Kingdom Protista

Images: Wikipedia

Lesson Objectives

• Learning Goals•Minds ON activity• Yesterday’s Recap (Take up of Viruses

in the Media for Period 2)•Protista lesson / Hand-out•Malaria hand-out• Exit card

Learning GoalsWe are / will be learning to…• Analyze the risks and benefits of human intervention (e.g. pesticide use, fish

stocking, tree planting, antibiotic use and creation etc.)• Analyze how climate change could impact the diversity of living things (e.g.

Global warming, increase in precipitation)• Become familiar with terms such as: species diversity, structural diversity,

bacteria, fungi, binomial nomenclature, morphology• Classify, apply, and draw dichotomous keys to identify and classify organisms

according to kingdom• Explain concepts of taxonomic rank such as genus, species and taxon• Compare/contrast characteristics of prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses• Compare/contrast anatomical and physiological characteristics of organisms

representative of each kingdom• Explain structural and functional changes of organisms as they have evolved

over time• Explain why biodiversity is important for maintaining viable ecosystems

Minds ON

A different way to look at the Kingdom Protista! (YouTube)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-6dzU4gOJo3:11 duration

Yesterday’s Recap

•Meet Your Microbes: TED Talk: Microbe Cloud•Bacterial Cultures Lab: Expectations•Viruses in the News

Yesterday’s Recap Continued…• RNA/DNA Question from Fri. – check out this site: http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenoteslab1/a/Dna-Versus-Rna.htm• A handy table about the main differences between the Lytic

and Lysogenic cycles (source: Biology 11, pg. 403)Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle

Fate of host DNA after infection of the virus

Takes over host DNA Becomes part of host DNA

Incubation time in host Release of new viruses after one generation of host activity

Release of new viruses after several generations of host activity

Onset of viral disease symptoms

Immediate Delayed

What are Protists?• Protista: The Kingdom containing mostly unicellular eukaryotic

organisms• Protists: eukaryotic, usually single-celled organisms that fall

outside the Plant, Fungi or Animal Kingdoms.

Source: Biology 11

Comparison of Prokaryotes and EukaryotesProkaryotes Eukaryotes

Organelles/Cell Parts Cytoplasm contains a watery suspension of ions, enzymes, macromolecules and ribosomes, floating freely inside the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm has suspended membrane-surrounded organelles (for example, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles) and ribosomes.

Genetic Material Genetic material (DNA) is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell.

A “true” nucleus surrounded by a membrane contained DNA. A nucleolus contains RNA.

Metabolism Chemical reactions to support the work of the cell are carried out throughout the cytoplasm in a suspension of water, ions, large molecules and enzymes

Chemical reactions are carried out in specialized membrane-surrounded organelles (e.g. Respiration in mitochondria, photosynthesis in chloroplasts).

Source: Biology 11

Protista Characteristics:

• Cell Type: Eukaryotic: nucleus is enclosed in a membrane and organelles• Cell Number: Unicellular: live as single-

celled organisms• Habitat: Aquatic (fresh or salt)• Nutrition: Autotrophs / Heterotrophs• Reproduction: Sexual (gamete transfer) or

asexual (binary fission)

Three Protista Groups

1.Plant-like Protists2.Animal-like Protists3.Fungi-Like Protists

Plant-Like Protists

• Contain chlorophyll (autotrophs)• Can also absorb nutrients in the dark

(heterotrophs) - Euglenoids•Most plantlike protists reproduce asexually

by MITOSIS.

Euglena

Plant Like Protists• 24,000 species• Types:Euglenoids: -species has been classified as animal-like and plant-like (they contain characteristics of both groups)-heterotrophic and autotrophic because they photosynthesize during day, but can feed on organic matter at night.Algae:-plant-like due to the presence of chloroplast that contain chlorophyll. -can be single or multicellular.-6 main types (3 of them include diatoms, dinoflagellates, and green algae) (refer to pg. 424-426 in text)So they’re not plants?-No, they are protists because they are all marine, so they do not have terrestrial plant adaptations such as rigid cell walls.

Animal-like Protists• Heterotrophs (engulf or absorb food)• Reproduce asexually by BINARY FISSION or sexually by

CONJUGATION• Occupy a diverse range of moist habitats.• Locomotion: cilia or flagella• Sporozoans and Malaria (see handout)

Amoeba – Feeds by Phagocytosis

Animal Like ProtistsSome protists ingest nutrients from surroundings (protozoans). This makes them “animal like”.Zooflagellates:-Possess 1 or more flagella (flagellum); live as heterotrophs, either through feeing on other protists or as parasites (e.g. Giardia or “beaver fever” in humans)Amoebas:-No set body shape; use cytoplasmic projections called pseudopods to move and feed; use endocytosis to feed or engulf organism with pseudopods; some amoebas are parasitic (e.g. Entamoeba)Ciliates:-protozoans covered in cilia; pellicle is the rigid outer covering that maintains their shape; feed through the sweeping of particles into oral groove (e.g. Paramecium)Sporozoans:-non-motile, parasitic; produce spores during asexual phase (e.g. Plasmodium, sporozoan responsible for Malaria; complicated lifecycle)

Malaria Parasite’s Life Cycle: Plasmodium

Malaria Parasite’s Life Cycle: Plasmodium

Malaria Parasite’s Life Cycle: Plasmodium

Malaria Parasite’s Life Cycle: In Humans and Mosquitos• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoIO-g1hiSo (YouTube)• 7min duration

Fungi-like Protists

• Also referred to as Slime Moulds• Prefer cool, shady, moist places and are usually

found under fallen leaves or on rotting logs.• Most fungi-like protists reproduce sexually

through meiosis and SPORE FORMATION

Fungi Like Protists• Heterotrophic decomposers that feed on dead animals and

plants through endocytosis.Three major phyla: • Accelluar slime moulds• Plasmodium most of its life (mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei

that have divided many times through MITOSIS); Pseudopodia allows it to stream over objects; if food runs out, it produces fruiting bodies which produce spores through MIOSIS

• Cellular slime moulds• Live in freshwater, damp soil or decaying matter (dead trees);

when in feeding cycle, they exist as amoeba but when food is scarce, they come together as a multicellular mass and release fruiting bodies.

• Water moulds• Most live in water, some live on land; feed on remains of dead

animals. Few land species are serious plant parasites that attack crops.

Exit Card

A gardener starts using a new type of insecticide in her flower garden. After a while, the bees who generally frequent the area start to go down in number. Briefly explain what you think is happening and how it will affect the overall diversity of the plants in the garden?