CHAPTER XIII

INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

ANTHROPOLOGY

DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD ANTHROPE WHICH MEANS “MAN” AND LOGY WHICH MEANS “SCIENCE”

IT IS SIMPLY THE STUDY OF MANKIND.

A BROAD AND VARIED DISCIPLINE FOR IT COVERS PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHEOLOGY, CULTURAL HISTORY, SOCIAL LINGUISTICS, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY.

DEALS WITH THE ORIGINS, PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS, SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS OF MANKIND.

STUDIES MAN AND ANALYZES HIS BEHAVIOR AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY.

BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF MAN’S BEHAVIOR AND HOW HE CARRIES OUT AND ADOPTS TO THE VARIOUS ACTIVITIES OF EVERYDAY LIFE.

IT ALSO STUDIES AND ANALYZES DIFFERENT TRIBES, CULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND OTHER MINORITY GROUPS.

 

DEALS WITH THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS OF MAN.

IT IS ALSO CONCERNED WITH BODY STRUCTURE AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES.

IT ALSO STUDIES AND ANALYZES HUMAN MOBILITY, MODE OF LIVING AND POPULATION.

SUB-DIVISIONS OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY:1. ARCHEOLOGY

DEALS WITH THE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT CULTURE PERTAINING TO PREHISTORIC PEOPLE, THEIR DWELLING, ARTIFACTS, INSCRIPTIONS AND MOVEMENTS.

DIFFERENT PERIODS OF EARTH:1. ARCHEZOIC/ROCK SYSTEMWHEN THE PRIMITIVE FORMS OF LIFE

APPEARED2. PROTOZOICWHEN EARLY LIFE FORMS INCREASED3. PALEOZOICWHEN FISH, INSECTS, REPTILES AND

VARIOUS MARINE FORMS APPEARED4. MESOZOICWHEN FLOWERING PLANTS OCCURRED

AND EXTINCTION OF DINOSAURS

5. CENOZOIC ERA FOLLOWED IN WHICH THERE WERE

MORE ADVANCED FORMS OF ANIMALS

TWO ERAS OF CENOZOIC PERIOD:

1. PLEISTOCENE/ ICE AGE PERIOD

2. HOLOCENE/ STONE AGE

2. ETHNOLOGY

ANALYZES CULTURES, ESPECIALLY IN REGARD TO THEIR HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES BETWEEN THEM.

IT ALSO STUDIES THE ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, AND DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RACES OF MANKIND.

MANKIND IS DIVIDED INTO 5 RACES:

1. WHITE

2. BLACK

3. BROWN

4. YELLOW

5. RED

3. LINGUISTICS

CONCERNED WITH MAN’S LANGUAGE, LITERATE OR NON- LITERATE AND TAKES UP INTERRELATION BETWEEN LANGUAGE OF A CERTAIN OF PEOPLE AND VARIOUS ASPECTS OF CULTURE.

LINGUISTICS AS A SCIENCE INCLUDES:

1. PHONETICS

2. PHONOLOGY

3. MORPHOLOGY

4. SYNTAX

TWO SUB-DIVISIONS OF LINGUISTICS:

1. DESCRIPTIVE

2. HISTORICAL

IMPORTANCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY

IT CAN REDUCE EXTENT ETHNOCENTRISM, THE BELIEF IN THE INHERENT SUPERIORITY OF ONE’S GROUP AND CULTURE BY WAY OF INCALCULATING IN THE MINDS OF PEOPLE APPRECIATION OF OTHER CULTURES.

POTENTIAL AND GENERAL VALUE OF ANTHROPOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE CAN BE AN INSPIRATION AND SPRING BOARD FOR GOVERNMENT TO IDENTIFY PROBLEMS RELATED TO CULTURE AND PROVIDE APPROPRIATE ACTION.

MAY HELP PEOPLE TO BE MORE TOLERANT.

CHAPTER XIV

CULTURE AND SOCIETY

CULTURE

CULTURE IS DERIVED FROM LATIN WORD “CULTURA” OR “CULTUS” WHICH MEANS CARE OR CULTIVATION.

CLASSIC DEFINITION OF CULTURE

SIR EDWARD TAYLOR

“CULTURE IS THAT COMPLEX WHOLE WHICH INCLUDES KNOWLEDGES, BELIEF, ART, MORALS, LAW, CUSTOM, AND ANY OTHER CAPABILITIES AND HABITS ACQUIRED BY MAN AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY. “

JOSEPH H. FITCHER

“A PERSON MAY ESCAPE SOCIETY FOR A WHILE, BUT HE CAN NEVER ESCAPE CULTURE. EVEN IN ISOLATION, WHERE THE PERSON TRIES TO GET AWAY FROM HIS SOCIAL GROUP TEMPORARILY, HE THINKS AND ACTS ACCORDING TO THE PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR WITH WHICH HE GREW UP. “

PERTINENT MEANINGS OF CULTURE

CULTURE AS A SOCIAL HERITAGE. CULTURE AS A DISTINGUISHING

FACTOR. CULTURE AS AN ESTABLISHED

PATTERN OF BEHAVIOR. CULTURE IS BOTH MATERIAL AND

IMMATERIAL.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

COMPLEX SOCIALLY TRANSMITTED A DISTINCTIVE WAY OF LIFE OF A

GROUP OF PEOPLE AN ESTABLISHED PATTERN OF

BEHAVIOR PURE ABSTRACTION OR

COMBINATION OF MATERIAL AND IMMATERIAL ASPECTS

FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE

PROVIDES BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS. MAINTAINS THE BIOLOGIC

FUNCTIONING OF THE GROUP. GIVES MEANING AND DIRECTION TO

ONE’S EXISTENCE. OFFERS READY-MADE SOLUTIONS TO

MAN’S MATERIAL AND IMMATERIAL PROBLEMS.

DEVELOPS MAN’S ATTITUDE AND VALUES AND GIVES HIM A CONSCIENCE.

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

UNIVERSALS

ALTERNATIVES

SPECIALTIES

MECHANISMS OF CULTURE

FOLKWAYS MORES LAWS INSTITUTIONS FASHIONS, FADS, AND CRAZES

MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE

IMITATION

FORMAL AND INFORMAL TEACHING

CONDITIONING

CHAPTER XV

LANGUAGE AND WRITING

LANGUAGE

A MAN’S LANGUAGE IS A REFLECTION OF THE KIND OF PERSON HE IS, THE FAMILY HE COMES FROM, THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION HE HAS ATTAINED, AND AN INDEX TO THE BEHAVIOR THAT MAY BE EXPECTED FROM HIM.

SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTIONS

LANGUAGE IS VERY IMPORTANT. WITHOUT LANGUAGE, KNOWLEDGE COULD NOT HAVE BEEN MAINTAINED AND ACCUMULATED.

LANGUAGE IS A FORM OF LEARNED BEHAVIOR BY WHICH PEOPLE COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER.

LANGUAGE IS A VEHICLE OF CULTURE BY WHICH THE CULTURE IS PASSED ON FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION.

IT IS A MEANS OF COOPERATION THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE LEARN TO PLAY AND WORK TOGETHER.

LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE

PHONEMES

MORPHEMES

MORPHOLOGY

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE

LANGUAGE SHOULD BE STUDIED AS IT IS AN ASPECT OF CULTURE THAT DIFFERENTIATES MAN FROM ANIMALS.

IT IS CORRECTLY AS IT IS THE CRITERION THAT DIFFERENTIATES THE EDUCATED FROM THE UNEDUCATED.

Thank you!!!