Kingdom Animalia

Bellringer 3/22/11—Copy questions and answer on page 29

1. Which of these organisms do you think are animals?

2. On what characteristics did you base your answer?

Porcupine

JellyfishBarnacles

Sponges

Gerbils

Characteristics of Animals

1. Multicellular 2. Eukaryotic 3. Heterotrophic4. Have to digest food5. Lack cell walls 6. Ability to move

Two Categories of Animals

• Invertebrates– Without a backbone

• Vertebrates – With a backbone

Growth and Development

•Fertilization: may be internal or external; most animals develop from a fertilized egg cell called a zygote.

• After fertilization, the zygote of different animal species all have similar, genetically determined stages of development.

Body Temperatures—Endothermic vs. Ectothermic

• Endotherms are warm-blooded; they maintain a stable internal body temperature (by homeostasis) regardless of environmental temp.

• Ectotherms are cold-blooded; their body temperatures are dependent on environmental heat sources (temperature, basking in the sun)

Review Questions

1. What are the 6 major characteristics of animals?

2. What is fertilization? 3. Name an ectothermic animal.

Body Symmetry

• Symmetry describes the arrangement of body structures

Symmetry • Asymmetry:

body with an irregular shape – Ex- Sponges

Symmetry • Bilateral –

body can be cut in two with both halves being exactly alike. (Ex: Humans)

• Radial- body can be cut through any plane and be exactly alike (Ex: Starfish)

Anatomical Terms • Dorsal/Posterior—towards the

back• Ventral/Anterior—towards the

front• Superior—towards the head• Inferior—towards the bottom

Body Plan Terms

•Cephalization—concentration of sensory/brain structures at anterior end of animal (head)

HOW???1) stores & digests food; 2)absorbs

nutrients; 3) eliminates wastes• Incomplete digestive system: one

opening; food and waste enter and exit from the same opening

• Complete digestive system: two openings; food enters the mouth and wastes exit the anus

Digestive System: Function = Provides energy

Skeletal System: FUNCTION =

Provides protection• Exoskeleton:

– Rigid outer covering to protect the animal’s soft tissue

– Limits size & impedes movement – Does not grow; must be shed &

replaced• Endoskeleton:

– Internal skeleton– Can support a large, heavy body– Grows as the animal grows

FYI• The endoskeleton

is an internal skeleton that protects internal organs and provides an internal brace for muscles to pull against.

• Bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have endoskeletons made of bone.

Review Questions

1. What are the three types of symmetry? What are some animal examples of each?

2. What are some of the anatomical terms used to describe animals?

3. What type of digestive system do humans have?

Circulatory System: FUNCTION = Moves materials to

and from the cells•Open circulation—fluid pumped

from vessels into body cavity, then returned to vessels (Ex. arthropods and most mollusks)

•Closed circulation-- fluid stays in vessels (Ex. some mollusks, higher invertebrates, and all vertebrates

Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides

offspring•Hermaphrodites- individuals

who have both male & female reproductive structure; usually sessile (fixed in one place) – this increases the chances of finding a mate

Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring

•Asexual reproduction- Involves only one parent; no recombination of genes—a clone is made

• Sexual reproduction- Involves two parents; recombines genes from two parents; helps with genetic recombination

Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring

•External fertilization- egg and sperm are released into the water; large numbers of eggs

• Internal fertilization- eggs are fertilized by sperm inside the mother’s body; fewer numbers of eggs

Reproductive System: FUNCTION = Provides offspring

•Amniote egg; an egg enclosed in amniotic fluid and membranes for protection

Animal Phyla

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum: Porifera “Sponges”

CHARACTERISTICS:InvertebratesEctothermic (cold-blooded)Asymetrical (no shape)Digestive System – NoneSkeletal System – NoneCirculatory System – NoneReproductive System –

Hermaphrodite or AsexualExamples - Sponges

Phylum: Porifera

*means “pore-bearing”*simplest multicellular animals.

Description:a.) sessile – do not move.b.) filter-feedersc.) no tissues or organs.d.) spicules make up skeleton.e.) osculum - opening at top

Phylum: CNIDARIA

CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates

Ectothermic (cold-blooded)Radial symmetry

Digestive System – Incomplete

Skeletal System – NoneCirculatory System – None

*Reproductive System Hermaphrodite or Asexual

hydra

jellyfish

Sea anemone

Phylum: CNIDARIA

Examples: hydra, jellyfish, coral, sea anemone

Description:a.) have tentaclesb.) have nematocyst – stinging cells c.) body forms: medusa & polyp

MEDUSA FORM – mobile

POLYP FORM - sessile

Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum NematodaPhylum Mollusca

Phylum: PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes

“Flatworms”“Flatworms”

CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates

Ectothermic (cold-blooded)“BILATERAL” symmetry

Digestive System – Incomplete

Skeletal System – NoneCirculatory System – None

*Reproductive System Hermaphrodite or Asexual

planarian

tapeworm fluke

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

*from Greek “platy” means “flat”, and“helminthes” means “worm”.

