2

�माण प�

�मा�णत �कया जाता ह क� �ीमती �करण ��वद�, एम.ए. (उ�तरा��) महारानी

ल�मी बाई महा�व!यालय भोपाल न मर %नद&शन म( "अनवाद " शीष�क पर

प,रयोजना काय� स.प/न �कया ह |

यह प,रयोजना काय� एम.ए. (उ�तरा��) 0हद� क पचम �3न प4 क �वक5प म

�6तत �कया ह |

�वभागा�य� ( �हद� �वभाग ) �नद��शका

डॉ. राम3वरम %तवार� डॉ. �वजय ल�मी राय

0हद� �वभाग

0दनाक:________ 0दनाक:________

3

घोषणा प�

म= , �करण ��वद� क?ा एम.ए. (उ�तराध�) शासक�य महारानी ल�मी

बाई क/या 6नातको�तर महा�व!यालय भोपाल (म.� .), क� छा4ा यह कथन करती ह

क� �6तत �%तवदन मर !वारा तयार �कया गया ह ,एव पण�तः मौGलक ह= |

0दनाक:________

ह6ता?र

�करण ��वद�

4

आभार

स�ा%तक Hान क साथ Iयवहा,रक Hान का होना ह� �कसी अJययन को

पण�ता �दान करत ह | Iयवहार क %नKकषL स Gस�ात बनाया जा सकता ह | इसी

Iयवहा,रकता को �ाNत करन क Gलय यह मरा �यास ह |

इस वष� क� अवOध म प,रयोजना क काय� को पण� करन म( िजन गQजनो न

��य? या अ��य? Rप स सहयोग 0दया ह ,उन सभी का Sदय स आभार मानती ह |

सव��थम म= आभार� ह माननीय �ाचाय� महोदय, डॉ. मजला शमा� क� िजनक�

अनम%त स यह प,रयोजना काय� सप/न हआ |

इस काय� को पण� करन का मUय �य %नद&Gशका आदरणीय �ीमती डॉ. �वजय

ल�मी राय को जाता ह | िज/हVन समय %नकल कर मर� कठनाइयो को दर �कया तथा

बहम5य सझावV स मरा माग�दश�न करती रह� | म= उनक� Sदय स आभार� ह|

म= अपन महा�व!यालय क सभी Gश?कगण क सहयोग क Gलय भी सSदय आभार

IयYत करती ह|उनक सहयोग तथा माग�दश�न क Zबना यह प,रयोजना काय� सभव

नह� था |

0दनाक:________

�करण � वद�

5

अन$मा%णका

1- vuqokn vFkZ

2- ifjHkk"kk & vko’;drk

3- izdkj

4- Lo:i

5- {ks=

6- vuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/k

7- fgUnh dks iz;kstuh; esa vuqokn dh Hkwfedk

8- foKkiu esa vuqokn

9- oSKkfud] rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= esa vuqokn

10- O;ogkfjd vuqokn

11- dk;kZy;hu fgUnh vkSj vuqokn

12- iz’kklfud {ks= esa vuqokn

13- i= ys[ku vkSj vuqokn

14- lkfgfR;d vuqokn dk fln~/kkar ,oa O;ogkj

15- lkjkuqokn

16- स/दभ� सOच

6

vuqokn vFkvuqokn vFkvuqokn vFkvuqokn vFkZ

fgUnh esa ^vuqokn* 'kCn vaxzsth ds Translation ds i;kZ; ds :i esa iz;qDr

fd;k tkrk gS A

;g ySfVu 'kCn Trans vkSj Lation ls cuk gS A Trans vdk vFkZ ^ikj * vkSj

Lation dk vFkZ ^ ys tkus dh fdz;k * A

bl vk/kkj ij Translation dk vFkZ gqvk & ^ ,d ikj ls nwljh ikj ys

tkus dh fdz;k * A

MkWMkWMkWMkW---- HkksykukFk frokjhHkksykukFk frokjhHkksykukFk frokjhHkksykukFk frokjh %& ds vuqlkj ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk laca/k ^ on~ * /kkrq

ls gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS & cksyuk ;k dguk A

vaxzsth dks"k ds vuqlkjvaxzsth dks"k ds vuqlkjvaxzsth dks"k ds vuqlkjvaxzsth dks"k ds vuqlkj & ^ ,d Hkk"kk ds ikB dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa O;Dr

djuk vFkok ,d Hkk"kk ds dF; dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa :ikarfjr djuk A *

osolVj 'kCn dks"k ds vuqlkjosolVj 'kCn dks"k ds vuqlkjosolVj 'kCn dks"k ds vuqlkjosolVj 'kCn dks"k ds vuqlkj %&** Translation is a reading from one

language or representation system into another Translation, is an art that involves

the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different

background.”

vFkkZr ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk esa izLrqfr ;k izfrfuf/kRo dh iz.kkyh

vuqokn gS A

;g ,d ,slh dyk gS] ftlesa ,d fHkUu i`"BHkwfe okys ikBdksa ds fy;s

fdlh jpuk dk fdlh Hkk"kk esa iqu% ltu gksrk gS A

" The art of Translation " ds ys[kd vkj- j?kqukFk jko us bls fuEu fyf[kr

vFkZ esa xzg.k fd;k gS A

(1) Removal or Transference of a physical object.

¼fdlh HkkSfrd oLrq dk LFkkukarj.k vFkok ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij

Hkstuk½

(2) Removal or Transference of a man from one office or change to another.

¼fdlh O;fDr dk ,d dk;kZy; vFkok nkf;Ro ls nwljs dk;kZy; vFkok

nkf;Ro esa ifjorZu½

(3) Transference to heaven or to another world.

7

¼lansg varaj.k vFkok yksdkarj.k½

(4) Alternation or Change

¼ ifjorZu vFkok :i ifjorZu ½

(5) Transformation or Change of appearance.

¼:i ifjorZu vFkok :ikarj.k ½

(6) Art of process of changing words to express the sense of

passage in another language.

¼,d Hkk"kk esa fy[ks ikB ds HkkokFkZ dks vU; Hkk"kk ds lekukFkhZ izrhdksa esa

cnyus dh dyk vFkok izfdz;k ½

(7) Explanation or Interpretation.

¼O;k[;k vFkok HkkokUrj.k½

(8) Version

¼laLdj.k½

rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ^vuqokn* dk vFkZ gS & iqu% dFku ;k dgh x;h ckr

dks nqgjkuk

izkphu Hkkjr esa f’k{kk dh ,d ekSfyd ,oa le`) ijEijk jgh gS A vkJe

esa xq: tks dgrs Fks] f’k"; mls nqgjkrs Fks A

^ okLro esa ;g nqgjkuk gh ^vuqokn* ;k vuqokpu gS A

ikf.kuh ds lw= %& ^vuqokns pj.kkuke~ * ij d;;j dgrs gSa & ^ ;nk

izfriRrk izek.kkUrjkoxre~ O;FkZ iz;ksDrk rnkuqoknks HkfDr* vFkkZr~ fdlh vkSj

izek.k ls fofnr ckr dks gh] nwljs dk;Z ds fy;s fdlh ds }kjk Jksrk ls tc

dgk tkrk gS A rc vuqokn gksrk gS A

8

ifjHkk"kkifjHkk"kkifjHkk"kkifjHkk"kk

ftl izdkj ^vuqokn* dks fofHkUu vFkksZa esa xzg.k fd;k x;k gS mlh izdkj

bls ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS A

1- MkVsZLV MkVsZLV MkVsZLV MkVsZLV

** vuqokn ls Hkk"kk ds izk;ksfxd foKku dh 'kk[kk ds :i esa

ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa tks izfrekfur izrhdksa ds ,d lewg ls nwljs esa vFkZ varfjr

djrh gS A”

” Translation is – That branch of applied science of language which

is especially concerned with the problem or the fact of transference of

meaning from one set of patterned symbols ........into another set of

patterned symbols.”

2- ;wthu;wthu;wthu;wthu , ukbZMk, ukbZMk, ukbZMk, ukbZMk us vuqokn dks ,d foKku dk in fnyk;k A mUgksus

y{k.k fn;k & ^^ vuqokn dk laca/k L=ksr Hkk"kk ds lans’k dk igys vFkZ vkSj

fQj 'kSyh ds /kjkry

ij y{; Hkk"kk ds fudVre LokHkkfod rFkk rqY;kFkZd izLrqfr djus esa gksrk gS A

**

” Translation consist in producing in the reception language the

closest natural equivalent to the mssage of source] first in meaning and

secondary in style.”

3- jksukVks iksfxvkyks us dgkjksukVks iksfxvkyks us dgkjksukVks iksfxvkyks us dgkjksukVks iksfxvkyks us dgk & ” Translation is a interpretative

art.”

