kingdom monera what are prokaryotes? tem of dividing cell no nucleus no chloroplasts no mitochondria...

Kingdom Kingdom MoneraMonera

What are PROKARYOTES?

TEM of dividing cell

• No No nucleusnucleus• No No chloroplastschloroplasts• No No mitochondriamitochondria

They are ancient life formsThey are ancient life forms

known as known as bacteriabacteria

Two major clades of bacteriaTwo major clades of bacteria

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria & Eubacteria& EubacteriaMethanogens Extreme Thermophiles Extreme Halophiles

CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) & other

Gram negative bacteriaGram negative bacteriaGram positive bacteriaGram positive bacteria

Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Lack Lack OrganellesOrganelles (w/ 2 (w/ 2

membranes)membranes)• No No nucleusnucleus

• No No chloroplastschloroplasts

• No No mitochondriamitochondria

Other constituents?

Cell walls;Storage molecules for N, P, C

Gas vacuoles;• Small ribosomes Small ribosomes (70S) for protein (70S) for protein synthesissynthesis

but have DNA & RNAbut have DNA & RNA

but have but have pigments, pigments, thylakoids & thylakoids & enzymes for enzymes for PSPSbut have but have respiratory respiratory chain & chain & membranesmembranes

GeoclocGeoclockk

Origin of lifeOrigin of life

Cyanophytes establishedCyanophytes establishedearly aerobic environments.early aerobic environments.

Evolution of advanced Evolution of advanced aerobesaerobes

““Primordial ANAEROBIC soup”Primordial ANAEROBIC soup”

2 H2 H22OO + CO + CO22 O22 + CH2O + H2O

MYAMYA ERAERA PERIODPERIOD DOMINANT LIFE FORMDOMINANT LIFE FORM

22 QuaternaryQuaternary Age of angiospermsAge of angiosperms

6565 CenozoicCenozoic TertiaryTertiary

150150 CretaceousCretaceous Rise of angiospermsRise of angiosperms

200200 JurassicJurassic Age of cycadsAge of cycads

250250 MesozoicMesozoic TriassicTriassic Rise of cycadophytesRise of cycadophytes

300300 PermianPermian Rise of conifersRise of conifers

350350 CarboniferoCarboniferousus

Age of lycopods, ferns, Age of lycopods, ferns, sphenopsids; Rise of mosses sphenopsids; Rise of mosses

400400 DevonianDevonian Age of vascular plants; 1st seed Age of vascular plants; 1st seed plantsplants

450450 SilurianSilurian 1st vascular plants1st vascular plants

500500 OrdovicianOrdovician Age of eukaryotic algaeAge of eukaryotic algae

600600 CambrianCambrian Rise of eukaryotic algae and Rise of eukaryotic algae and fungifungi

45004500 PrecambriPrecambrianan

Rise of prokaryotesRise of prokaryotes

More conventional geologic time tableMore conventional geologic time table

Bacteria that are:• Photosynthetic (convert

light energy to food)

• Produce O2 as a byproduct of

photosynthesis

• Some have capacity to fix N2 into NH4

• Some produce toxins

• Some have formed millions of years old stromatolites as living structures

Division CyanophytaDivision Cyanophyta

TEM of dividing cell

Cyanophytes have changed the path of evolution on earthCyanophytes have changed the path of evolution on earth

General features - defining characteristicsGeneral features - defining characteristics

Developmental lineages – Developmental lineages – using morphology to understand evolutionusing morphology to understand evolution

Ecology – understanding roles in Ecology – understanding roles in interacting with other speciesinteracting with other species

Evolution – diversity and change over timeEvolution – diversity and change over time

Commercial interests – exploit ecologyCommercial interests – exploit ecology

Things we will cover Things we will cover

General General featuresfeatures

150 genera150 genera2000 species,2000 species,

Habitats:Habitats:virtually everywherevirtually everywhere

OceansOceans FreshwaterFreshwaterSoilSoil HotspringsHotsprings

EpiphytesEpiphytes

Gram negative bacteriaGram negative bacteria

Morphological Morphological RangeRange::

EndophytesEndophytes

Cell Walls:Cell Walls:

Ancient organisms Ancient organisms but well suited to but well suited to earth’s habitatsearth’s habitats

Unicells to Unicells to complex multicell complex multicell organismsorganisms

TrichodesmiumTrichodesmium blooms can blooms can cover cover 2x102x1066 km km22 and be seen via and be seen via satellitessatellites

NASANASA

DiversityDiversity

Being comprised of

only 20% peptidoglycan, the cell wall

of Gram-negative

bacteria is much thinner than Gram-

positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have two unique regions which surround

the outer plasma membrane: i) periplasmic space and ii) lipopolysaccharide layer.

