khilafat movement [1919-1929] to communal award lecture 8

Khilafat Movement [1919-Khilafat Movement [1919-1924]1924]


Background of Khilafat Movement:Background of Khilafat Movement: No Confrontation between Italy & No Confrontation between Italy &

TurkeyTurkey Trablus population were Arabs & Trablus population were Arabs &

Turkish MuslimsTurkish Muslims Some Italians were also there but have Some Italians were also there but have

no complain about Turkeyno complain about Turkey Italian foreign minister announced in Italian foreign minister announced in

the parliament that was want Turkish the parliament that was want Turkish solidarity & Trablus would be its part. solidarity & Trablus would be its part.


Background of Khilafat Movement:Background of Khilafat Movement: In 1911, suddenly, without provocation, In 1911, suddenly, without provocation,

Italy announced capturing Trablus.Italy announced capturing Trablus. Italy was jealous from France’s hold on Italy was jealous from France’s hold on

TunisTunis Italy consider Tunis her right for being Italy consider Tunis her right for being

near to African oceannear to African ocean French want to compensate this & secretlyFrench want to compensate this & secretly

Accept their right to capture Trablus Accept their right to capture Trablus


Background of Khilafat Movement:Background of Khilafat Movement: Bretons kept silence during this & Bretons kept silence during this &

indirectly encourage Italyindirectly encourage Italy Bretons also didn’t allowed Turkish Bretons also didn’t allowed Turkish

army to move for Trablusarmy to move for Trablus Anwer Bey was defending well by Anwer Bey was defending well by

organizing local Arabsorganizing local Arabs But 1912, Greece united Bulgaria & But 1912, Greece united Bulgaria &

Serbia with them against TurkeySerbia with them against Turkey

Khilafat MovementKhilafat Movement

Background of Khilafat Movement:Background of Khilafat Movement: They use Christian protection as They use Christian protection as

strong argument against Turkey, strong argument against Turkey, give them ultimatum of war give them ultimatum of war

Turkey withdraw troops from Trablus Turkey withdraw troops from Trablus & sign a peace agreement& sign a peace agreement

Bulkan was started & again Turkey Bulkan was started & again Turkey was Defeatedwas Defeated


Background of Khilafat Movement:Background of Khilafat Movement: In 1914 second world war startedIn 1914 second world war started From 1908 to 1914 Turkey loose too From 1908 to 1914 Turkey loose too

much of its territorymuch of its territory Fear of Muslims of the World startedFear of Muslims of the World started

– Fear of Muslim KhilafatFear of Muslim Khilafat– Fear of protection of Sacred places of Fear of protection of Sacred places of

MuslimsMuslims– Muslims as a nationMuslims as a nation


Formation of Movement on July 5Formation of Movement on July 5thth 19191919

Ali brothers & Maulana Abul Kalam Ali brothers & Maulana Abul Kalam Azad were released from jail in 17Azad were released from jail in 17thth October 1919 & Khilafat movement October 1919 & Khilafat movement was formally startedwas formally started

Khilafat Movement’s Khilafat Movement’s ObjectivesObjectives

1.1. To maintain the Turkish CaliphateTo maintain the Turkish Caliphate

2.2. To protect the holy places of To protect the holy places of MuslimsMuslims

3.3. To Maintain the unity of Ottoman To Maintain the unity of Ottoman EmpireEmpire

Amritsar TragedyAmritsar Tragedy

Rowlatt Act 1919Rowlatt Act 1919 Prohibited Satyapal for public speakingProhibited Satyapal for public speaking A strike was observed on 30A strike was observed on 30thth March March

19191919 Gandhi Gee was also not allowed to Gandhi Gee was also not allowed to

enter Punjabenter Punjab Dr. Saifuddin Ktchlew was retrained on Dr. Saifuddin Ktchlew was retrained on

44thth April April

Amritsar TragedyAmritsar Tragedy Dr. Saifuddin & Satyapal was deported Dr. Saifuddin & Satyapal was deported

from the province on 10from the province on 10thth April 1919 April 1919 That act of Government highly provoked That act of Government highly provoked

people & around 30,000 people were people & around 30,000 people were peacefully demonstrated against that.peacefully demonstrated against that.

General Dyer open fire till ammunition ran General Dyer open fire till ammunition ran ShortShort

Government figure are 379 killed but Government figure are 379 killed but actually more than 1200 people were actually more than 1200 people were killed in that brutal act.killed in that brutal act.

Then the riots spread all over Punjab and Then the riots spread all over Punjab and Martial Law declared in the provinceMartial Law declared in the province

Non-Cooperation Movement & Non-Cooperation Movement & Khilafat MovementKhilafat Movement

Conference of Central Khilafat Committee Conference of Central Khilafat Committee was held on 28was held on 28thth May 1920 at Delhi. May 1920 at Delhi.

Attended by Khilafat Movement, Akali Attended by Khilafat Movement, Akali Movement, Congress, Jamiat-Ul- Ulema-e-Movement, Congress, Jamiat-Ul- Ulema-e-Hind & other supporting organizationsHind & other supporting organizations

Presided by M.K. GandhiPresided by M.K. Gandhi Announced non violent Non Cooperation Announced non violent Non Cooperation

Movement of restore KhilafatMovement of restore Khilafat

Non-Cooperation MovementNon-Cooperation Movement

Surrender of all British TitlesSurrender of all British Titles Refusal to attend any Government FunctionRefusal to attend any Government Function Withdrawal of all students from schools and Withdrawal of all students from schools and

collegescolleges Boycott of British law courts by lawyersBoycott of British law courts by lawyers No Services in British army in MesopotamiaNo Services in British army in Mesopotamia No Participation in up coming elections as No Participation in up coming elections as

electors or candidates.electors or candidates.

