kidney physiology

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Kidney Physiology (pg 4)

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Page 1: Kidney physiology

Kidney Physiology (pg 4)

Page 2: Kidney physiology

Macroscopic Structure of the Kidney

• Cortex: Outer region

Page 3: Kidney physiology

Macroscopic Structure of the Kidney

• Cortex: Outer region • Medulla: Inner region

Page 4: Kidney physiology

Macroscopic Structure of the Kidney

• Cortex: Outer region • Medulla: Inner region• Renal pelvis: large cavity that collects the

urine as it is produced. Continuous with ureter

Page 5: Kidney physiology

Nephrons• Nephrons are the functional unit of the kidney

Page 6: Kidney physiology

Nephrons• Nephrons are the functional unit of the kidney• Over 1 million nephrons per kidney

Page 7: Kidney physiology

Nephron Structure

Nephrons have two parts:

Page 8: Kidney physiology

Nephron Structure

Nephrons have two parts:1. Renal corpuscle

a. Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries

Page 9: Kidney physiology

Nephron Structure

Nephrons have two parts:1. Renal corpuscle

a. Glomerulus: cluster of capillariesb. Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule: cup that

surrounds the glomerulus and receives blood filtrate from it

Page 10: Kidney physiology

2. Renal tubulea. Proximal convoluted tubule: Highly coiled. Located in cortex

Page 11: Kidney physiology

2. Renal tubulea. Proximal convoluted tubule: Highly coiled. Located in cortexb. Loop of Henle: A hairpin loop that dips into the medulla, makes a U-turn, and ascends back to the cortex

Page 12: Kidney physiology

2. Renal tubulea. Proximal convoluted tubule: Highly coiled. Located in cortexb. Loop of Henle: A hairpin loop that dips into the medulla, makes a U-turn, and ascends back to the cortexc. Distal convoluted tubule: Coiled, in cortex

Page 13: Kidney physiology

Urine Formation• Nephrons form urine in 3 steps

1. Filtration: Water and small solutes enter the nephron (blood cells and proteins do not enter). Filtrate is similar to blood plasma.

Page 14: Kidney physiology

Urine Formation• Nephrons form urine in 3 steps

1. Filtration: Water and small solutes enter the nephron (blood cells and proteins do not enter). Filtrate is similar to blood plasma. 2. Reabsorption: Useful substances (water, glucose, amino acids, needed ions) are transported out of the filtrate and back into the blood

Page 15: Kidney physiology

Urine Formation• Nephrons form urine in 3 steps

1. Filtration: Water and small solutes enter the nephron (blood cells and proteins do not enter). Filtrate is similar to blood plasma. 2. Reabsorption: Useful substances (water, glucose, amino acids, needed ions) are transported out of the filtrate and back into the blood3. Secretion: Harmful substances (H+, excess K+, some drugs and poisons) are removed from the blood and put into the filtrate

Page 16: Kidney physiology

Output (pg 5)

• Color code nephron diagram

Page 17: Kidney physiology

Hormonal Control• Hormones regulate the reabsorption of water

and electrolytes by the kidneys

Page 18: Kidney physiology

Hormonal Control• Hormones regulate the reabsorption of water

and electrolytes by the kidneys• If blood volume drops, the pituitary gland

releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Page 19: Kidney physiology

Hormonal Control• Hormones regulate the reabsorption of water

and electrolytes by the kidneys• If blood volume drops, the pituitary gland

releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH)• ADH causes the kidney duct cells to reabsorb

more water and produce less urine

Page 20: Kidney physiology

Hormonal Control• Hormones regulate the reabsorption of water

and electrolytes by the kidneys• If blood volume drops, the pituitary gland

releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH)• ADH causes the kidney duct cells to reabsorb

more water and produce less urine• Alcohol inhibits ADH production

Page 21: Kidney physiology

Hormonal Control• Hormones regulate the reabsorption of water

and electrolytes by the kidneys• If blood volume drops, the pituitary gland

releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH)• ADH causes the kidney duct cells to reabsorb

more water and produce less urine• Alcohol inhibits ADH production• Inability to produce ADH is called diabetes

insipidus (water diabetes). Affected individuals produce up to 25 liters of very dilute urine per day and are constantly thirsty