• periplasmic space separates the outer plasma membrane from the peptido-glycan layer.• lipopolysaccharide layer is adjacent to the exterior peptidoglycan layer

Cell WallsCell Walls

Pigments Pigments - - photosynthesisphotosynthesis


• Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa• PhycobilinsPhycobilins

PhycoerythrinPhycoerythrin

PhycocyaninPhycocyanin

AllophycocyaninAllophycocyanin

OthersOthers• CarotenoidsCarotenoids

• UV absorbing moleculesUV absorbing molecules

StoragStorage e

ProducProductsts

GrowthGrowth

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis & Pigments& Pigments

Chl Chl aa Chl Chl aa

PhycobilinsPhycobilins

sunlightsunlight

• Light energy is harvested by the cell

CelCell l

thylakoidsthylakoids

• Only specific colors are absorbed

• Other colors are Other colors are reflected back to your reflected back to your eyeeye

Chlorophyll a

Phytol Chain

Tetrapyrrole Ring

Phycobilins

Open tetrapyrrole

phycocyaninphycocyanin

phycoerythrinphycoerythrin

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis & Pigments& Pigments

ChlorophylChlorophyll l a a

• Arrangement of light Arrangement of light harvesting structure is harvesting structure is specific and detailedspecific and detailed



• Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa

• PhycobilinsPhycobilins




OthersOthers

• CarotenoidsCarotenoids


StoragStorage e

ProducProductsts• Starch Starch

(C)(C)• Cyanophycin Cyanophycin (N)(N)• Poly PPoly Pi i

bodiesbodies

GrowthGrowth

Storage productsStorage products

ATP

StarchStarch

C = blackC = blackO = redO = redH = whiteH = white

C = greenC = green = blue = blue H = redH = red = white= whiteP = purpleP = purple

Cell walls ?

Storage molecules forN, P, C ? Floatation?

Small ribosomes Small ribosomes (70S)(70S)

DNA & RNADNA & RNA

Pigments, Pigments, thylakoids & thylakoids & enzymes for PSenzymes for PSRespiratory Respiratory chain & chain & membranesmembranes


What is in a typical cyanophyte cell?What is in a typical cyanophyte cell?



• Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa

• PhycobilinsPhycobilins




OthersOthers

• CarotenoidsCarotenoids


StoragStorage e

ProducProductsts• Starch Starch

(C)(C)• Cyanophycin Cyanophycin (N)(N)• Poly PPoly Pi i bodiesbodies

GrowthGrowth• Every cell can Every cell can

True branchingTrue branching

False branching False branching

• MulticellulMulticellul

ar ar organismsorganisms

: :

Fragments regrowFragments regrow

““Spores”Spores” regrow

Akinetes germinateAkinetes germinate

• BranchingBranching

Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology

Binary Fission(cell division)

Produces genetically identical “offspring” or twins

Increases the numbers of cells in the population by exponential growth, 2n

Cell division for unicellsCell division for unicells:

1

1

1

1

4

1

2

8

16 cells

Divisions may be every 15 to 20 minDivisions may be every 15 to 20 min

0

300

600

900

1200

1 3 5 7 9

Rounds of cell division

# ce

lls

in p

op

ula

tio

n


Unicell populations grow rapidly

Starting with 1 cell:10 rounds of division

1,000+ cells

It’s not It’s not unusual to unusual to

have 10 have 10 66 to to 10108 8 cells / mL in cells / mL in

“blooms”“blooms”

Cyanotech pondsCyanotech ponds

Developmental lineagesDevelopmental lineages

Evaluate adult form to gain insight Evaluate adult form to gain insight in possible in possible evolutionary evolutionary processes.processes.

Step-by-step acquisition of new traits Step-by-step acquisition of new traits via genetic change.via genetic change.

Examine reproductive cells and other Examine reproductive cells and other characters characters as additional data.as additional data.

Useful means to construct evolutionary hypotheses Useful means to construct evolutionary hypotheses to test with molecular data.to test with molecular data.


Order Chroococcales

Evolution has taken a Evolution has taken a simple shapesimple shape

Developmental Lineage #1

to more complex but related to more complex but related formsforms:• Multicellular generaMulticellular genera

All cells appear virtually identical - internally

Genetic changeGenetic change

Order Chroococcales

MerismopediaMerismopedia

Diversity Diversity

MicrocystisMicrocystis


Coordinated binary

fission of all cells in

colony

1 colony

2 colonies

Multicellular Multicellular organisms divide but organisms divide but increase the number increase the number of entities in the of entities in the populationpopulation


Order Chamaesiphonales


Evolution has taken a simple shape:Evolution has taken a simple shape:

• attachment to the substrateattachment to the substrate

• spores released from upper end of cellspores released from upper end of cell



• constrained cells into chainsconstrained cells into chains• formed arrays of trichome(s) in sheathsformed arrays of trichome(s) in sheaths

trichome trichome (no (no

sheathsheathevident)evident)

trichome + sheathtrichome + sheath(filament)(filament)


Order Nostocales

trichomes + sheathtrichomes + sheath• false branching can result

Diversity Diversity Order Nostocales

Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology Order Nostocales

False branchingFalse branching

1. Rupture of sheath and cells1. Rupture of sheath and cells

: :

2. Remaining cells at 2. Remaining cells at both ends continue to both ends continue to growgrow3. Both trichomes push 3. Both trichomes push

through weakened sheath through weakened sheath

What to look for?What to look for?

