Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria*the oldest living organisms on Earth*the oldest living organisms on Earth*there is evidence that bacteria without *there is evidence that bacteria without nuclei lived on earth 3.5 billion years nuclei lived on earth 3.5 billion years agoago

ArchaeoArchaeo= ancient= ancient

BacteriaBacteria = a unicellular micro-organism = a unicellular micro-organism

The 3 groups of ArchaebacteriaThe 3 groups of Archaebacteria

1)1) MethanogensMethanogens

2)2) Extreme HalophilesExtreme Halophiles

3)3) ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles

1) Methanogens:1) Methanogens:

*They are bacteria *They are bacteria that make methanethat make methane

**oxygen is a poison to oxygen is a poison to these bacteria *They these bacteria *They produce energy by produce energy by converting Hconverting H2 2 and COand CO22 into into methanemethane gas. gas.

*thrive in extreme *thrive in extreme environmentsenvironments

geothermal springs (200 m below ground)

Methanogens have been discovered in two Methanogens have been discovered in two extreme environments on Earth extreme environments on Earth

Habitat:Habitat: 1) 1) Buried under kilometres of ice in Buried under kilometres of ice in

Greenland Greenland 2) 2) living in hot, dry desert soil. living in hot, dry desert soil.

MarsMars

Some scientists have Some scientists have proposed that the proposed that the presence of methane in presence of methane in the the Martian atmosphere atmosphere may be indicative of may be indicative of native methanogens on native methanogens on that planetthat planet

http://www.space.com/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/scienceastronomy/051220_science_tuesday.html051220_science_tuesday.html

2) Extreme Halophiles2) Extreme Halophiles

Name means: "salt-loving" bacteria live in Name means: "salt-loving" bacteria live in environments with a very high salt environments with a very high salt concentration that would kill most other concentration that would kill most other bacteria. bacteria.

*use salt to get energy*use salt to get energy

*Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, *Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, etc. etc.

Colonies of “salty” bacteria built Colonies of “salty” bacteria built this!!!this!!!

Habitat:Habitat: Shark bay, Australia. Shark bay, Australia. rocky formations up to 1.5 rocky formations up to 1.5

meters high which were meters high which were built by colonies of built by colonies of halophiles.halophiles.

Dead SeaDead Sea Great Salt LakeGreat Salt Lake

3) Thermoacidophiles3) Thermoacidophiles

Name Means: hot acid Name Means: hot acid loving bacterialoving bacteria

*Live in *Live in extremely hotextremely hot (110 C) and (110 C) and acidicacidic (pH 2) (pH 2) conditions. {The pH of conditions. {The pH of water is about 7}water is about 7}

3) Thermoacidophiles3) Thermoacidophiles

Habitat:Habitat:Found in Found in hot springshot springs in in Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone National Park, in in volcanic ventsvolcanic vents on land, on land, & in c& in cracks on the ocean racks on the ocean floorfloor that leak scalding that leak scalding acidic wateracidic water

Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park

Kingdom Kingdom EubacteriaEubacteria

EuEu = new or true = new or true

Shape of bacterial cellsShape of bacterial cells

a)a) CocciCocci - round - round bacterial cells. bacterial cells.

(cox-eye)(cox-eye). .

b) Bacillib) Bacilli - rod-- rod-shaped bacterial shaped bacterial cells. cells.

c) Spirilli c) Spirilli (corkscrew)(corkscrew) - - spiral-shaped bacterial spiral-shaped bacterial cells cells

AB

C

Beneficial BacteriaBeneficial Bacteria

The overwhelming majority of The overwhelming majority of bacteria are completely harmlessbacteria are completely harmless

A teaspoon of soil generally contains between 100 million and 1 billion bacteria

5 types of friendly bacteria5 types of friendly bacteria

1.1. Nature’s recyclersNature’s recyclers

2.2. In our bodyIn our body

3.3. Food productionFood production

4.4. Oil spillsOil spills

5.5. Nitrogen fixing bacteriaNitrogen fixing bacteria

Nature’s recyclersNature’s recyclers

Saprotrophic eater-eat Saprotrophic eater-eat dead things for fooddead things for food

*release nutrients back *release nutrients back into the environment into the environment

*man-made landscapes *man-made landscapes often lack these good often lack these good bacteriabacteria A scanning electron

micrograph of the aerobic soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. The bacterium uses its long, whiplike flagellae to propel itself through the water layer that surrounds soil particles.