4---- MkWMkWMkWMkW---- HkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkjHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkjHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkjHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkj %& ^^ vuqokn dFkkr% vkSj dF;r%

fudVre lgt izfr izrhdu gs A **

5- gSfyMsgSfyMsgSfyMsgSfyMs ds vuqlkj %&

^^ vuqokn ,d laca/k gS tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ikBksa ds chp gksrk

gS] ;s ikB leku fLFkfr esa leku izdk;Z esa laikfnr djrs gSa A **

9

vuqokn ds izdkjvuqokn ds izdkjvuqokn ds izdkjvuqokn ds izdkj

vuqokn ds Hksn ;k izdkj ds fo"k; esa fon~okuksa us vyx&vyx /kkj.kk,a

O;Dr dh gS A

MkWMkWMkWMkW---- HkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds eq[; pkj vk/kkj gSaHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds eq[; pkj vk/kkj gSaHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds eq[; pkj vk/kkj gSaHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds eq[; pkj vk/kkj gSa A

1- x|&i| ds vk/kkj ij

2- lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds vk/kkj ij

3- fo"k; ds vk/kkj ij

4- vuqokn dh izdfr ds vk/kkj ij

v& x|&i| x|&i| x|&i| x|&i|

ds vk/kkj ijds vk/kkj ijds vk/kkj ijds vk/kkj ij

1- x|kuqokn

2- i|kuqokn

3- NUno)

vuqokn

4- NUn eqDr

vuqokn

c& lkfgfR;d lkfgfR;d lkfgfR;d lkfgfR;d

fo/kk ds vk/kkj fo/kk ds vk/kkj fo/kk ds vk/kkj fo/kk ds vk/kkj

ij ij ij ij

1- dkO;kuqokn

2- ukVdkuqokn

3- dFkkuqokn

4- fuca/k]

js[kkfp=

laLej.k

vkfn dk

vuqokn

l & fo"k; ds vk/kkj ijfo"k; ds vk/kkj ijfo"k; ds vk/kkj ijfo"k; ds vk/kkj ij

1- lkfgfR;d lkfgR; dk

vuqokn

2- /kkfeZd lkfgR; dk vuqokn

3- yfyr lkfgR; dk vuqokn

4- xf.kr lkfgR; dk vuqokn

5- iz’kklfud lkfgR; dk

vuqokn

6- oSKkfud lkfgR; dk vuqokn

7- dk;kZy;hu lkfgR; dk

vuqokn

8- fof/k lkfgR; dk vuqokn

9- i=dkfjrk dk vuqokn

n& vuqokn dh vuqokn dh vuqokn dh vuqokn dh

izd`fr ds vk/kkj ijizd`fr ds vk/kkj ijizd`fr ds vk/kkj ijizd`fr ds vk/kkj ij

1- ewykfu"B

vuqokn

2- ewyeqDr vuqokn

3- 'kCnkuqokn

4- Hkkokuqokn

5- Nk;kuqokn

6- O;k[;kuqokn

7- lkjkuqokn

8- :ikarj.k

9- okrkZuqokn

10- 'kCn izfr

'kCn vuqokn

10

vuqokn dk Lo:ivuqokn dk Lo:ivuqokn dk Lo:ivuqokn dk Lo:i

vuqokn dk Lo:i fu/kkZj.k djrs le; ;g iz’u mBuk LokHkkfod gS fd

vuqokn dyk gS ;k foKku ;k f’kYi A bl fo"k; esa erHksn gSa A fo)kuksa dk

,d oxZ tgkaW vuqokn dks foKku ekurk gS ogha nwljk oxZ f’kYi vFkok dyk A

vr% ;g tkuuk vko’;d gks tkrk gS fd vuqokn okLro esa D;k gS \

vuqokn ,d foKku gSvuqokn ,d foKku gSvuqokn ,d foKku gSvuqokn ,d foKku gS %& vuqokn dks foKku ekuk tkrk gS A ysfdu ml

vFkZ esa ugha ftl vFkZ esa iz;ksx’kkyk esa fofo/k izdkj dh ij[kuyh dh lgk;rk

ls ifj{k.k fd;k tkrk gS A oLrqr% lkekU; Kku vkSj fof’k"V Kku esa xgjk

ikFkZoU; gS A

bl lanHkZ eas ;g iz’u mBrk gS fd vuqokn dks foKku dgkWa rd dguk

mfpr gS \

fx;ksxhZ jkMksfx;ksxhZ jkMksfx;ksxhZ jkMksfx;ksxhZ jkMks dk cMk jkspd fo’ys"k.k gS %

mudh nyhy gS & vuqokn dyk gS ;k foKku \ ge iz’u djsa fd

fpfdRlk foKku dyk gS ;k foKku \ Li"V gh vukWVkeh vkSj ekuo 'kjhj

foKku] foKku dh dksfV esa vkrs gSa fdarq jksx fu.kZ; ,oa fpfdRlk dyk iw.kZ

dk;Zdyki gS A blesa fo)ku MkWDVj jksxksa dk bykt djrs gSa A jksxh ds rRoksa dks

tfVy /kkjkvksa esa iw.kZr% fo’ysf"kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS A

vuqoknd ,d MkWDVj ds leku gksrk gS tks ewy L=ksrksa dks ;ksa ns[krk gS

tSls mldk dke ewy L=ksr dks fons’kh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks tkus ds jksx ls eqDr

djkuk gS A

oLrqr% vuqokn ml vFkZ esa foKku ugha gS ftl vFkZ esa HkkSfrdh] tSfodh]

;k xf.kr dks foKku dgk tkrk gS A

ijUrq ;g lR; gS fd mlds Kku dk mu 'kk[kkvks ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k

tk jgk gS A tks okLrfod vFkZ esa foKku ugha gS A

11

vuqokn ,d dyk gS vuqokn ,d dyk gS vuqokn ,d dyk gS vuqokn ,d dyk gS %& vuqokn esa fparu Hkko lEizs"k.k vFkok i;kZ; p;u

iw.kZr% foosd ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A vr% ;fn ,d gh vuqokn dks dbZ O;fDr;ksa

}kjk djk;k tk; rks mlds dbZ :i lkeus vk,axs A rkRi;Z ;g fd vuqoknd

,d jpuk’khy vkSj jpuk/kehZ gksrk gS A mlesa ltu dh lk/k gksrh gS A og

viuh lEiw.kZ ;ksX;rk o {kerk ls vuqokn dks vkd"kZd cukrk gS A

fFk;kMksj lsojhfFk;kMksj lsojhfFk;kMksj lsojhfFk;kMksj lsojh us viuh iqLrd ” The Art of Translation” esa bldh ppkZ

djrs gq, vuqokn dks dyk ekuk gS A

vuqokn ,d f’kYi gS %& dyk dk dk;kZRed :i dh f’kYi gS A MkW-

HkksykukFk frokjh dgrs gSa fd 'kk;n dh ,slh dksbZ dyk gks] ftlesa f’kYi dh

fcYdqy vis{kk u gks vkSj 'kk;n fg ,slk dksbZ f’kYi gks ftlesa dyk iw.kZr%

vuisf{kr gks A bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd dyk vkSj f’kYi esa varj gksus ds

ckotwn nksuksa esa i;kZIr laca/k gS A tc vuqokn dyk gS rks f’kYi Hkh A

12

vuqokn ds {ks=vuqokn ds {ks=vuqokn ds {ks=vuqokn ds {ks=

vkt vuqokn vfuok;Z izfdz;k cu pqdh gS A bldk iz;ksx {ks= c<rk tk jgk gS

A HkweaMyhdj.k us vuqokn dks vkt varjkZ"Vªh; cuk fn;k gS A

ckrphr dk {ks=ckrphr dk {ks=ckrphr dk {ks=ckrphr dk {ks= %& vuqokn dk lcls cM+k {ks= ckrphr dk gS A tc nsk

fHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh vkil esa feyrs gSa rks os ,d nwljs ls ckr ugha djrs A mudks

feykus dk dke f}Hkk"kh gh dj ldrs gSa A bl izdkj dsjy vFkok mM+hlk dk

O;kikjh fnYyh ds cktkj esa igqWaprk gS rc mls fgUnh vuqokn ds ek/;e ls gh

dke djuk iM+rk gS A

i=kpkj dk {ks=i=kpkj dk {ks=i=kpkj dk {ks=i=kpkj dk {ks= %& i=kpkj O;kikj esa dk;kZy;ksa esa] U;k;ky; esa loZ=

