,500-lb., six-wayadjustable dozer blade features anall-cast design for strength and areversible three-piece cutting edgefor extended life.Bobcat!701-241-87o0For information, circle 067see httll:llwww.o,ner s.rrns .r;altiOb:]-Oi'J7

MAINTENANCECATALOG

Tomark specializes in fieldmaintenance equipment. A wideselection of traditional mainte-nance equipment along withmany hard-to-find or one-of-a-kindproducts sets Tomark Sportsapart, says the company. Findquality products at competitiveprices in both theBaseball/Softball Catalog andMulti-Sport Catalogs.Tomark!8oo-959-1844For il."!f{'.rm;::ll'jr~n

see tlttIP:fI\fffirw.•mers.ens.cersoes-oee

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maintenance equipment

BROYHILL'S ACCUA REThis core aerator's FlexWing

design allows it to follow the con-tour of the ground, providing evenpenetration. The solid steel frameand extra-wide racks add weight to maximize core depth in all types ofsoils. Equipped to use slicer blades or core spoons, the AccuAire is avail-able in 69 or 93 in. Units are equipped with a hydraulic lift, and hook up Ieasily to utility vehicles equipped with hydraulics or three-point hitch. IBroyhiU!800-228-1003. X34 1,1

111For information, circle 061 orsee http://W.NV.I.oners.ims.ca!so63-o61

_____ ,J

TORO PROCOREThe Toro ProCore 660 aerator, with

a 60"-in. width, can cover up to 1.5acres an hour with 5-in. hole spacing.Designed for large areas, the 880 aer-ator has 80 in. aerating width for up to2 acres per hour performance. Bothunits are tractor mounted and featurethe triple belt design for durability andperformance in tough soil conditions.Toro/8oo-803-8676For information, circle 060 orsee hUp:/lwww.oners.ims.ca/so63-060

FIRST PRODUCTS'VC-60 VERTI-CUTTER

This unit is designed for continuous heavy-duty operation on all sports fields and alltypes of turf. VC-60's feature a patentedswing hitch that allows you to verti-cutaround objects while turning without tear-ing established turf. 'Cutting depths areadjustable in the field, without tools, usingquick release pins on 3/16-in. increments.First Products!800-363-8780For information, circle 062 orsee http://www.oners.ims.ca!s063-062

G'ot Thatch?

GET A THATCH MASTER60" 172" (FairwayslAthletic Fields)

Turf Specialties, Inc.

800-201-1031WWW". turfspecialties.net

38 August 2005

cYGttET TURF travels the country stripping and installingsportsfieldswith its patented equipment. In addition, we've also supplied thefollowing teams with our sand-based sports turf:

~ CHICAGO BEARS PRACTICE FACILITY~ MINNESOTA VIKINGS PRACTICE FACILITY~ INDIANAPOLIS COLTS PRACTICE FACILITY~ ST.LOUIS RAMS PRACTICE FACILITY~ BALTIMORE RAVENS PRACTICE FACILITY~ SOLDIER FIELD~ KANSAS CITY ROYALS~ CLEVELAND BROWNS~ TOLEDO MUD HENS~ CINCINNATI BENGALS

So whether it's your turf or ours,call

CYGnET TURFwhen it's time to install!

TURF: I"u;pmenf

Phone: (419) 354-1112Farm: (419) 655-2020Fax: (419) 352-1244

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IlitlBlnt

SISIS ROTORAKE TM1000SISIS has developed a tractor-mounted, PTO-driven

deep de-thatcher/linear aerator with a working width of39 in., and with floating unit to follow ground contours.With the collector box fitted, the TM1 000 will work to adepth of 1 in., or without collection to 2 in. Operatingdepth is simple and quick to set. A range of blades isavailable to suit various requirements.51515/864-843-5972For information, circle 063 orsee http://www.oners.ims.ca/so63-063

WIEDENMANN'S TERRA SPIKE XFThis deep aerifier can aerify at a depth of 8 1/2 in. at the

speed of a shallow aerifier. The exclusive twin drive trans-mission can produce square hole spacing of 2 1/2 in. and 5in., with a forward travel speed of 1.2 and 2.4 mph respec-tively. The quickset feature of the central depth adjustmentand the central angle adjustment allows depth and angleadjustments to be performed on the fly. The shock absorbingsystems, VibraStop and PowerPack, remove any vibrationsresulting from the high aerification speed.Wiedenmann NA!912-790-3004For information, circle 064 orsee http://www.oners.ims.ca/s063-064

FREE PAINT GUN WITH QUALIFYING PURCHASE

The B200 - Simply the best"all in one" Athletic Field

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"The KROMER'Sgreat design,i1urable construction ande.xtremely low maintenance hasptoven to be one of our bestpurchases ....

Robert HudzikStadium & Athletic Field

SupervisorPenn State Universrty. PA

441 S. FretzEdmond, OK 73003Office: 405.359.3775Toll Free: 888.287.9657Web: airfieldsystems.comOur Field is Preparing Your Field

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40 August 2005

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turf Intenance equipmenft- - -_. ._--_ _ ...;- .•..•...•.........•......

JOH DEERE'S AERCOREThe Aercore 2000 features the patented II Flexi-Link"

design that ensures tines stay perpendicular to theground for a consistently round hole. A 77.5-in. coringswath from this tractor-mounted attachment delivershigh productivity without sacrificing hole quality, dura-bility or ease of service. This machine will produce cor-ing holes up to 4 in. deep and can cover 100,066 sq.ft./hour. A 2.4-in. or a 3.2-in. pattern, are available,depending on the speed of movement.John Deere/800-S37-8233For information, circle 081 orsee http://www.oners.ims.ca/s063-081

PLANETAIR'S HIGHDENSITY AERATORS

PlanetAir has introduced the High Density 50 Towand the High Density 50 PTO aerators, which can pro-duce a 1/2-in. hole with a 2x2-in. spacing at a rate of1.2 acres per hour. The patented coring tine cuts clean

cores at the surface and shatters the soil below. This results in up to 90% less cleanup; just aerate and mow. The results are more durable, dense and playable turf dueto the intense root zone aeration. The shatter knife technology combined with theplanetary motion creates pore space through your root zone, with virtually no surfacedisruption. You can aerate circles around a pitcher's mound, gold post or difficult cor-ners while the aerator is working in the ground without tearing turf.PlanetAir Turf Products, LLC/877-800-884SFor information, circle 084 orsee http://www.oners.ims.ca/s063-084

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TURFCODIRECT'SDETHATCHER 20

Constructed of 10-gauge welded steel, andDethatcher 20 from Turfco Direct is pow-ered by a 5.5-hp Honda engine. It features52 heavy-duty flail blades to handle thick,heavy thatch. Offering up to 10,000 squarefeet per hour productivity, the unit's lightweight and ball-bearing wheels providemaneuverability, even on rough turf. Depthis controlled by a micro-screw with largeplastic grips for tool-free adjustments. Afolding handle facilitates transport.Turfco/800-679-8201For information, circle 070 orsee http://www.oners.ims.ca/so63-070

REDEXIM'S VERTI-QUAKEThe Verti-Ouake is a rotary aerator

that de-compacts the soil using a setof rotating steel blades. As theseblades cut cleanly through the soil,they create a wave action that shatterscompacted areas and opens up thesub-surface. The Verti-Ouake is avail-able in four different models and canwork at depths up to 22 in. with littleor no surface disruption.Redexim Charterhouse Inc/800-597-5664For information, circle 069 orsee http://www.oners.ims.ca/5063-069

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