KINGDOM PLANTAEVascular Plants Vascular Plants

Phylum TracheophytaPhylum Tracheophyta

SeedsSeeds

Subphylum Subphylum SpermopsidaSpermopsida

Seeds Seeds ‘naked’‘naked’

Seeds Seeds enclosedenclosed

Class Class GymnospermidiaGymnospermidia

Sub Class Sub Class LiliopsidaLiliopsida

MONOCOTSMONOCOTS

Sub Class Sub Class MagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsida

DICOTSDICOTS

Class Class AngiospermidiaAngiospermidia

Subphylum SpermopsidaSubphylum Spermopsida (seed bearing plants)

• True roots (with vascular tissue)

• Reproduction without water (evolved flower)

• Protective covering around embryo (seed) – can survive winter

• Improved conducting tissue: thicker and stronger xylem. Became taller.

Class AngiospermidiaClass Angiospermidia ‘enclosed seeds’ (flowering plants)

1. Evolved (from a Gingko like tree) approximately 135 135 million years ago in the JURASSIC ERA.million years ago in the JURASSIC ERA.

2. 235,000 to 300,000 species235,000 to 300,000 species (90% of Kingdom Plantae)

3. UbiquitousUbiquitous (found everywhere)

4. Not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction. This greatly increased their chances of survival.

5. Made improvements in reproduction to occupy areas vacated by the ferns. Adapted to more moderate climates.

PISTILPISTIL (female) is made up of:

STAMENSTAMEN (male) is made up of:

• Stigma – sticky and ‘catches’ pollen

• Style – carries pollen to the ovary

• Ovary – contains the eggs.• Ovule – surrounds the eggs

• Anthers – produce pollen• Filament – raises anthers

in the air

6. Seeds borne within a carpelcarpel

Protection: a leaf like structure that encloses the seed.

7. Pollen on a simple stamenimple stamen:

• Small amount of pollen as compared to conifers.

• Less energy required.

• More energy is in the flower to ensure precise cross-pollination.

8. ACCESSORY ORGANS8. ACCESSORY ORGANS: function in attracting the ‘VECTOR’ (pollinator/ seed distributor) with colour, odor and nectar.• Petal: brightly coloured to attract vector

• Sepal: ‘leaves’; protects flower when it’s closed up• Receptacle: releases odour• Nectar: found at the base of the ovary

9. Leaves: reticulate or parallel venation9. Leaves: reticulate or parallel venation

11. More developed 11. More developed vascular tissue vascular tissue (xylem and (xylem and phloem)phloem)

10. Specialized pollen10. Specialized pollen:

The pollen grain is very specific to the female stigma (lock and key). Prevents inbreeding.

The pollen grain also has enzymes to digest into the style and ovary.

11. Double fertilization11. Double fertilization:

a) 1 pollen grain (sperm) fertilizes the egg to form a zygote becomes an embryo

b) Another pollen grain fertilizes a polar nuclei endosperm (food for the zygote)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gq8NWh98wQsDouble fertilization

FERTILIZATIONFERTILIZATION• A specific pollen lands on the stigma and grows a pollen tube to the ovary.

• One sperm (gametophyte) will fertilize the egg (gametophyte) to form a zygote.

• After fertilization, the zygote will grow to form an embryo.

• A 2nd sperm fertilizes a diploid ENDOSPERM cell and this becomes triploid (3N).

• It grows rapidly, fills the ovule (which surrounds the embryo) and eventually becomes the SEED.

• In most plants the seed develops inside the original ovary of the flower.

ZYGOTE EMBRYO

OVULE SEED

OVARY FRUIT

• The seed is covered by the old ovary which grows and becomes the fruit.

• The fruit attracts animals which will eat it and then distribute the seeds in their feces.

http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html

LIFE CYCLE LIFE CYCLE ANIMATIONANIMATION

POLLINATORSPOLLINATORS

             

                 

SEED DISPERSALSEED DISPERSAL

• Drugs

• ALL the food we eat (except that which we have already mentioned) including MEAT.