gksrk gS A tgkWa i=kpkj vius izns’k dh Hkk"kk esa djus ls dke pyrk gS ogka

vuqokn dh t:jr ugha iM+rh] fdarq ,d gh izns’k esa dbZ Hkk"kk,a cksyus okys

ihf<+;ksa ls jgrs gSa A blds fy;s izknsf’kd Hkk"kk Hkh ijkbZ jgrh gS A

dk;kZy; dk {ks= %& gekjs ns’k ds vf/kdka’k dk;kZy;ksa dh Hkk"kk vaxzsth gS

A dsoy iapk;r vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= ij gh izknsf’kd Hkk"kk dk O;ogkj dHkh&dHkh

fd;k tkrk gS A vke turk dks vaxzsth esa vthZ fy[kuk eqf’dy gksrk gS A ;gka

ls vuqokn dh izfdz;k 'kq: gksrh gS A

U;k;ky; dk {ks=U;k;ky; dk {ks=U;k;ky; dk {ks=U;k;ky; dk {ks= %& U;k;ky; ds deZpkjh] odhy vkSj izkFkhZ yksx

vnkyr ds vax gksrs gSa A blfy, U;k;ky;ksa esa vuqokn vfuok;Z gksrk gS A

vnkyrksa dh Hkk"kk izk;% vaxzsth gksrh gS vkSj eqdneksa ds fy;s vko’;d dkxtkr

vDlj izknsf’kd Hkk"kk esa gksrs gSa A ,slh fLFkfr esa vaxzsth vkSj izknsf’kd Hkk"kk dk

ckjh&ckjh ls ijLij vuqokn fd;k tkuk vko’;d gks tkrk gS A

lkfgR; dk {ks= %& lkfgR; vuqokn ds fy, lcls moZj {ks= izekf.kr gks

pqdk gS A vuqokn ds tfj, ge vU; Hkk"kk dh izfrHkkvksa dks igpku ldrs gSa A

mnkgj.k ds fy, johUnz ukFk VSxksj ds caxyk Nan esa fyf[kr vej d`fr

^xhrkatfy* ;fn vaxzsth esa vuqokfnr djds izdkf’kr u dh tkrh rks mUgs ^ukscy

* iqjLdkj 'kk;n gh feyrk A

vuqokn ekuo mi;ksxh izR;sd jkst esa dk;Zjr rFkk cgqmi;ksxh gS A

13

vuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/kvuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/kvuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/kvuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/k

vuqokn dSls gksrk gSvuqokn dSls gksrk gSvuqokn dSls gksrk gSvuqokn dSls gksrk gS & dk fo’ys"k.k djuk gh vuqokn dh izfdz;k dk vFkZ

gS A oLrqr% vuqokn ,d laf’y"V izfdz;k gS A tks ikB lkis{k gksus ds lkFk&lkFk

vuqokn ds O;fDrRo dh Nki dks Hkh vafdr djrh gS A

vuqokn dh izfdz;k esa Hkk"kkvksa ds O;kdj.k] jpuk fo/kku rFkk Hkk"kk

'kkL=h; n`f"Vdks.k dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le>uk o mlh ds vuq:i nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dh

vfHkO;fDr ds vuq:i vFkZ lEizs"k.k djuk Hkh vfuok;Z gksrk gS A

ukbZMkukbZMkukbZMkukbZMk dh ekU;rk gS fd vuqokn i;kZ; ftl izfdz;k ls fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSa

mlds nks :i gSa A

d & izR;{k

[k & ijks{k

izR;{k vuqokn izfdz;k %& izR;{k izfdz;k ds varxZr rhu fLFkfr;ksa dh

dYiuk djrs gSa A ftlds ,d Nksj ij ewy Hkk"kk ikB fLFkr gksrk gS vkSj nwljs

Nksj ij y{; Hkk"kk ikB A bu nksuksa ds chp ,d e/;orhZ fLFkfr Hkh gksrh gS A

tgkWa nskusk Hkk"kk,a viuk Lora= vfLrRo foyhu dj nsrh gSa A bl izfdz;k

dks vkjs[k }kjk bl izdkj le>k tk ldrk gS A

L=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kk y{; Hkk"kky{; Hkk"kky{; Hkk"kky{; Hkk"kk

e/;orhZ fLFkfre/;orhZ fLFkfre/;orhZ fLFkfre/;orhZ fLFkfr

fo"k;&oLrq le>uk rFkk mfpr lEizs"k.kfo"k;&oLrq le>uk rFkk mfpr lEizs"k.kfo"k;&oLrq le>uk rFkk mfpr lEizs"k.kfo"k;&oLrq le>uk rFkk mfpr lEizs"k.k

14

ukbM+kukbM+kukbM+kukbM+k us vuqokn izfdz;k ds ijks{k :i dh ppkZ djrs gq, blds rhu pj.k

ekus gSa &

d & fo’ys"k.k

[k & varj.k

x & iqujZpuk

L=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kk y{; y{; y{; y{;

Hkk"kkHkk"kkHkk"kkHkk"kk

¼ewy ikB½¼ewy ikB½¼ewy ikB½¼ewy ikB½ ¼vuwfnr ¼vuwfnr ¼vuwfnr ¼vuwfnr

ikB½ikB½ikB½ikB½

fo’ys"k.k fo’ys"k.k fo’ys"k.k fo’ys"k.k iqujZpukiqujZpukiqujZpukiqujZpuk

varj.kvarj.kvarj.kvarj.k

d&d&d&d& fo’ys"k.kfo’ys"k.kfo’ys"k.kfo’ys"k.k %&

ukbMk dh ekU;rk gS fd ewyHkk"kk ikB dk tc rd okfLrfod vFkZ

vuqoknd ds lkeus Li"V ugha gksxk rc rd og lgh vuqokn ugha dj ldsxk A

blh n`f"V ls fo’ys"kd ds nks fuf’pr lanHkZ gSA

1- Hkk"kk Lrj ij fo’ys"k.k

2- fo"k; ds Lrj ij fo’ys"k.k

[k& varj.k[k& varj.k[k& varj.k[k& varj.k %&

fo’ys"k.k dh lgk;rk ls gq, vFkZ cks/k dk y{; Hkk"kk esa varj.k

gksuk vuqokn izfdz;k dk lcls izeq[k pj.k gS A vuqokn dks fo’ys"k.k vkSj

iqujZpuk ds chp fujaarj xfr djrs jguk gksrk gS A ijUrq bl xfr ds chp esa

,d Lrj gksrk gS ftls varj.k dgk tkrk gS A

x& iqujZpuk %&

15

iqujZpuk vuqokn izfdz;k dk rhljk pj.k gS A og fLFkfr gS tc

vuqokn ewy ikB ds lans’k dk vFkZcks/k djds ladze.k ds pj.k ls gksrs gq, y{;

Hkk"kk esa iqujZfpr gksdj vuqokn ds :i esa lkeus vkrk gS A

iqujZpuk ds bl rhljs pj.k esa vuqoknd dks bu fcanqvks ij /;ku nsuk

vko’;d gS A

1- 'kCn dze

2- O;kdjf.kd lajpuk

3- Hkk"kk Hksn

4- lg iz;ksx

5- 'kSyhxr izfreku

iqujZpuk dks bl vkjs[k }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS A

vuqoknvuqoknvuqoknvuqokn

Hkk"kk &1 Hkk"kk&2Hkk"kk &1 Hkk"kk&2Hkk"kk &1 Hkk"kk&2Hkk"kk &1 Hkk"kk&2

ys[kd&1 ikB&1 ikBd&1 ys[kd&1 ikB&1 ikBd&1 ys[kd&1 ikB&1 ikBd&1 ys[kd&1 ikB&1 ikBd&1 ys[kd&2 ys[kd&2 ys[kd&2 ys[kd&2 ikB&2ikB&2ikB&2ikB&2 ikBd&2ikBd&2ikBd&2ikBd&2

VVVVuqoknduqoknduqoknduqoknd

16

fgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa vuqokn dh HkwfedkfgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa vuqokn dh HkwfedkfgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa vuqokn dh HkwfedkfgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa vuqokn dh Hkwfedk

vkt lEiw.kZ lalkj ,d NksVs ls xkWao ds :i esa cnyrk tk jgk gS A

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh dzkafr us gesa ,d ,sls eqdke ij igqapk fn;k gS tgkWa ls

fo’o ds ,d dksus ls nwljs dksus rd lEidZ lk/kuk vR;f/kd lqxe gks x;k gS

A

ljdkjh dkedkt dk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij dkedkt ds fy;s jktHkk"kk fgUnh gS

A bl le; vaxzsth Hkh lg;ksxh Hkk"kk ds :i esa py jgh gS A vr% {ks=h;

