kin191 a. osteokinematics. fall 2007

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OsteokinematicsOsteokinematics

KIN 191AKIN 191AAdvanced Assessment of Advanced Assessment of Lower Extremity InjuriesLower Extremity Injuries

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What is It?What is It?

Kinesiology: The scientific study of Kinesiology: The scientific study of human movement (anatomical, human movement (anatomical, physiological, & mechanical)physiological, & mechanical)

Biomechanics: The study of the body Biomechanics: The study of the body motion and the forces acting on the motion and the forces acting on the musculoskeletal system to effect musculoskeletal system to effect motionmotion

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Kinematics Vs KineticsKinematics Vs Kinetics

Kinematics: The branch of biomechanics Kinematics: The branch of biomechanics concerned with description of the movements concerned with description of the movements of segments of the body w/o regard to the of segments of the body w/o regard to the forces that caused the movement to occurforces that caused the movement to occur

The study of motionThe study of motion

Kinetics: The forces acting on the body during Kinetics: The forces acting on the body during movement and the interactions of sequence movement and the interactions of sequence of motion with respect to time and forces of motion with respect to time and forces presentpresent

The study of the forces that effect motionThe study of the forces that effect motion

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KinematicsKinematics

Movement: A change in the position of a Movement: A change in the position of a bone or segment (i.e., forearm flexion); or bone or segment (i.e., forearm flexion); or a change in the relationship of two a change in the relationship of two adjacent bones or segments (i.e., elbow adjacent bones or segments (i.e., elbow flexion)flexion)

In describing joint movement in the In describing joint movement in the extremities, the distal segment is extremities, the distal segment is compared to the proximal segmentcompared to the proximal segment

In describing joint movement in the spine, In describing joint movement in the spine, the cranial segment is compared to the the cranial segment is compared to the caudal segmentcaudal segment

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Kinematics cont.Kinematics cont.

Osteokinematics: Description of Osteokinematics: Description of movement with reference to the movement with reference to the bonesbones

Arthorkinematics: Description of Arthorkinematics: Description of movement with reference to the movement with reference to the joint surfacesjoint surfaces

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Planes of the BodyPlanes of the Body

1. Sagittal plane1. Sagittal plane

2. Frontal (coronal) plane2. Frontal (coronal) plane

3. Transverse (horizontal) plane3. Transverse (horizontal) plane

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AxesAxes

Z

X

Y

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SagittalSagittal planeplane TransverseTransverse planeplane FrontalFrontal planeplane

Y

Z

X

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Axes of RotationAxes of Rotation

Sagittal PlaneSagittal Plane Motion occurs about a mediolateral axisMotion occurs about a mediolateral axis

Frontal PlaneFrontal Plane Motion occurs about an anterior-posterior Motion occurs about an anterior-posterior

axisaxis

Transverse PlaneTransverse Plane Motion occurs about a longitudinal axisMotion occurs about a longitudinal axis

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Types of Osteokinematic Types of Osteokinematic MotionMotion

Rotary (angular): 3 degree of freedom, around a Rotary (angular): 3 degree of freedom, around a certain axis (X,Y, & Z) in a certain plane (sagittal, certain axis (X,Y, & Z) in a certain plane (sagittal, frontal, or transverse). The axis and plane are frontal, or transverse). The axis and plane are always orthogonalalways orthogonal

Translatory (linear): motion through space in a Translatory (linear): motion through space in a straight line w/o rotation. It is usually described straight line w/o rotation. It is usually described as forward/back, up/down, side to side, or some as forward/back, up/down, side to side, or some combination of the threecombination of the three

Curvilinear: a combination of rotary and Curvilinear: a combination of rotary and translatorytranslatory

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Degrees of FreedomDegrees of Freedom

Refers to the type and amount of Refers to the type and amount of motion structurally allowed by joint motion structurally allowed by joint anatomyanatomy 1 df: has a single axis of rotation1 df: has a single axis of rotation

Example - elbowExample - elbow 2 df: dual axes of rotation2 df: dual axes of rotation

Example - wristExample - wrist 3 df: three axes of rotation3 df: three axes of rotation

Example - shoulderExample - shoulder

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Movement Terminology 1Movement Terminology 1

Flexion: Movement in the Flexion: Movement in the SagittalSagittal plane, plane, fromfrom the anatomical positionthe anatomical position An exception is the thumb (motion occurs in the An exception is the thumb (motion occurs in the

frontal plane)frontal plane)

Extension: Movement in the Extension: Movement in the SagittalSagittal plane, plane, backback to the anatomical position to the anatomical position