Description:a.) soft, flat and unsegmented bodyb.) many are parasiticc.) a mouth but no anusd.) nerve system called nerve net.

Examples: planarians, tapeworms, flukes

Nerve net

fluke

Life Cycle of a Flatworm

Adult flukes

Embryos released

Larva

Snail host

Larva

Human host

Phylum: NEMATODA NEMATODA

“ROUND WORMS”

CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates

Ectothermic (cold-blooded)Bilateral symmetryDigestive System –

*COMPLETESkeletal System – None

Circulatory System – None*Reproductive System - *

Hermaphrodites

SPECIAL FEATURES:Complete Digestive System

Hermaphrodites

HOOKWORM

trichinosis

Phylum: NEMATODA

Description:a.) cylindrical, ROUND bodyb.) *contain 3 cell layersc.) *complete digestive system.d.) many are parasitic

Examples: hookworms, pinworms, trichinella

hookworm

Ascaris

Trichinella

• Hookworm infections are common in humans in warm climates where they walk on contaminated soil in bare feet.

FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans

• Hookworms cause people to feel weak and tired due to blood loss.

• Pinworms are the most common human roundworm parasites in the United States.

FYI: Roundworm parasites of humans

• Pinworms are highly contagious because eggs can survive for up to two weeks on surfaces.

FYI: Ascaris

• Eggs of Ascaris are found in soil and enter a human’s body through the mouth.

Ascaris worm coming out of a pig.

FYI: Heartworms

• Spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes.

• Most common host is the dog but it can also infect cats, wolves, coyotes, foxes and other animals, such as ferrets, sea lions and even, under very rare circumstances, humans.

Phylum: MOLLUSCAMOLLUSCA

CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates

Ectothermic (cold-blooded)

Bilateral symmetryDigestive System –

CompleteSkeletal System – None

Circulatory System – *OPEN*

*Reproductive System – *Hermaphrodites (some)

**SPECIAL FEATURES**– 2 or 3 chambered heart.

Squid

Nautilus octopus

Phylum: MOLLUSCA*from Latin word, “molluscus” - soft

*2ND Largest Phylum of Animals

Description:a.) consists of shell and soft bodyb.) 3 Main Body Parts

*head, visceral mass, and footc.) have simple nervous systems and some

even have brainsd.) terrestrial and marine

Examples: oysters, clams, snails, slugs,

octopus, squid, nautilus

Giant clam

Sea Slug

Mollusks

Phylum: ANNELIDA ANNELIDA

“Segmented worms”“Segmented worms”

CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates

Ectothermic (cold-blooded)

Bilateral symmetryDigestive System –

CompleteSkeletal System – None

Circulatory System – *Closed*

*Reproductive System – *Hermaphrodites; Sexual

Reproduction

**SPECIAL FEATURES**Closed Circulatory

System

Earthworm

Leeches

Phylum: ANNELIDA ANNELIDA

“Segmented worms”“Segmented worms”

Beard worm

Christmas tree worm

Description:a.) oxygen diffuses through

skinb.) have setae—external

bristles for movementc.) terrestrial and marine

Examples: Earthworms, leeches,

marine worms

Phylum: ARTHROPODA ARTHROPODA

“Arthropods”“Arthropods”

CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates

Ectothermic (cold-blooded)

Bilateral symmetryDigestive System –

CompleteSkeletal System – Exo-Circulatory System –

*Closed**Reproductive System –

*Sexual Reproduction

**SPECIAL FEATURES**Jointed parts

Crabs

Bull Ant

Locust molting

Lobster

Description:a.) have segments fused into

three main body sections: head, thorax, abdomen

b.) they shed exoskeletons by molting

c.) terrestrial and marine (breathe by gills, chest holes, or lungs)

Examples: Insects, arachnids, millipedes,

centipedes, crustaceans

“Evil” Butterflies

A termite mound made by the cathedral termite

The Arachnids: Ticks & Mites

Tick American House Mites

Phylum: Echinodermata Echinodermata “Echinoderms”“Echinoderms”

CHARACTERISTICS:Invertebrates

Ectothermic (cold-blooded)

Radial symmetryDigestive System –

CompleteSkeletal System – Exo-Circulatory System –

OpenReproductive System –

* Sexually with gametes, asexually with regeneration

**SPECIAL FEATURES**Both sexual & asexual

Egyptian Sea Star Sand Dollars

Description:a.) have exoskeletons made of

calcium carbonate.b.) Move with tube feet—

appendages with suction cups

c.) Have mouth, stomach, intestines, but no head/brain

Examples: Sea stars (starfish), sea

cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, feather stars

Feather

Star

Spiny Cushion Sea Star