Hkk"kk vFkkZr izknsf’kd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx rks ek= jkT; Lrj rd lhfer jgrk gS A

dsUnz ljdkj ds lHkh dk;kZy;ksa esa fgUnh esa dke djuk vfuok;Z gS A

jktHkk"kk vf/kfu;e 1963 ¼;Fkk la’kksf/kr 1967½ rFkk jktHkk"kk vf/kfu;e

1976 ¼;Fkk la’kksf/kr 1987½ o jk"Vªifr ds vkns’kksa ,oa jktHkk"kk foHkkx x`g

ea=ky; ds fn’kk funsZ’kksa ds vuqlkj iz’kklfud dk;Z] iz’kklfud izfdz;k] lkfgR;

eqnz.k] ys[ku] LVkEi] eksgjsa] lkbZu cksMZ tSlh ensa f}Hkkf"kd gksus ds dkj.k

vuqokn dk egRo vR;f/kd c<+ x;k gS A

fgUnh dks 14 flrEcj 1949 dks jktHkk"kk ds :i esa Lohd`fr fey tkus

o mlds ckn lafo/kku ds Hkkx ,oa Hkkx 17 esa fgUnh laca/kh fofHkUu

izko/kkuks ds fy, lafo/kku }kjk dh xbZ O;oLFkk ds dkj.k vuqokn ds fcuk

ljdkjh dke pykuk dfBu gks x;k Fkk A

vkt cgqr ls fons’kh dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdkas ds vuqokn fgUnh esa gks jgs gSa A

L=ksr Hkk"kk vaxzsth u gksus ij ewy ls vaxzsth vkSj vaxzsth ls fgUnh esa vuqokn

gks jgs gSa A blh izdkj dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds Hkh fgUnh vuqokn gks jgs gSa tks

fgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk dh n`f"V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS A

17

foKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqokn

viuh ckr turk rd igWqapkus ds fy, ¼,MojVkbftax½ ,d mi;ksxh l’kDr

ek/;e gS A lHkh izdkj ds foKkiuksa dk ewyHkwr o izkFkfed mn~ns’; lans’k dks

yf{kr miHkksDrk rd igqapkuk gksrk gS A

foKkiu lans’kfoKkiu lans’kfoKkiu lans’kfoKkiu lans’k ek/;e ek/;e ek/;e ek/;e yf{kr miHkksDrkyf{kr miHkksDrkyf{kr miHkksDrkyf{kr miHkksDrk

foKkiu fopkjksa dks lEizsf"kr djus dk l’kDr ek/;e gS A ;g tu lapkj

ek/;e dk izeq[k ?kVd gS A bls uhps fn;s vkjs[k ds ek/;e ls le>k;k tk

ldrk gs A

lapkjdlapkjdlapkjdlapkjd ek/;eek/;eek/;eek/;e lapkfjrlapkfjrlapkfjrlapkfjr

¼lapkj lans’k½¼lapkj lans’k½¼lapkj lans’k½¼lapkj lans’k½

L=ksrL=ksrL=ksrL=ksr lans’klans’klans’klans’k ek/;eek/;eek/;eek/;e JksrkJksrkJksrkJksrk

¼foKkiu lans’k½¼foKkiu lans’k½¼foKkiu lans’k½¼foKkiu lans’k½

foKkiu foKkiu foKkiu foKkiu ek/;e ek/;e ek/;e ek/;e miHkksDrkmiHkksDrkmiHkksDrkmiHkksDrk

foKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqokn %& foKkiu fdlh oLrq ;k lekt esa fo[;kr fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa

dh iwrhZ gsrq fd;k tkrk gS A tks O;fDr fo’ks"k ds vkdf"kZr djs blfy;s O;fDr;ksa

dks ekufld :i ls izHkkfor djus gsrq O;fDr dh ekr`Hkk"kk esa mldk vuqokn

18

vko’;d gks tkrk gS A ftlls mlesa pqVhykiu] iSukiu ,oa vkd"kZ.k cuk;k tk

lds A

Hkk"kk dh iz;ksDrk dks fofHkUu {ks=ksa ,oa fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkf"kd

iz;qfDr;ksa dk p;u djuk gksrk gS A foKkiu ys[kd ;fn lQy iz;ksx ugha djrk

gS rks og vius mn~ns’;ksa esa vlQy jg tkrk gS A

foKkiu ds fofHkUu izdkjksa esa vuqoknfoKkiu ds fofHkUu izdkjksa esa vuqoknfoKkiu ds fofHkUu izdkjksa esa vuqoknfoKkiu ds fofHkUu izdkjksa esa vuqokn

1- oxhZd`r foKkiu vuqokn

2- izn’kZu foKkiu esa vuqokn

3- laLFkkxr foKkiu esa vuqokn

4- O;oLkk; laca/kh foKkiu esa vuqokn

5- iz’kklfud foKkiu esa vuqokn

19

okf.kfT;dokf.kfT;dokf.kfT;dokf.kfT;d ,oa oSKkfud rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= eas vuqokn,oa oSKkfud rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= eas vuqokn,oa oSKkfud rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= eas vuqokn,oa oSKkfud rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= eas vuqokn

okf.kfT;d vuqokn &okf.kfT;d vuqokn &okf.kfT;d vuqokn &okf.kfT;d vuqokn &

okf.kfT;d vuqokn rVLFk gksrk gSA okf.kT; O;olk; Lo;a eas gh ,d

vyx fo"k; gSA vr% okf.kfT;d vuqokn lkekU; vuqokn ls fHkUu gksrk gSA

okf.kT; o cSad dkjksckj pykus ds fy;s vusd ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA bu 'kCnksa dks cSafdax vFkok okf.kfT;d 'kCnkoyh ds uke ls

tkuk tkrk gSSA

okf.kfT;d vuqokn eas vuqokn dks 'kCnksa ds vFkZ vkSj lanHkZ nksuksa dks

/;ku eas j[kuk vko';d gks x;k gSA O;kikj ls lacaf/kr nLrkost i= i=]

ek¡x i=] ysunsu laca/kh i=] f'kdk;r i=] fufonk,¡] lwpuk,¡] funsZ'k]

fu;ekoyh vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa eas okf.kfT;d vuqokn dh egRrk gSA okf.kT; ds

lalkj eas 'ks;j ekdsZV dk cgqr egRo gSA

mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij dqN okf.kfT;d 'kCn ,oa muds vFkZ uhps fn;s tk

jgs gSa &

lq/kjuk & cktkj Hkko eas dqN c<+ksRrjh gksukA

uje iM+uk & nkekasa dk ?kVukA

HkM+duk & nkeksa dk c<+ukA

eqyk;e iM+uk & c<+s gq, Hkko eas deh gksukA

dej rksM+ eanh & cgqr vf/kd lLrk gksukA

dej rksM+ eagxkbZ & cgqr vf/k dg¡xk gksukA

okf.kT; O;olk; eas vuqokj dh tks leL;k,¡ vkerkSj ij vkrh gSa os

bl izdkj gSa &

20

1- okf.kfT;d 'kCnksa dh leL;k tSls & 'Charge the bill against his

account' dk 'kkfCnd vuqokn ^fcy dks mlds [kkrs ds fo:) izHkkfjr

djsa* gksxk] ijarq lgh vuqokn ugha gqvkA bldk l gh vuqokn gksxk

& ^fcy mlds [kkrs eas ls izHkkfjr djsa*A

2- Hkk"kk dh cks/kxE;rk dh leL;k Hkh okf.kfT;d vuqokn ds fy;s ,d

pqukSrh gS] D;ksafd O;kikj dk laca/k fiNM+s bykdksa eas fuokl djus

okys O;fDr ls Hkh gSA

3- laf{kIr inkoyh dh leL;k Hkh vuqokn ds fy;s pqukSrh Hkjk gS izk;%

ns[kk tkrk gS fd okf.kT; ds 'kCn NksVs gksrs gSa mu 'kCnksa dks vFkZ ds

vuq:i NksVs :i eas vuqokn gksuk pkfg;sA

4- okf.kfT;d vuqokn eas ekud 'kCnksa eas vuqokn dh leL;kA

5- O;olk; laca/kh oLrq] LFkku vkfn ds fy;s fiY;arj.k mfpr gS] fdUrq

fyI;arj.k ds fy;s vuqokn dks Hkk"kk Kku rFkk 'kCn Kku vko';d

gS] ;g Hkh ,d leL;k gSA

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqokn dks fgUnh vFkok fons'kh

