King David, 1000 BCEthrough to 135 CEUSE RIGHT OR LEFT ARROWS TO GO FORWARD OR BACK

For Introduction to Judaism course

Unit 4 session 2, part 2

Rabbi Jonathan Keren-Black, 2012/5772. All illustrations are Wikipedia Commons copyright free

Images in this presentation

Most of the images used in this presentation are from the classical artists, who often used the rich and well known stories of the Hebrew Bible.

They rarely knew the landscapes and styles of the original settings and periods, and used their experience or imagination.

Therefore, rich and magnificent as they are, do not expect them to look authentic!

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII After King Saul, David is annointed king

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII After King Saul, David is annointed king King David conquers Jebus and renames

it Jerusalem as his capital

Entry of King David into Jerusalem

Frans Francken II, Flanders. 1630s

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII After King Saul, David is annointed king King David conquers Jebus and renames

it Jerusalem as his capital David plans to build a Temple for God but

his prophet tells him he cannot

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII After King Saul, David is annointed king King David conquers Jebus and renames

it Jerusalem as his capital David plans to build a Temple for God but

his prophet tells him he cannot After he dies, his son Solomon becomes

king, and builds ‘Solomon’s Temple’

King SolomonSimeon Solomon, UK, 1872/74, egg tempera with touches of varnish on paper mounted on

board

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII After Solomon dies, there is a succession

battle between his sons.

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII After Solomon dies, there is a succession

battle between his sons. The land is divided: two tribes take the

south, with Jerusalem at its heart, which is called Judah

BCE – BEFORE THE COMMON ERA CE – COMMON ERA 2000 1000 586 0 70 220 550

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII After Solomon dies, there is a succession

battle between his sons. The land is divided: two tribes take the

south, with Jerusalem at its heart, which is called Judah

Ten tribes take the north, and call it ‘Israel’

BCE – BEFORE THE COMMON ERA CE – COMMON ERA 2000 1000 586 0 70 220 550

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII After Solomon dies, there is a succession

battle between his sons. The land is divided: two tribes take the

south, with Jerusalem at its heart, which is called Judah

Ten tribes take the north, and call it ‘Israel’

After a few generations, Israel is destroyed and the residents dispersed

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Judah continues, ruled by Kings and

guided by prophets

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Judah continues, ruled by Kings and

guided by prophets It is in an important location between the

trade, and powers, of Africa and Asia

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Judah continues, ruled by Kings and

guided by prophets It is in an important location between the

trade, and powers, of Africa and Asia In 586, Solomon’s Temple is destroyed

by Nebuchadnezzar

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Judah continues, ruled by Kings and

guided by prophets It is in an important location between the

trade, and powers, of Africa and Asia In 586, Solomon’s Temple is destroyed

by Nebuchadnezzar Jerusalem’s leading citizens are sent to

Babylon – the ‘Babylonian Exile’

Gate Relief of BabylonTwo Panels with striding lions, Neo-Babylonian, Nebuchadnezzar II; 604-562 B.C.E, Babylon Mesopotamia

(modern Hilah, Iraq), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, glazed brick

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII The exiles maintain their communities

and memories of Jerusalem

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII The exiles maintain their communities

and memories of Jerusalem They develop community centres and

prayers, and they settle in comfortably

Transitional period

Suddenly the people were not able to get to the ‘Centre’, nor offer their sacrifices

Instead they thought of Jerusalem, but started meeting locally and praying

The ‘synagogue’ was born

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII The exiles maintain their communities

and memories of Jerusalem They develop community centres and

prayers, and they settle in comfortably Just 50 years later, Persia conquers

Babylon, and King Cyrus invites the refugees to return to their homelands

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII The exiles maintain their communities

and memories of Jerusalem They develop community centres and

prayers, and they settle in comfortably Just 50 years later, Persia conquers

Babylon, and King Cyrus invites the refugees to return to their homelands

Most of them prefer to stay in Babylon!

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII They retain their identity and traditions,

and keep in touch with their homeland, even sending funds to rebuild the Temple

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII They retain their identity and traditions,

and keep in touch with their homeland, even sending funds to rebuild the Temple

After some years, the Temple is rededicated, sacrifices resume, and the priesthood takes back its responsibilities

BCE – BEFORE THE COMMON ERA CE – COMMON ERA 2000 1000 586 0 70 220 550

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII They retain their identity and traditions,

and keep in touch with their homeland, even sending funds to rebuild the Temple

After some years, the Temple is rededicated, sacrifices resume, and the priesthood takes back its responsibilities

But they have lost their monopoly – worship and study also continue elsewhere–both in Babylon and in Judah

Normal Service Resumed!

