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Slide 2 Knights in shining armor? Misadventures? Slide 3 Early Medieval Europe 500 AD 1000 AD Feudalism Slide 4 The Early Middle Ages: 500- 1000AD A period in European history when learning and civilization declined. Rome has fallen. No other central authority takes its place. Hard, subsistence farming life for most. People live in fear of attacks by barbarians & criminals Slide 5 Church properties monasteries & abbeys became centers of learning, justice and community. Monasteries often ran farms, provided medical treatment, or allowed travelers to stay for the night The Churchs power later also brought conflict with Princes over political matters. Slide 6 In the Frankish kingdoms (France & Germany) - the King often had little real power The Mayor of the Palace was the official in charge of the household and the estate. Often he commanded the armies and made policy, in effect he ruled the kingdom. Slide 7 Ruthless Frankish king - his wife was a Christian. First to unite the Frankish tribes - modern France & Germany During battle he prayed to God for help and won. Then his 3,000 soldiers were baptized. He provided the church with an army. Slide 8 Mayor of the Palace- defeated the Muslims at the battle of Tours in modern France The father of Pepin the Short who succeeded him as mayor of the palace. Illiterate he learned to read as an adult. Insisted all his children including girls were educated. Slide 9 Forced the King into a monastery & became officially the King of the Franks Formed an army with his nobles and created an empire: all of France & Germany, part of Spain, and 2/3 of Italy. Divided his kingdom into counties and assigned a count to watch over each- Shrewd alignment with the Pope made him Emperor of the Romans. Slide 10 Looked over the counties created by Pepin the Short. Slide 11 Son of Pepin - succeeds as a warrior king & administrator over the many tribes of western Europe. Keeps Spanish Muslims out of Gaul (France) Continues Pepins deal with Pope. Protects Italy in return for coronation as Emperor of Rome http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne/videos/the- reign-of-charlemagne http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne/videos/the- reign-of-charlemagne Slide 12 What successes influence future development of Europe? What are three long term cultural & religious aspects of this military success? Slide 13 Following the death of Charlemagne, central government again weakened and disappeared in Europe. Successors unable to provide protection against outside invasion. Trade and communication declined again. Communities forced to be self-sufficient & protect themselves. Result: new political, social, and economic system which provided for the needs of local people - Feudalism. By mid 1000s, feudalism is found throughout Western Europe. Slide 14 Initial Division of Charlemagne s Empire. Divides into even smaller kingdoms, dukedoms, and principalities over time. Slide 15 Division of Charlemanges Empire weakens the protections against attacks & invasions. Seafaring traders who raided and colonized areas of Europe. Attacked and raided Britain. Video Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Scandinavia Slide 20 u Feudalism began in France in the late 800s following the death of Charlemagne u Feudalism arose primarily as a means of protection against invaders, especially the Vikings u Feudalism spread throughout Europe over the next two centuries Slide 21 C A political system of local government and military defense C A social system of distinct class based on land holding C An economic system of self-sufficient manors Slide 22 F Fiefs - Large tracts of land granted to Lords in return for service and loyalty F Lords are vassals of the Prince or King who granted land F Lords must then provide men & arms for the Prince/King in war Slide 23 King Slide 24 Powerful Lord Protection Fiefs Slide 25 King Powerful Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Protection Fiefs Slide 26 King Powerful Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Knights Protection Fiefs Slide 27 King Powerful Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Lesser Lord Knights Peasants Protection Service Fiefs Loyalty Service Loyalty Slide 28 UPPER King Powerful Lords Lesser Lords MIDDLE LOWER Knights Clergy Serfs Slide 29 Feudal Society uKing - Owned all land uPowerful Lord - Royal Vassal of the King uLesser Lord - Vassals of Powerful Lords uKnights - Lowest & largest group of nobles Clergy - Priests, monks, nuns, bishops Middle Class Middle Class Upper Class Upper Class Slide 30 Feudal Society uKing - Owned all land uPowerful Lord - Royal Vassal of the King uLesser Lord - Vassals of Powerful Lords uKnights - Lowest & largest group of nobles Clergy - Priests, monks, nuns, bishops Middle Class Middle Class Upper Class Upper Class Lower Class Lower Class Serfs - Bound to land through oath of loyalty to a lord. Uneducated. Owed service on lords manor and in his army Slide 31 The lowest level of nobility Generally, sons of nobles trained as knights beginning at an early age. Generally, sons of nobles trained as knights beginning at an early age. Eventually, the knight might become a lord after inheriting the wealth and land of his father. Eventually, the knight might become a lord after inheriting the wealth and land of his father. Others could become knights too. Others could become knights too. Slide 32 Two Types of Knights Page - Boys sent at 7to Lords castle to learn manners, hunting and fighting skills by playing war games with other pages Knights of the Bath : Knights of the Bath : Sons of nobles, Trained in three stages: Squire At about 14, Pages became Squires. Assisted a knight with weapons and armor; Traveled with the knight into battle and practiced his skills. Slide 33 Knight - Finally, at about 21, squires became full fledged knights, after an elaborate bath to wash away the impurities of body and soul, a day of fasting and a of night praying. Knights then took an oath of homage to his Lord & knelt before him. The Lord dubbed him a knight by tapping him on the shoulder with a sword. Slide 34 Knights of the Field A young man could occasionally become a knight by showing valor on the battlefield. He could be knighted by a lord without going through formal training Slide 35 Improved during the Middle ages thanks to knights. Slide 36 Chivalrous competitions or mock fights Jousting, single combat of two knights riding at each other, was a component of the tournament, but was never its main feature Slide 37 1. Loyalty to God and the knights lord 2. Protection of the oppressed and poor 3. Courage, courtesy, and generosity 4. Support of justice 5. Defense of Christianity Late in the period of feudalism, a code of conduct developed that would change feudal life. This code, called the Code of Chivalry stressed: Slide 38 Technical Innovations in Defensive Architecture Before & After the Carolingian Kings, there is little protection from marauding bands of barbarians Goths, Huns, Visigoths, Vikings & random criminals. Castle architecture develops as a defense Slide 39 Slide 40 The most important aspect of the feudal system was the large estate called a manor manor. The manor acted as a self-sufficient economic unit and generally ranged from 500 to 5000 acres. The economic system of feudalism is therefore known as Manoralism Slide 41 Farm and Pasture Land The Lords land - best of the land. Usually 1/3 of the manor Serfs land - Spread throughout the manor. Usually poor in fertility The Lords Castle Center of political and military activity. Provided protection during attack A typical manor consisted of the following: The Village Contained serfs huts, artisans shops, and the lords wine press, flour mill, and baking ovens. Slide 42 Feudalism began to gradually disappear in the late 1100s. Disease, ignorance, poverty, and superstition dominated the feudal era and contributed to its demise. However, the two main reasons for the decline: The Crusades The Rise of Nation States. Slide 43 Four major religious wars. Europeans attempted to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims. Europeans were introduced to eastern ideas and goods. Demand for eastern goods & trade increased, feudal economies began to weaken Towns & cities started to develop Serfs were free in cities- not bound to a Lord http://www.history.com/topics/crusades Slide 44 Harness for Horses replaces oxen New, heavier type of plow. Move from two-field to three-field system.