Hkk"kkvksa o {ks=h; Hkk"kkvksa dh izÑfr dk iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;sA

vkt dk ;qx foKku] rduhdh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dk ;qx gSA thou ds

gj {ks= eas foKku ,oa rduhdh dh vko';drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA ;g

lp gS fd oSKkfud] rduhdh ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo"k;ksa dk vuqokn lkfgR; ds

vuqokn dh rqyuk eaas vis{kkÑr ljy izfØ;k gS ftlds fy;s vuqoknd dks

fo"k; fo'ks"k dh 'kCnkoyh dk Kku gksuk ek= i;kZIr gS] fUrq mldh Hkh ,d

lhek gSSA vuqokn djus ds fy;s Hkk"kk ij oSlk gh lgt vkSj le`) vf/kdkj

visf{kr gksxk tSlk fd fdlh vPNh lkfgfR;d Ñfr ds vuqokn ds fy;s

visf{kr gSA bleas ,d lqfo/kk ;g gS fd oSKkfud o rduhdh {ks= eas

vuqokn ewy ikB ds leku fd;k tk ldrk gS c'krsZ fd vuqoknd dks bu

21

pkj fo"k;ksa dk Kku gks & ¼1½ L=ksr Hkk"kk ¼2½ y{; Hkk"kk ¼3½ fo"k; dk ¼1½ L=ksr Hkk"kk ¼2½ y{; Hkk"kk ¼3½ fo"k; dk ¼1½ L=ksr Hkk"kk ¼2½ y{; Hkk"kk ¼3½ fo"k; dk ¼1½ L=ksr Hkk"kk ¼2½ y{; Hkk"kk ¼3½ fo"k; dk

Kku ¼4½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyhAKku ¼4½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyhAKku ¼4½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyhAKku ¼4½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyhA

foKku] rduhdh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh v/;;u ds {ks= eas vuqokn djus gsrq

mi;qZDr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gS gh lkFk gh lkoZHkkSfedrk] fo'ks"k

fpUgksa dk iz;ksx] Li"Vrk] izpfyr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ,oa fons'kh 'kCnksa dk

vuqdj.k Hkh vko';d gSA /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsas bl izdkj gSa &

1- foKku ds fu;e lkoZHkkSfed gksrs gSa blfy;s vuqokn djrs le; Hkh

fuR;rk lwpd 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

2- T;kferh; vkÑfr eas Hkkjrh; fyfi;ksa ds v{kj iz;qDr fd;s tk

ldrs gSa tSls &

v d

c l [k x

3- oSKkfud] rduhdh o izkS|ksfxdh ds vuqokn dh Hkk"kk eas ,d:irk]

Li"Vrk dk gksuk vko';d gSA

4- vaxszth] iqrZxkyh] Ýkalhlh vkfn Hkk"kkvksa ds ,sls fons'kh 'kCn tks

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa easa izpfyr gks x;s gSa] mUgsa mlh :i eas viukuk

pkfg;sA tSls & batu] e'khu] ehVj] yhVj] fizTe] VkpZ vkfnA

5- rduhdh vuqokn eas vuqoknd dks rduhdh ladYiukvksa ds fy;s

fyI;arj.k dk lgkjk ysuk pkfg;s tSls &

nsoukxjhnsoukxjhnsoukxjhnsoukxjh jkseujkseujkseujkseu v a

vk a

d k

d qa

folxZ ¼%½ h

22

vkt varfj{k foKku ds lkFk rRlaca/kh 'kCnkoyh Lo;a fodflr gks jgh

gS vkSj vu`fnr gks jgh gS tSls &

1111---- lsVsykbV ds izdkj &lsVsykbV ds izdkj &lsVsykbV ds izdkj &lsVsykbV ds izdkj &

Active Satellite & lfØ; mixzg

Communication Satellite & lapkj mixzg

Polar Satellite & /kqoh; mixzg

Augmented Satellite & loaf/kZr mixzg

2+2+2+2+ vkjfcV vkjfcV vkjfcV vkjfcV ls lacaf/krls lacaf/krls lacaf/krls lacaf/kr &&&&

Transfer Orbit & LFkkukarj d{kk

Elliptical Orbit & vaMkdkj d{kk

Circular Orbit & o`Rrh; d{kk

bl izdkj foKku rFkk rduhdh {ks= eas fur u, 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gks

jgk gSA vuwfnr ,oa u, 'kCnksa ds HkaMkj Hkjus eas oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh

'kCnkoyh vk;ksx dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

fof/k laca/kh vuqokn Lo;a eas ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS] D;ksafd bleas ,d

vksj rks dkuwu dh Li"V O;k[;k,¡ gksrh gSa vkSj nwljh vksj ekuoh; laonsuk

dk xgure igywA gekjh jkstejkZ dh ftanxh eas vf/kfu;eksa o dk;ZokbZ;ksa

dh dgha u dgha vko';drk iM+rh gh gSA

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku eas ;g O;oLFkk gS fd la?k dh jktHkk"kk fgUnh vkSj

fyfi nsoukxjh gks] bls vuqPNsn 343 ds :i eas lafo/kku eas LFkku fn;k

x;k gSA fdUrq fof/k ds {ks= eas rqjar jktHkk"kk ds :i eas ykxw u fd;s tkus

ds ihNs dqN dkj.k FksA mueas lcls cM+k dkj.k Fkk fof/k & 'kCnkoyh dk

vHkkoA

23

fof/k laca/kh vuqokn djus ds fy;s izkFkfed :i ls nks ckrksfof/k laca/kh vuqokn djus ds fy;s izkFkfed :i ls nks ckrksfof/k laca/kh vuqokn djus ds fy;s izkFkfed :i ls nks ckrksfof/k laca/kh vuqokn djus ds fy;s izkFkfed :i ls nks ckrksa dk /;ku a dk /;ku a dk /;ku a dk /;ku

j[kuk vko';d gS & ¼1½ 'kCnkoyh ¼2½ vfHkO;fDrAj[kuk vko';d gS & ¼1½ 'kCnkoyh ¼2½ vfHkO;fDrAj[kuk vko';d gS & ¼1½ 'kCnkoyh ¼2½ vfHkO;fDrAj[kuk vko';d gS & ¼1½ 'kCnkoyh ¼2½ vfHkO;fDrA

dkuwu dh Hkk"kk eas fdlh Hkh dF; dks lh/ks lkns <ax ls O;Dr ugha

fd;k tkrk] cfYd ?kqek&fQjkdj dgk tkrk gSA blfy;s dkuwuh vfHkO;fDr;k¡

cM+h tfVy gksrh gSaA vr% vuqoknd dks fof/kd tkudkjh gksuk pkfg;s vFkok

fdlh fof/kosRrk o odhy ls laoh{kk djok ysuk pkfg;sA

,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa &,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa &,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa &,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa &

Secondary evidence of the contents of the documents referred to in

section 65, clause (a) shall not be given unless the party in whose possession or

power the document is [or to his attorney or pleader] such notice to produce it

as is prescribed by law, then such notice as the court considers reasonable

under the circumstances of the case.

/kkjk 65 [kaM ¼d½ eas fufnZ"V nLrkostksa dh varoZLrq dk f}rh;d lk{;

rc rd u fn;k tk ldsxk tc rd ,sls f}rh;d lk{; nsus dh izLFkkiuk

djus okys i{kdkj us ml i{kdkj dks ftlds dCts eas ;k lR; /khu og

nLrkost gS ¼;k mlds vVuhZ ;k IyhMj ds½ mls is'k djus ds fy;s ,slh

lwpuk tSlk fd fof/k }kjk fofgr gS vkSj ;fn fof/k }kjk dksbZ lwpuk fofgr

ugha gks rks ,slh lwpuk tSlh U;k;ky; ekeys dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds v/khu