Is there a change in Is there a change in the plane of cell the plane of cell division?division?

New Cell TypesNew Cell Types

Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation supports protein supports protein synthesissynthesis1. Low N in environment1. Low N in environment

2. Cell differentiates as a 2. Cell differentiates as a specialized cell, the specialized cell, the heterocystheterocyst3. Creates setting for 3. Creates setting for Nitrogenase enzymeNitrogenase enzyme

4. Enzyme converts N4. Enzyme converts N22 NH NH44++

polar heterocystspolar heterocysts

Order Nostocales

Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology Order Nostocales

Nitrogen fixation & Nitrogen fixation & AzollaAzolla in rice fields in rice fields replace fertilizersreplace fertilizers1. Low N in environment1. Low N in environment

2. 2. HeterocystsHeterocysts differentiatedifferentiate3. Enzyme converts N3. Enzyme converts N22 NHNH44

++ 4. Water fern benefits from fertilizer4. Water fern benefits from fertilizer

intercalary heterocystsintercalary heterocysts

5. Rice fields are more productive5. Rice fields are more productive

Other cell Other cell typestypes Order NostocalesAkineteAkinete

AnabaenaAnabaena

Order Nostocales

Cool stuffCool stuff

Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology Developmental Lineage #4

Order Stigonematales


• formed arrays of formed arrays of cells that divide in 2 cells that divide in 2 directions (planes) directions (planes)


Multiseriate tissuesMultiseriate tissues

Growth &Growth &morphologymorphology Order Stigonematales


1. No rupture of sheath or cells1. No rupture of sheath or cells

: :

2. Cells divide in two 2. Cells divide in two planesplanes

3. Create new structures,3. Create new structures,branches branches

What to look for?What to look for?Is there a change in Is there a change in the plane of cell the plane of cell division?division?

Growth &Growth &morphologymorphologyComplex tissueComplex tissue

Order Stigonematales

• MulticellularMulticellular

• Organized multiseriate layersOrganized multiseriate layers

• Cell dimorphismCell dimorphism

VocabularyVocabulary

prokaryoteprokaryote

thylakoidthylakoid chloroplastchloroplastmitochondrionmitochondrion

eukaryoteeukaryote

heterocystheterocystakineteakinetemultiseriatemultiseriate

phycobilinsphycobilinsphycobilisomephycobilisome

binary fissionbinary fission nucleusnucleus

trichometrichome sheathsheathfalse branchingfalse branchingnitrogenasenitrogenase

AzollaAzolla

AnabaenaAnabaena

uniseriateuniseriate

accessory pigmentaccessory pigment

true branchingtrue branchingphotosynthesisphotosynthesis

LyngbyaLyngbya

StigonemaStigonema

Who am I?Who am I?

National Geographic:http://www.nationalgeographic.com/world/0010/bacteria/bacteria.html

An underworld of hydrogen sulfide harbors life-forms awesome and awful: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0105/feature4/index.html

Margulis, L. (1970). Origin of eukaryotic cells. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Scientific American Extremophiles: http://www.spaceref.com/redirect.html?id=0&url=www.sciam.com/0497issue/0497marrs.html

Mereschowsky, C., (1910). Theorie der zwei Plasmaarten als Grundlage der Symbiogenesis, einer neuen Lehre von der Entstehung der Organismen., Biol. Centr. 30, 353-367, 1910.

Mereschowsky, C., (1905). Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche., Biol. Centr. 25, 593-604 & 689-691.

NASA interactive pageNASA interactive page

http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/_global/shockwave/http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/_global/shockwave/g3_matgallery.swfg3_matgallery.swfPowers of ten interactive page:Powers of ten interactive page:http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/index.html

Reading &Reading & ViewingViewing

http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/

http://www.petrifiedseagardens.org/main.htm Saratoga Springs NY

http://www.nhm.uio.no/palmus/galleri/montre/english/http://www.nhm.uio.no/palmus/galleri/montre/english/gruppe_liste_e.htmgruppe_liste_e.htm

http://www.lalanet.gr.jp/nsm/E-stromatolite.htmlhttp://www.lalanet.gr.jp/nsm/E-stromatolite.html

http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/goals/index.htmlhttp://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/goals/index.html

http://www.rockhounds.com/grand_hikes/hikes/stromatolites_in_the_hakatai_hikes/hikes/stromatolites_in_the_hakatai//

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sepm/palaios/9810/knoll.htmlsepm/palaios/9810/knoll.html

Picture creditsPicture credits

http://www.petrifiedseagardens.org/main.htm

http://www.rockhounds.com/grand

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/

kingdom monera what are prokaryotes? tem of dividing cell no nucleus no chloroplasts no mitochondria...

Documents

lipopolysaccharide layer

arrangement of light

outer plasma membrane

periplasmic space

grampositive bacteria

specific colors

ancient life formsknown

food produce o2