Hyperextension: Movement in the Hyperextension: Movement in the SagittalSagittal plane plane fromfrom the anatomical position, but in the the anatomical position, but in the oppositeopposite direction of flexion (toward the direction of flexion (toward the direction of the least available motion)direction of the least available motion)

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Abduction: Movement in the Abduction: Movement in the FrontalFrontal plane, plane, away fromaway from the midline of the body or segment the midline of the body or segment

Horizontal Abduction: Movement in the Horizontal Abduction: Movement in the TransverseTransverse plane, plane, away fromaway from the midline of the midline of the body or segment (used for the hip and the body or segment (used for the hip and shoulder)shoulder)

Adduction: Movement in the Adduction: Movement in the FrontalFrontal plane, plane, towardtoward the midline of the body or segment the midline of the body or segment

Horizontal Adduction: Movement in the Horizontal Adduction: Movement in the TransverseTransverse plan, plan, towardtoward the midline of the the midline of the body or segment (used for the hip and shoulder)body or segment (used for the hip and shoulder)

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Movement Terminology 2 Movement Terminology 2 cont.cont.

(Abduction & Adduction)(Abduction & Adduction)

ExceptionsExceptions Thumb (motion occurs in the Thumb (motion occurs in the sagittal sagittal plane)plane) Foot (motion occurs in the transverse plane)Foot (motion occurs in the transverse plane)

Finger (the midline of the hand: 3rdFinger (the midline of the hand: 3rd finger)finger)

Toe (the midline of the foot: 2nd toe)Toe (the midline of the foot: 2nd toe)

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External Rotation: Movement in the External Rotation: Movement in the transversetransverse plane along the long axis of plane along the long axis of the segments so that the reference point the segments so that the reference point turns outturns out ( (away fromaway from the midline of the the midline of the body)body)

Internal Rotation: Movement in the Internal Rotation: Movement in the transverse plane along the long axis of the transverse plane along the long axis of the segments so that the reference point segments so that the reference point turns inturns in ( (towardtoward the midline of the body) the midline of the body)

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Inversion: Foot movement, so that the reference Inversion: Foot movement, so that the reference segment (bottom of foot) moves segment (bottom of foot) moves towardtoward the the midline of the body (midline of the body (FrontalFrontal plane) plane)

Eversion: … moves Eversion: … moves away fromaway from the midline of the midline of the body (the body (FrontalFrontal plane) plane)

Pronation (foot): TriplanPronation (foot): Triplanaar movement which r movement which combines the movements of combines the movements of eveversion, ersion, abdabduction, & uction, & ddorsi orsi fflexion in one movementlexion in one movement

Supination (foot): … the movement of Supination (foot): … the movement of ininversion, version, addadduction, & uction, & pplantar lantar fflexion in one movementlexion in one movement

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Pronation (forearm): Movement turning Pronation (forearm): Movement turning the the palmpalm of the hand of the hand downdown

Supination (forearm): Movement Supination (forearm): Movement turning the turning the palmpalm of the hand of the hand upup

Ulnar Deviation: Ulnar Deviation: WristWrist _adduction__ _adduction__ Radial deviation: Radial deviation: WristWrist

abductionabduction

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Dorsi Flexion: Foot movement Dorsi Flexion: Foot movement towardstowards the the dorsaldorsal surface surface

Plantar Flexion: Foot movement Plantar Flexion: Foot movement towardstowards the the plantarplantar surface surface

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Lateral Flexion: Movement from midline Lateral Flexion: Movement from midline in the in the frontalfrontal plane (occur in neck and plane (occur in neck and trunk)trunk)

Protraction: Movement of a Protraction: Movement of a segment segment anteriorlyanteriorly

Retraction: Movement of a Retraction: Movement of a segment segment posteriorlyposteriorly

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MOVEMENT MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY

FlexionFlexion ExtensionExtension HyperextensionHyperextension AbductionAbduction AdductionAdduction Horizontal abductionHorizontal abduction Horizontal adductionHorizontal adduction External rotationExternal rotation Internal rotationInternal rotation

Inversion Inversion EversionEversion Supination (foot & Supination (foot &

forearm)forearm) Pronation (foot & forearm)Pronation (foot & forearm) Ulnar deviationUlnar deviation Radial deviationRadial deviation Dorsi flexionDorsi flexion Plantar flexionPlantar flexion Lateral flexionLateral flexion ProtractionProtraction RetractionRetraction

kin191 a. osteokinematics. fall 2007

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