;qfDr;qDr le>rk gS u ns nh gksA

bl izdkj fof/k ds vuqokn ds fy;s 'kq)rk vko';d gSA fof/k laca/kh

vuqokn dk;Z djus okys vuqoknd dks viuk vuqfnr ikB ckj&ckj nksgjkuk

pkfg;s rkfd vuwfnr 'kCn dk nksgjk vFkZ u fudysA

24

O;kogkfjd vuqokn vH;klO;kogkfjd vuqokn vH;klO;kogkfjd vuqokn vH;klO;kogkfjd vuqokn vH;kl

vuqokn djrs le; fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s] vuqokn

dSls djuk pkfg;s tSls vuqokn laca/kh vusd i{kksa ij fopkj fd;k tk pqdk

gSA vr% la{ksi :i eas ;g dguk pkfg;s fd ewy Hkk"kk dh izÑfr dks

le>uk] 'kCnksa eas vFkZ&xkaHkh;Z dks le>uk rFkk 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx {ks= dks

le>uk gh vuqokn eas O;kogkfjdrk dh ek¡x gS D;ksafd dbZ 'kCn ,sls gksrs

gSa ftudk fofo/k {ks=ksa eas vyx&vyx vFkZ gksrk gS] tSls &

Charge & dk;ZHkkj ¼iz'kklfud {ks=½

& O;; ¼okf.kfT;d {ks=½

& vkjksi ¼fof/k {ks=½

& /kkok ¼lSU; dk;ZokbZ½

vr% lanHkkZuqdwy 'kCnksa dk vuqokn djuk gh O;kogkfjd vuqokn gSA

vuqoknksa ds cgqvk;keh vkSj cgqLrjh; :i dks /;ku eas j[krs gq,

uk;Mkuk;Mkuk;Mkuk;Mk us Hkh nks lerqY; crk, gSa & ¼1½ :iijd lerqY;rk ¼2½ xR;kRed

lerqY;rkA

iksiksfopiksiksfopiksiksfopiksiksfop us lerqY;rk ds pkj vk/kkj ekus gSa & Hkk"kkijd]

:ikoyhijd] 'kSyhijd vkSj foU;kl ØekxrA

mi;qZDr vk/kkjksa ij blds pkj eq[; Hksn ekus tk ldrs gSa &mi;qZDr vk/kkjksa ij blds pkj eq[; Hksn ekus tk ldrs gSa &mi;qZDr vk/kkjksa ij blds pkj eq[; Hksn ekus tk ldrs gSa &mi;qZDr vk/kkjksa ij blds pkj eq[; Hksn ekus tk ldrs gSa &

1- Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk

2- Hkkoijd lerqY;rk

3- 'kSyhijd lerqY;rk

4- ikBijd lerqY;rkA

25

1111---- Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk &Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk &Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk &Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk & bldk vk/kkj Hkkf"kd lkexzh gSA bleas Lksr

Hkk"kk ds ikB ds 'kCnksa] inca/kksa] okD;ksa vkfn ds lerqY; y{;Hkk"kk eas 'kCnksa]

inca/kksa] okD;ksa vkfn dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d izdkj ls 'kCnkuqokn

gksrk gS] tSls &

Literacy & lk{kjrk

Flying Visit & rwQkuh nkSj

I took a taxi for the hotel & eSusa gksVy ds fy;s VSDlh yhA

2222---- Hkkoijd lerqY;rk &Hkkoijd lerqY;rk &Hkkoijd lerqY;rk &Hkkoijd lerqY;rk & bleas Hkkf"kd vfHkO;fDr dh vis{kk lEizsjd

dF; ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS rFkk vFkZ cká Lrj dh vis{kk vkarfjd

Lrj ij vf/kd dk;Z djrk gSA tSls &

Acid test & vfXu ijh{kk

He is a stone deaf & og furkar cgjk gSA

3333---- 'kSyhijd lerqY;rk &'kSyhijd lerqY;rk &'kSyhijd lerqY;rk &'kSyhijd lerqY;rk & blds varxZr fyf[kr] ekSf[kd] vkSipkfjd

vkfn lHkh izdkj dh 'kSfy;ka vkrh gSa ftleas blds lerqY; y{;Hkk"kk dh

'kSfy;ksa dks ns[kuk iM+rk gSA tSls &

Would you come to our place & D;k rqe gekjs ;gk¡ vkvksxs\

4444---- ikBijd lerqY;rk &ikBijd lerqY;rk &ikBijd lerqY;rk &ikBijd lerqY;rk & bl lerqY;r keas izrhdkRed] y{k.kkijd vkSj

O;atukijd vFkZ dk foospu fd;k tkrk gSA ikBijd lerqY;rk dh ppkZ

vusd LFkkuksa ij dh tk pqdh gSA

bl izdkj O;kogkfjd vuqokn eas mi;qZDr rF;ksa dks /;ku eas j[kdj

vuqokn dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA blls vuqokn eas Hkh ewy tSlk vkuan feyrk

gSA

26

vH;kl gsrq ;gk¡ mnkgj.k izLrqr gSa &

fgUnh %fgUnh %fgUnh %fgUnh %

f'k{kknku gekjk igyk dk;Z gksuk pkfg;s & uSfrd rFkk ckSf)d nksuksa

gh izdkj dh f'k{kk----- rkfd blds QyLo:Ik yksx vkRefuHkZj rFkk ferO;;h

cu ldsaA ckr dgus eas rks cM+h ljy gS ij blds dk;Z :i eas dSls

ifj.kr fd;k tk,\ gekjs ns'k eas gtkjksa fu%LokFkZ] n;kyq vkSj R;kxh iq:"k

gSaA mueas ls de ls de vk/kksa dsk mlh rjhds ls ftleas os fcuk ikfjJfed

fy;s ?kwe&?kwe dj /keZ f'k{kk nsrs gSa viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj f'k{kk nsus

ds fy;s izf'kf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vaxzsth %vaxzsth %vaxzsth %vaxzsth %

Forest are called the 'Green Gold' of a country because they are a

country's health. There are a number of advantages of having green forests.

They give us rain, they prevent floods and give us a number of valuable

products. We get timber for our houses, wood for furniture and fuel for

cooking food. Besides these, many other useful products are got from them.

They are honey, wax gum, oil, rubber, turpentine and lac. Think of the paper

mills. Can they produce paper without getting wood from the forests ? It is our

duty to plant trees and save the forest.

27

dk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud {ks= eas vuqokndk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud {ks= eas vuqokndk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud {ks= eas vuqokndk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud {ks= eas vuqokn

dk;kZy;hu vuqokn dh ppkZ ge ihNs dj pqds gSa fQj Hkh ;gka

iz'kklfud {ks= ds vuqokn ,oa iz'kklfud 'kCnkoyh ls lacaf/kr vuqokn dh

laf{kIr ppkZ djuk visf{kr gSA

bleas nks er ugha fd vkt izpfyr iz'kklfud O;oLFkk vaxsztksa dh nsu

gS vr% bleas vkt Hkh vaxszth okD; jpuk o vaxzsth inca/kksa dh Hkjekj gSA

;g t:jh ugha fd vuqokn v{kj'k% vaxzsth 'kSyh eas gks] ijarq tks ewy eas

dgk x;k gS og y{;&Hkk"kk eas vk tk,A iz'kklfud vuqokn eas Hkk"kk dh

izkatyrk ;k 'kSyh dk vkd"kZd gksuk vfuok;Z ugha ijarq cks/kxE;rk rks gksuk

gh pkfg;sA

fgUnh eas inukefgUnh eas inukefgUnh eas inukefgUnh eas inuke ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &

Assistant & lgk;d

Acting Director & dk;Zdkjh funs'kd

Advocate & vf/koDrk

Additional Director & lgk;d lapkyd

Advocate General & egkf/koDrk

Ambassador & jktnwr

Additional Secretary & vfrfjDr lfpo @ vij lfpo

Asstt. Secretary & lgk;d lfpo

Asst. Professor & lgk;d izk/;kid

Chairman & v/;{k @ lHkkifr

28

dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ Adult Education Dictoral Of & izkS<+ f'k{kk funs'kky; foKkiu rFkk Advertising and visual n`'; izpkj funs'kky;

Administration Section & iz'kklu vuqHkkx

Agriculture Research Institute of India & Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/kku laLFkku

Bureau of Police Research & iqfyl vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl C;wjks

Central Govt. Health Scheme & dsUnzh; ljdkj LokLF; ;kstuk

Central Hindi Directorate & dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;

Defence Research and development & j{kk vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl

Organization laxBu

Legislative Assembly & fo/kkulHkk

National Discipline Scheme & jk"Vªh; vuq'kklu ;kstuk

Public Administration Institute & yksd iz'kklu ;kstuk

vU; ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ bl izdkj gSa &vU; ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ bl izdkj gSa &vU; ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ bl izdkj gSa &vU; ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ bl izdkj gSa &

All India Institute of Medical Science & vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkS"k/k foKku laLFkku

All India Radio & vkdk'kok.kh

Archieves of India, National & Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj

Archaeological Survey of India & Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k

Armaments, Senior Inspector & ofj"B vk;q/k fujh{kd

Armed forces films and photo division & l'kL= lsuk fQYe o QksVks izHkkx

Armed Forces Headquarters & l'kL= lsuk eq[;ky;

Armed Forces information office & l'kL= lsuk lwpuk dk;kZy;

Armed Forces Medical Services & l'kL= lsuk fpfdRlk lsok

Banking Department & oSafdax foHkkx

Buildings Organisation & jk"Vªh; Hkou fuekZ.k Central Hindi Directorate & dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;