2) Our bodies:2) Our bodies:

Escherichia coliEscherichia coliis a normal resident of the is a normal resident of the intestines in healthy intestines in healthy people people

it helps us break down it helps us break down food waste productsfood waste products

We pretty much depend We pretty much depend upon upon E. coliE. coli in our in our intestines for our source intestines for our source of Vitamin K and B-of Vitamin K and B-complex vitamins. complex vitamins.

3) Food production3) Food production

Streptococcus lactisStreptococcus lactis bacteria convert milk bacteria convert milk to cheese by causing the souring of milk to cheese by causing the souring of milk that begins the cheese making process,that begins the cheese making process,

bacteria convert grapes to wine and then bacteria convert grapes to wine and then wine to vinegarwine to vinegar

The name for this process is The name for this process is FERMENTATIONFERMENTATION

FermentationFermentation

A chemical process that occurs when bacteria A chemical process that occurs when bacteria change sugar into various productschange sugar into various products

It is a way that bacterial cells get energy without It is a way that bacterial cells get energy without using oxygenusing oxygen

Examples:Examples: Grapes-----Grapes----- Wine---------- Wine---------- Vinegar Vinegar Milk -----Milk -----Yogurt or cheeseYogurt or cheese Cabbage -----Cabbage ----- Sauerkraut Sauerkraut

4) Oil spills4) Oil spills

Naturally occurring, Naturally occurring, oil-eating bacteria are oil-eating bacteria are used in response to used in response to crude oil spillscrude oil spills

without causing without causing further harm to the further harm to the environment. environment.

How do oil spills cause harm?How do oil spills cause harm?

**Birds die from oil spills if Birds die from oil spills if their feathers are covered their feathers are covered in oil. The bird will then in oil. The bird will then be poisoned because it be poisoned because it will try to clean itself. will try to clean itself.

*Oil may also cause the *Oil may also cause the death of an animal by death of an animal by entering the animal’s entering the animal’s lungs or liver lungs or liver

More than half of the seal pups living off the coast of Mid-Norway are contaminated with oil every spring

5) Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria5) Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

some plants (peanuts, beans, some plants (peanuts, beans, peas) have pockets of bacteria in peas) have pockets of bacteria in their roots their roots

can take Nitrogen from the air can take Nitrogen from the air and make it useful for plants and and make it useful for plants and animals by making the soil fertileanimals by making the soil fertile

helps farmers save $ on helps farmers save $ on fertilizersfertilizers

plants use Nitrogen to make plants use Nitrogen to make needed proteinsneeded proteins

How do bacteria reproduce?How do bacteria reproduce?

Grow in number not in sizeGrow in number not in size Humans grow in size from child to adultHumans grow in size from child to adult

Make copies of themselves by dividing in Make copies of themselves by dividing in halfhalf Human parents create a childHuman parents create a child

USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

How do bacteria eat?How do bacteria eat? Some make their own food from Some make their own food from

sunlight—like plants-autotrophicsunlight—like plants-autotrophic Some are scavengers-saprotrophicSome are scavengers-saprotrophic

Share the environment around themShare the environment around them

• Example: The bacteria in your stomach Example: The bacteria in your stomach are now eating what you ate for breakfastare now eating what you ate for breakfast

Some are warriors (pathogens)Some are warriors (pathogens) They attack other living things-heterotrophicThey attack other living things-heterotrophic

• Example: The bacteria on your face can Example: The bacteria on your face can attack skin causing infection and acneattack skin causing infection and acne

Photosynthetic bacteria

Harmless bacteria on the stomach

lining

E. Coli O157:H7 is a pathogenUSDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©

University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

What is a pathogen?What is a pathogen?

Bacteria that make you sickBacteria that make you sick

Why do they make you sick?Why do they make you sick?

• To get food they need to survive and reproduceTo get food they need to survive and reproduce

How do they make you sick?How do they make you sick?

• They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destroy headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destroy body tissuebody tissue

USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

Where do you get a Where do you get a pathogen?pathogen?

Contact with people who are sickContact with people who are sick

Direct or indirectDirect or indirect

Food, Water, or other Surfaces that Food, Water, or other Surfaces that are contaminatedare contaminated

Indirect contact

Direct contact

Foods that could be

contaminated

USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom©University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006