Temple service resumed, but it was no longer ‘the only way to be Jewish’.

The priests were sometimes ignorant and corrupt (Saducees).

A new group of Jewish leaders was emerging to guide the people and to interpret the law (Pharisees).

This new leadership was emerging both in Babylon and in Judah

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Persia is conquered by the Greeks

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Persia is conquered by the Greeks The Greeks take over the Persian Empire

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Persia is conquered by the Greeks The Greeks take over the Persian Empire The Seleucid Greeks take control of

Judah

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Persia is conquered by the Greeks The Greeks take over the Persian Empire The Seleucid Greeks take control of

Judah Antiohus takes over the Temple and

desecrates it, worshiping Zeus

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Persia is conquered by the Greeks The Greeks take over the Persian Empire The Seleucid Greeks take control of

Judah Antiohus takes over the Temple and

desecrates it, worshiping Zeus A priest-led guerilla army is formed and

regains the Temple – the ‘Maccabees’

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Scholarship develops in Judah and

Babylon, with regular travel and communications between the two places

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Scholarship develops in Judah and

Babylon, with regular travel and communications between the two places

Judah is now under the fairly benign rule of Rome and the name is ‘Romanised’ to ‘Judea’

BCE – BEFORE THE COMMON ERA CE – COMMON ERA 2000 1000 586 0 70 220 550

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Scholarship develops in Judah and

Babylon, with regular travel and communications between the two places

Judah is now under the fairly benign rule of Rome and the name is ‘Romanised’ to ‘Judea’

However, there is increasing sectarian violence and resistance to Rome

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII King Herod the Idumean is appointed by

Rome, and engages in massive building works, including enlargement of the Temple

Herod’s Temple redevelopment

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII King Herod the Idumean is appointed by

Rome, and engages in massive building works, including enlargement of the Temple

The scholars of Judea and Babylon are given the title of ‘Rabbi’

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII King Herod the Idumean is appointed by

Rome, and engages in massive building works, including enlargement of the Temple

The scholars of Judea and Babylon are given the title of ‘Rabbi’

One of these wandering teachers of Jewish law is known as Yeshua - Jesus

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII It is a time of unrest and strife in Judea.

The Romans increase taxes and forbid public reading of the Torah

BCE – BEFORE THE COMMON ERA CE – COMMON ERA 2000 1000 586 0 70 220 550

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII It is a time of unrest and strife in Judea.

The Romans increase taxes and forbid public reading of the Torah

Different groups announce that their leaders will save the Jews from Roman oppression.

BCE – BEFORE THE COMMON ERA CE – COMMON ERA 2000 1000 586 0 70 220 550

1000 1948 2000

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII It is a time of unrest and strife in Judea.

The Romans increase taxes and forbid public reading of the Torah

Different groups announce that their leaders will save the Jews from Roman oppression.

Jerusalem is besieged and in 70, it and the Temple are destroyed

The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem

Francesco Hayez, Italian, 1791–1882, oil on canvas, 1867

In 70, the greatly enlarged ‘Herod’s Temple’ was destroyed by Rome

There were no more sacrifices, and no clear role for the priests

But the institutions of Rabbis and Synagogues were by now well developed to fill the vacuum

Biblical has given way to Rabbinic Judaism

Rabbinic Judaism:

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Yavneh is established to train Jewish

teachers and Rabbis

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Yavneh is established to train Jewish

teachers and Rabbis The wish remains for the people to be

free of the Roman rulership and to regain independence

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Yavneh is established to train Jewish

teachers and Rabbis The wish remains for the people to be

free of the Roman rulership and to regain independence

Shimon Bar Kochba (or Bar Kosiba), 132, leads a revolt, establishing a government and even a financial system and coinage.

Bar Kochba period coin

End of the revolt and of hope, and a final separation.

The Judeans, including Rabbi Akiva, believe that Bar Kochba is the Messiah.

The Romans eventually put down the revolt in 135 CE.

This marks the end of hopes for Jewish independence.

Followers of Jesus rejected Bar Kochba, leading to final separation from the Jews.

This concludes this presentation. Your comments and suggestions are

always appreciated.