29

Central Salt and Marine Chemical & dsUnzh; ued vkSj leqnzh jlk;u Research Institute vuqla/kku laLFkku

Computer Centre & dEI;wVj dsUnz

Employment Exchange & jkstxkj dk;kZy;

Life Insurance Corporation & thou chek fuxe

Indian Mass Communication & Hkkjrh; tulapkj laLFkku

Multipurpose Co-operative Society & cgqmn~ns'kh; lgdkjh lfefr

National Museum & jk"Vªh; laxzgky;

National Defence College & jk"Vªh; j{kk dkWyst

ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ,oa iz;qfDr;k¡ &ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ,oa iz;qfDr;k¡ &ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ,oa iz;qfDr;k¡ &ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ,oa iz;qfDr;k¡ &

Aboriginal Tribes & vkfne tkfr;ka

Absconding Offender & Qjkj vijk/kh

Absolute Order & iDdk vkns'k

Alert to keep & lrdZ jguk

Allegation & vkjksi

As nearly as possible & ;Fkk laHko

Assessed Value & fu/kkZfjr ewY;

Bad Blood & dVqrk

Body Corporate & fudk;

Bilnnial Report & f}okf"kZd fjiksVZ Book Value & vafdr ewY; Budget Provision & ctV O;oLFkk Breach of discipline & vuq'kklu Hkax Bulk purchase & Fkksd [kjhn Career, Academic & 'kS{kf.kd thou Caution Money & vo/kku O;; Civil Right & ukxfjd vf/kdkj Clearing Agent & fudklh ,tsUV @ vfHkdrkZ

30

i= ys[ku vkSj vuqokni= ys[ku vkSj vuqokni= ys[ku vkSj vuqokni= ys[ku vkSj vuqokn

i= ys[ku ,d dyk gSA bl dyk eas ikjaxr gksus ds fy;s fujarj vH;kl dh vko';drk gSA i= ys[ku thou ds yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa eas yksdfiz; rFkk vko';d gSA i=&ys[ku eas lkfgfR;drk ds xq.k ik, tkrs gSaA ijarq blds ckctwn bleas lkfgfR;d xaHkhjrk] cksf>yrk] fo'ys"k.kkRed vkfn u gksdj mldh viuh Lora= Hkk"kk 'kSyh gksrh gSA fgUnh eas eq[; :i ls i=ksa ds N% izdkj gksrs gSa &fgUnh eas eq[; :i ls i=ksa ds N% izdkj gksrs gSa &fgUnh eas eq[; :i ls i=ksa ds N% izdkj gksrs gSa &fgUnh eas eq[; :i ls i=ksa ds N% izdkj gksrs gSa & 1- O;fDrxr i=A 2- O;kogkfjd i=A 3- vkf/kdkfjd i=A 4- O;kikfjd i=A 5- lkoZtfud i=A 6- dk;kZy;hu i=A

bu lHkh i= izdkjksa ds vuqlkj i= dh Hkk"kk] xBu vyx&vyx

'kSfy;ksa eas iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA i= ys[ku dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,sa gSa & laf{kIrrk] izHkkoksRikndrk] f'k"Vkpkj] vkarfjdrk] Li"Vrk rFkk ljyrkA

vaxzzsth i=vaxzzsth i=vaxzzsth i=vaxzzsth i=

Format of an Informal Letter

Sender's Address 27, Lajpat Nagar

New Delhi

Date 10 March, 2008

Salutation Dear Ram

It was nice to her from your ……….

……………………………………………………

Contents ……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………

Complimentary Write soon

Close Yours

Signature / Name Ravi

of the letter writer

31

fgUnh ds i=fgUnh ds i=fgUnh ds i=fgUnh ds i=

xq-?kk-fo-fo-] fcykliqj ¼N-x-½

Øekad & 5@vdk-@2007&08@fcykliqj fnukad & 23-03-2008

izfr]

-----------------------

¼d] [k] x½

dsUnzh; fgUnh laLFkku

vkxjk ¼m-iz-½

fo"k; % ------------------------------------

egksn;]

---------------------------------------

---------------------------------------

Hkonh; ¼d] [k] x½ dqylfpo

bl izdkj i=ksa ds vuqokn dh Hkk"kk dk;kZy;hu fgUnh gS D;ksafd i=

ljdkjh foHkkxksa eas lans'k&okgu dk dke djrs gSa rFkk foHkkxksa dh 'kCnkoyh

lqfuf'pr gksrh gSA bl izdkj i= dkedkth fgUnh dk gh vax gSA

32

inukeksa] vuqHkkxksa] nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa ds vuqokninukeksa] vuqHkkxksa] nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa ds vuqokninukeksa] vuqHkkxksa] nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa ds vuqokninukeksa] vuqHkkxksa] nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa ds vuqokn

Hkkjr ljdkj ds fy;s foHkkxksa ,oa vf/kdkfj;ksa o dezpkfj;ksa ds

inukeksa rFkk foHkkxh; vuqHkkxka dk ekud fgUnh vuqokn ^oSKkfud rFkk

rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx* ^dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;* ^f'k{kk vkSj

lekt&dY;k.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj* ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA vr% inukeksa

ds Lora= vuqokn dh NwV ugha gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk

izR;sd dk;kZy; dks 'kk[kkvksa vkSj vuqHkkxksa eas ck¡Vk x;k gSA ;g c¡Vokjk

lgtrk ls dk;Z fu"iknu ds mn~ns'; ls fd;k x;k gSA dk;kZy; dh Hkk"kk

eas 'kk[kk dks ^Branch* rFkk vuqHkkx dks ^Section* dgrs gSaA ;gka dqN

vuqHkkxksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSa &

Administration Section & iz'kklu vuqHkkx

Hindi Section & jktHkk"kk vuqHkkx

Cash Section & jksdM+ vuqHkkx

Bill Section & fcy vuqHkkx

Medical Section & fpfdRlk vuqHkkx

Revenue Section & jktLo vuqHkkx

Benefit Section & fgrykHk vuqHkkx

General Section & lkekU; vuqHkkx

Account Section & ys[kk vuqHkkx

Vigilance Section & lrdZrk vuqHkkx

Dispatch Section & izs"k.k vuqHkkx

Telephone Section & VsyhQksu vuqHkkx

;gk¡ fofHkUu nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa vkfn eas vuqokn ls lacaf/kr ppkZ

i`Fkd&i`Fkd fn;k tk jgk gSA

33

nLrkost dk vuqoknnLrkost dk vuqoknnLrkost dk vuqoknnLrkost dk vuqokn

vkt dsUnzh; ljdkj ds dk;kZy;ksa] fuxeksa] cSadksa] laLFkkuksa] lkoZtfud

m|eksa] daifu;ksa vkfn eas vuqokn fd;k tkuk vko';d gh ugha] vfuok;Z Hkh

gks x;k gSA ;|fi dsUnz ljdkj ds yxHkx lHkh ea=ky;ksa] lfpoky;ksa o

foHkkxksa dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh ,d lh gksrh gS] fdUrq fofHkUu daifu;ksa] cSadksa vkfn

dh dk;Z i)fr fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr eas fofHkUu izdkj ds

nLrkostksa dk mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gS] tSls & fVIi.k] la{ksi.k] lkj&ys[ku]

izk:i.k] elkSnk ys[ku vkfnA

izfrosnu vkSj vuqoknizfrosnu vkSj vuqoknizfrosnu vkSj vuqoknizfrosnu vkSj vuqokn

^izfrosnu* vaxszth ds ^Report* 'kCn ds i;kZ; :i eas xzg.k fd;k tkrk

gSA izfrosnu fdlh ?kVuk] dk;Z vkfn ds laca/k eas Nkuchu djus ds ckn

rS;kj fd;k x;k fooj.k gksrk gSA bl vFkZ eas izfrosnu ls vfHkizk; gS &

vuqHko lEiUu fo'kn tkudkjhA oLrqr% izfrosnu dk {ks= cgqr foLr`r gSA

bleas nq?kZVuk] fu.kZ;] lEesyu & lHkk dk fooj.k] fookn uhfr]

vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr] fofHkUu oxkaZs dh fLFkfr] ea=h] vf/kdkjh vFkok O;fDr;ksa

ds Hkk"k.k vkfn dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ls rS;kj fd;k x;k fooj.k {ks= vkrs

gSaA vr% izfrosnu ds dbZ izdkj gks ldrs gSa] tSls & O;fDr }kjk] foHkkx @

dk;kZy; }kjk] laLFkk }kjk] lfefr @ vk;ksx }kjk vkfnA

34

lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar ,oa O;ogkjfl)kar ,oa O;ogkjfl)kar ,oa O;ogkjfl)kar ,oa O;ogkj

lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar &lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar &lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar &lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar &

lkfgR; ltZukRed gksrk gSA og fopkj vkSj laosnuk] laLÑfr vkSj

lH;rk] ekuoh; psruk dk laokgd vkSj ns'k&dky ds Åij gksrk gSA bl

vFkZ eas lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds lkfgR; ds vuqokn

dk ewy mn~ns'; ml jk"Vª fo'ks"k ds ukxfjdksa dh fnup;kZ] jhfr&fjokt]

ifjos'k] laLdkj] vPNkbZ;ksa vkfn ls ifjfpr gksuk gksrk gSA lkfgR; dk

vuqokn djrs le; ys[kd dks Lora=rk ysus cgqr vko';d gksrh gSA

oLrqr% tc ge lkfgfR;d vuqokn dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjk vk'k;

lkfgR; dh leLr fo/kkvksa ls gksrk gS] ijarq ge ;gk¡ dkO;] ukVd o dFkk&

lkfgR; ds vuqokn dh ppkZ djsaxsA vuqokn dh n`f"V ls lkfgfR;d vuqokn

dsk bl izdkj ckaVk tk ldrk gS &

lkfgfR;d vuqoknlkfgfR;d vuqoknlkfgfR;d vuqoknlkfgfR;d vuqokn

x|kuqokn i|kuqokn

ukVd dFkklkfgR; fuca/k vkys[k laLej.k] js[kkfp=] i=dkfjrk]

Mk;jh vkfn ikSjkf.kd ,sfrgkfld 'kks/kijd yfyr

egkdkO; eqDrd xhfrdkO; rqdkar@vrqdkar dkO; [kaMdkO; dkO;

ikSjkf.kd ,sfrgkfld lkekftd 'kkL=h; lkekU; gkL;&O;aX; lelkef;d

35

bu izdkjksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd lkfgfR;d vuqokn dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa

eas vuqokn djus ds fy;s vyx fdLe ds dkS'ky dh o vFkZcks/k dh

vko';drk gksrh gSA

dkO;kuqokndkO;kuqokndkO;kuqokndkO;kuqokn

lkfgR; dh lcls vf/kd l`tu'khy fo/kk dkO; gSA ;ksa thou dh xfr

Hkh dkO;e; gSA gekjs mBus&cSBus] g¡lus&jksus lc eas ,d y; gS vkSj y;

dkO; dk izk.kA rkRi;Z ;g fd fcuk y;&NUn ds dkO; dh dYiuk vlaHko

gSA

oLrqr% dkO;kuqokn ¼i|kuqokn½ vkjaHk ls gh fooknkLin jgk gSSA cgqrksa

dh /kkj.kk ;g jgh gS fd dfork dk vuqokn gks gh ugha ldrkA

'It is useless to read greek in translation. Translation can but offer us a

vague equivalent'. – Virginia Wolf

'There is no such thing as translation'. – May

'Translation of a literary work is as tasteless as a stewed strawberry'

– H.de Forest Smith

dqN fpard ;g ekurs gSa fd dkO;kuqokn dkO; eas gh gksuk pkfg;s rFkk

dqN dk erg S fd dfork dk vuqokn x| eas Hkh gks ldrk gSA

izfØ;k &izfØ;k &izfØ;k &izfØ;k &

dkO; dk vuqokn ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS] D;ksafd dfork ewyr% ,d

fof'k"V in&jpuk gksrh gSA dfork dk vuqoknd flQZ ,d vuqoknd u gksdj

36

,d dfo ân; Hkh gksrk gSA blfy;s mls fofHkUu izfØ;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk

iM+rk gSA dfo ds ân; txr eas izos'k djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij

bls uhps izos'k djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij bls fn;s x;s vkjs[k ds

ek/;e ls le>k tk ldrk gS &

L=ksr Hkk"kk eas dkO; y{; Hkk"kk eas dkO;

L=ksr ikB dk fparu vuq'khyu

jl dk vkLoknu vfHkO;fDr

fo'ys"k.k ¼dkO;'kkL=h;½ 'kCn xqaQu ,oa fo'ys"k.k

lexz vFkZxzg.k ,oa lexz vFkZ & lEizs"k.k Hkko xzg.k gsrq 'kCn p;u

vFkkZr~ dkO;kuqokn gsrq loZizFke L=ksr Hkk"kk dk fparu&euu djds jl

xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ksa &mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ksa &mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ksa &mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ksa &

vken lgjs funk ts e;[kku & , & ekA

ds fjUn [kjkckrh o nhoku & , & ekA

cj[kst fd iqjdquse iSekuk ts e;

tk¡ is'k fd iqjdquan iSekuk & , & ekA

eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr bl izdkj vuqokn djrs gSa &eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr bl izdkj vuqokn djrs gSa &eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr bl izdkj vuqokn djrs gSa &eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr bl izdkj vuqokn djrs gSa &

^oke & dud & dj ds m"kk ds

tc igyk izdk'k Mkyk

37

lquk LoIu eas eSusa lglk

xw¡t mBh ;ksa e/kq'kkyk

mBks] mBks] vks esjs cPpksa

ik= Hkjks u foyEc djks

lw[k u tkos thou gkyk]

jg tkos jhrk I;kykA*

dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj vuqokn fd;s gSa &dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj vuqokn fd;s gSa &dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj vuqokn fd;s gSa &dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj vuqokn fd;s gSa &

^m"kk us ys vaxM+kbZ gkFk

fn, tc uHk dh vksj izlkj

LoIu eas efnjky; ds chp

lquh rc eSusa ,d iqdkj &

mBks] esjs f'k'kqvksa uknku

cq>k ys ih&ih efnjk Hkw[k

ugha rks ru I;kyh dh 'kh?kz

tk,xh thou & efnjk lw[kA*

iar th us vuqokn fd;k &iar th us vuqokn fd;k &iar th us vuqokn fd;k &iar th us vuqokn fd;k &

^[kksydj efnjky; dk }kj

izkr% gh mBk dksbZ iqdkj

eqX/k Jo.kksa eas e/kq jo ?kksy

tkx mUen efnjk ds Nk=

<qyd dj ;kSou e/kq vueksy

'ks"k jg tk, ugha enq ek=

<ky thou efnjk th [kksy

yckyc Hkj ys mj dk dk ik=A*

38

;gk¡ Li"V gh ewy vkSj vuqokn eas varj gSA dfo dh izÑfr ds vuqlkj Hkh vuqokn fd;s x;s gSaA dkO;kuqokn eas ;g cgqr cM+h leL;k vkSj ck/kk gS fd vU; vuqoknksa dh rqyuk eas bleas vuqoknd dk O;fDrRo ewy vkSj vuqokn ds chp eas vf/kd vk tkrk gSA yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn &yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn &yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn &yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn &

yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa eas yksd eu lekfgr gksrk gSA yksd dh ijaijk] muds vuqHko vkfn bleas lekfgr gksrs gSaA bl nf"V ls bls uhfr okD; ds led{k j[kk tk ldrk gSA yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa eas ekuo ds fodkl] izFkk] jhfr&uhfr] lkaLÑfrd ekU;rk vkfn dk fupksM+ fo|eku jgrk gSA blfy;s yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn djrs le; mlds 'kCnksa o mlls O;aftr vFkksZa ,oa Hkkoksa dks Bhd&Bhd le>uk vfr vko';d gksrk gSA ;gk¡ dqN yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa ds mnkgj.k fn;s tk jgs gSa &;gk¡ dqN yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa ds mnkgj.k fn;s tk jgs gSa &;gk¡ dqN yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa ds mnkgj.k fn;s tk jgs gSa &;gk¡ dqN yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa ds mnkgj.k fn;s tk jgs gSa & 1- ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha ekursA Rod is the logic of fools.

2- eu paxk rks dBkSrh eas xaxkA Unto the pure all things are pure.

3- eq¡g eas jke cxy esa NqjhA God in tongue and devil in heart.

4- fry dks rkM+ cukukA Make a mountain of a holehill.

5- le>nkj dks b'kkjk dkQhA To the wise a word may suffice.

6- usdh dj] dq,¡ eas MkyA Don't count upon your good deeds.

7- U;k; eas nsjh gks tk;s rks U;k; ugha feyrkA Justice delayed is justice denied.

8- ijgst nok ls csgrj gSA Prevention is better than cure.

9- iq:"k flag dh y{eh psjh gksrh gSA Fortune favours the brave.

10- ¼v½ iwr ek¡xus xbZ] ifr [kks vk;hA ¼c½ ek¡xus x;h iwr] [kks vkbZ [kleA The Camel going to seek horns lost his ears.