kin-ordered mode of production labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
223 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Kin-Ordered Mode of Production
• Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage.
![Page 2: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Relations of Production
• Deployed on the basis of kinship relations.
![Page 3: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Modes of Exchange
• Patterns according to which the distribution of good and services take place.
• The different modes of exchange are reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
• Each mode of exchange is characteristic of a different mode of production.
![Page 4: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Kin-Ordered Mode = Reciprocity
• Tributary Mode = Redistribution
• Capitalist Mode = Market exchange
![Page 5: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Reciprocity
• Form of exchange that dominates the distribution of goods among members of a kin-ordered society.
• Reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services of equal value, involving an obligation both to give and to receive.
![Page 6: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Generalized Reciprocity
• An exchange where people don’t expect immediate return and don’t specify the value of the return.
![Page 7: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
There is a direct link between a society’s subsistence strategy and its social and political organization.
![Page 8: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Kin-Ordered Mode of Production
• Social stratification is usually egalitarian.
![Page 9: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Kayapo
• Amazonian indigenous group of about 4,000 people, living in autonomous villages.
• Tropical forest horticulturalists.
![Page 10: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Politically Significant Regional Divisions
• (a) 2 Northern communities, part of the Tchikin sub-group.
• (b) “The people of Para.” In Kayapo Indigenous Area – East of the Xingu river (Gorotire, Kikretum). These villages have received little support from the state or private agencies, and have allowed extractivism from loggers and miners in their areas.
• (c) “The people of Xingu.” Located West of the Xingu river (Kapot-Roykore). Received support from the National Park of Xingu, and Sting’s Rain Forest Foundation.
![Page 12: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Extended Family
• A family pattern made up of three generations living together: parents, married children, and grandchildren.
![Page 13: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Authority
• Defined through action, particularly success in bringing back goods from alien sources and in mobilizing collective action.
![Page 14: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Traditional political tension between consecutive social generations.
• Tension counterbalanced by the closeness of alternate generations – grandparents and grandchildren, uncles and nephews, aunts and nieces.
![Page 15: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Main Authority
• Exercised by a male chief, whose authority is derived from formal office as ritual leader of the community as a whole.
![Page 16: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
History of inter-ethnic relations
• Before 1950s: Penetration of Western groups’ territory by ranchers and speculators.
• 1960s and 70s: Attempts by settlers and ranchers to move onto Kayapo land.
• 1970: Government diverted the course of a highway to cut out the Kayapo portion of the National Park of the Xingu, and sold it to ranchers = these were repelled violently by the Kayapo
![Page 17: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
History of inter-ethnic relations
• Late 1970s and early 1980s: Logging companies and gold miners began to appear, offering small fees for concessions. They didn’t represent a threat of permanent settlement or occupation of land like ranchers did, so…
• 1979: Chief Pombo of Kikretum granted the 1st logging concession.
• 1981: Gorotire followed suit. • Gold rush at the time was also encouraged by
the Brazilian government as a mechanism to diffuse social tensions among landless peansants
![Page 18: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Late 1970s + early 1980s
• Kayapo leaders in what is now the Kayapo Indigenous Area entered into contracts with logging and mining companies to operate on Kayapo lands, in return for a percentage of the proceeds.
![Page 19: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• The young chiefs who began giving concessions were the most inter-cultural of the Kayapo, successful in mediating inter-ethnic relations thanks to their command of Portuguese and of Brazilian ways
![Page 20: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Main social consequences of negotiations
a) Young leaders enriched themselves at the communities’ expense.
![Page 21: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
b) However, these young chiefs were able to establish themselves on an equal footing with the Brazilian regional elite for the first time in history.
![Page 22: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
c) Internal tensions grew, nonetheless, as opinion about logging and mining became divided, and the legitimacy of new young leaders was questioned.
![Page 23: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
d) Villages live in poverty and suffer the effects of environmental degradation:– Destruction of forest hunting and gathering
resources by logging.– Pollution of rivers with mercury, poisoning
water and fish. – Flooding, bringing malarial mosquitoes.
![Page 24: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
e) Kayapo’s image as “primitive” ecologists eventually came into question in the 1990s.
![Page 25: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sting
![Page 26: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Between Sept. 1994 and Jan. 1995 the people of Gorotire revolted and expelled miners and loggers from their territory.
![Page 29: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Kayapo chiefs terminated all concessions on their land.
![Page 30: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Assertion of communal control over Kayapo leaders
• Facilitated by a fundamental dynamic of indigenous Kayapo politics: the compensatory alliance between alternate generations, in this case senior traditional chiefs on the one hand, and young men in their twenties, on the other.
![Page 31: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Present
• New inter-communal associations to develop alternative, environmentally sustainable sources of income.
![Page 32: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Resistance
• Power to refuse being forced against one’s will to conform to someone else’s wishes.
![Page 33: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Hegemony
• Persuasion of subordinate peoples to accept the ideology of the dominant group
![Page 34: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ideology
• Worldview that tends to justify the social arrangements under which people live.
![Page 35: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Domination
• Coercive rule
![Page 36: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Exam
• Next Thursday, October 13.
• In-class, (1:20 hs)
• No reading materials or notes allowed.
• Bring your own pencil and eraser.
![Page 37: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
What?
• Schultz and Lavenda– Chapter 1: The Anthropological Perspective– Chapter 2, Culture and the Human Condition– Chapter 4: Anthropology in History and the
Explanation of Cultural Diversity– Chapter 9: Social Organization and Power– Chapter 10: Making a Living– Chapter 14, Dimensions of Inequality in the
Contemporary World, pps. 327-329– Chapter 15: A Global World
![Page 38: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Lecture notes
• Tzvetan Todorov’s Columbus and the Indians [in reading kit]
• Terence Turner’s The Kayapo Resistance [in reading kit]
• Films: Cannibal Tours and Life and Debt
![Page 39: Kin-Ordered Mode of Production Labour and resources are acquired primarily on the basis of reciprocity between people who are related by descent and marriage](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d6b5503460f94a4ad3d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Format
• Multiple-choice
• One short essay question