• The majority of our medicines

• Some are poisonous (rosary bean and castor bean)

• Beauty and inspiration

• Remove CO2 and add O2 to atmosphere

• Paper and clothes

• Building materials (birch, maple, oak)

MonocotsMonocots (ie: grass, grains, onions, lilies, tulips…)

• One seed cotelydon

• Germinates and puts off 1 leaf

• Has a parallel vein pattern

• Mostly annuals (grow 1 year and die)• All are Herbaceous (non-woody)

Order AlismatidaeOrder Alismatidae

ArrowheadArrowheadS ag itta r ia sag ittifo lia l.

Order ArecidaeOrder Arecidae

Palm TreesPalm Trees PhilodendronPhilodendron

Order CommelinidaeOrder Commelinidae

RushRush

SpiderwortSpiderwort

SedgeSedge

GrassGrass

Bur-reedBur-reed

Cat tailCat tail

PineapplePineapple

Order ZingiberidaeOrder Zingiberidae

Order LiliidaeOrder Liliidae

LilyLily

IrisIris

OrchidOrchid

DicotsDicots (ie: rose, apple trees…) • Two seed cotelydons

• Germinates and puts off 2 leaves• Has a netted vein pattern

• Contains annuals, bi-annuals (2 years), perennials (every year)

• Herbaceous & woody forms

Order MagnoliidaeOrder Magnoliidae

Magnolia TreeMagnolia Tree PoppyPoppy

ButtercupButtercupWater lilyWater lily

Order HamamelidaeOrder Hamamelidae

Elm TreeElm Tree

Oak TreeOak Tree Birch TreeBirch Tree

Order Order CaryophyllidaeCaryophyllidaeCactusCactus

PinksPinks BuckwheatBuckwheat

Order DilleniidaeOrder Dilleniidae

Mallow, hibiscus…Mallow, hibiscus…Pitcher plantPitcher plant

Sundew, venus fly trapSundew, venus fly trap Some herbsSome herbs

Catkins: Willow, Aspen, Catkins: Willow, Aspen, & Cottonwood trees& Cottonwood trees

Mustard plantMustard plant

RhododendronRhododendron

Order RosidaeOrder Rosidae

Stone cropStone crop

Rose hipsRose hips

GeraniumsGeraniums

LegumesLegumes

Evening Evening PrimrosePrimrose

Mistletoe: a Mistletoe: a parasite on parasite on trees and trees and

shrubsshrubs

Carrots, parsleyCarrots, parsley

GrapeGrape Virginia CreeperVirginia Creeper

Maple treesMaple trees Poison IvyPoison Ivy

Order AsteridaeOrder Asteridae

MilkweedMilkweed

Nightshade (potatoe)Nightshade (potatoe)

SnapdragonSnapdragon

DaisyDaisy

GentianGentian

Morning GloryMorning Glory OliveOlive

Wolffia plants also produce the world's smallest flower, a bouquet of one dozen plants will easily fit on the head of a pin and two Wolffia angusta plants in full bloom will fit inside a small printed letter "o" on this page.

CHECK IT OUT!CHECK IT OUT! http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0601.htm#seed

BOTANICAL BOTANICAL RECORD BREAKERSRECORD BREAKERS

(ie: smallest flowering plant)

Table Of Contents:

 1.   The World's Oldest Living Thing 2.   The World's Oldest Living Fossil

 3.   The World's Most Massive Living Thing 4.   The World's Tallest Tree

 5.   The World's Hardest & Heaviest Wood 6.   The World's Smallest Flowering Plant

 7.   The World's Smallest And Largest Fruit 8.   The World's Largest Vegetable

 9.   The World's Smallest And Largest Seed10.  Longest Distance Traveled By Drift Seed

11.  World's Fastest Reproducing Plants12.  The World's Fastest Growing Plants

13.  The World's Deadliest Plants14.  Most Painful Botanical Encounters

15.  World's Most Valuable Plant Jewels16.  Go To Diversity Of Flowering Plants