Events During Non-Events During Non-Cooperation MovementCooperation Movement

Ali brothers & Gandhi Gee toured the Ali brothers & Gandhi Gee toured the country to explain the meaning of country to explain the meaning of movement to the people.movement to the people.

Non-Cooperation movement could Non-Cooperation movement could not remain peacefulnot remain peaceful

The Muslim Moplas rose in MadrasThe Muslim Moplas rose in Madras The declare Caliphate StateSThe declare Caliphate StateS

Events During Non-Cooperation Events During Non-Cooperation MovementMovement

Slaughter not only few British Slaughter not only few British officials but more Hinds as well.officials but more Hinds as well.

Exited mob set fire on Chauri Chaura Exited mob set fire on Chauri Chaura in UP, on 5in UP, on 5thth February 1922, burnt February 1922, burnt alive 22 policemenalive 22 policemen

Before going to jail, Gandhi Gee Before going to jail, Gandhi Gee called of movementcalled of movement

That end Khilafat Movement & Hindu That end Khilafat Movement & Hindu Muslim alliance Muslim alliance

Hijrat MovementHijrat Movement

Ulema felt that India become unsafe Ulema felt that India become unsafe for Islam & they have just two for Islam & they have just two optionsoptions– JihadJihad– MigrationMigration

They did not have means for Jihad so They did not have means for Jihad so Hijrat was the only course leftHijrat was the only course left

Migration to AfghanistanMigration to Afghanistan

Turkey & Khilafat MovementTurkey & Khilafat Movement

Turkish Nationalist Party under Leadership Turkish Nationalist Party under Leadership of Mustafa Kamal Attaturk strides in Turkeyof Mustafa Kamal Attaturk strides in Turkey

Sympthy of Indian Muslims shifted to themSympthy of Indian Muslims shifted to them

1922 Mustafa Kamal was successful against 1922 Mustafa Kamal was successful against Greeks & Deposed the Sultan of TurkeyGreeks & Deposed the Sultan of Turkey

In 3In 3rdrd March 1924, Khilafat movement March 1924, Khilafat movement ultimately end in Indiaultimately end in India

Delhi Muslims Proposal Delhi Muslims Proposal [1927][1927]

1. The formation of a separate 1. The formation of a separate province of Sindh. province of Sindh.

2. Introduction of reforms in the 2. Introduction of reforms in the North West Frontier Province and in North West Frontier Province and in Baluchistan on the same footing as in Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces. other provinces.


4. Hindu minorities in Sindh, Baluchistan 4. Hindu minorities in Sindh, Baluchistan and the North West Frontier Province be and the North West Frontier Province be accorded the same concessions in the accorded the same concessions in the form of reservation of seats over and form of reservation of seats over and above the proportion of their population as above the proportion of their population as Muslims would get in Hindu majority Muslims would get in Hindu majority provinces. provinces.

5. Muslim representation in the Central 5. Muslim representation in the Central Legislature would not be less than one-Legislature would not be less than one-third. third.


6. In addition to provisions like religious 6. In addition to provisions like religious freedom, there was to be a further freedom, there was to be a further guarantee in the constitution that on guarantee in the constitution that on communal matters no bill or resolution communal matters no bill or resolution would be considered or passed if three-would be considered or passed if three-fourth of the members of the community fourth of the members of the community concerned were opposed to it. concerned were opposed to it.

These proposals were to be accepted or These proposals were to be accepted or rejected in total. So, in effect, the Muslims rejected in total. So, in effect, the Muslims agreed to give up the separate electorates agreed to give up the separate electorates in form of the reservation of seats. in form of the reservation of seats. Unfortunately, the Congress first accepted Unfortunately, the Congress first accepted but later rejected the proposals.but later rejected the proposals.

Simon Commission 1927Simon Commission 1927

Charged to investigate Indian Charged to investigate Indian Constitutional problemsConstitutional problems

All Members were white & no IndianAll Members were white & no Indian Congress & Jinnah Muslim League Congress & Jinnah Muslim League

Boycott the CommissionBoycott the Commission Shafi Muslim League & few minorities Shafi Muslim League & few minorities

cooperated with themcooperated with them

Simon Commission Simon Commission RecommendationsRecommendations

The abolition of Dyarchy & setting up The abolition of Dyarchy & setting up of federal form of government with of federal form of government with maximum autonomy for the provincesmaximum autonomy for the provinces

The continuation of separate The continuation of separate electorates & maintenance of electorates & maintenance of weightages in provincesweightages in provinces

Continuation of present status of Continuation of present status of NWFPNWFP

Simon Commission Simon Commission RecommendationsRecommendations

Rejection of Muslim demand Rejection of Muslim demand regarding one third representation at regarding one third representation at the center & statutory majorities in the center & statutory majorities in the Punjab & Bengalthe Punjab & Bengal

Postponement of separation of Sindh Postponement of separation of Sindh from Bombayfrom Bombay

Fair representation of minorities in Fair representation of minorities in the legislatures & in executivethe legislatures & in executive

Nehru Report 1928Nehru Report 1928

Nehru Report Nehru Report RecommendationsRecommendations

1. India should be given the status of 1. India should be given the status of a dominion. a dominion.

2. There should be federal form of 2. There should be federal form of government with residuary powers government with residuary powers vested in the center. vested in the center.

3. India should have a parliamentary 3. India should have a parliamentary form of government headed by a form of government headed by a Prime Minister and six ministers Prime Minister and six ministers appointed by the Governor General. appointed by the Governor General.


4. There should be bi-cameral 4. There should be bi-cameral legislature. legislature.

5. There should be no separate 5. There should be no separate electorate for any community. electorate for any community.

6. System of weightage for minorities 6. System of weightage for minorities was as bad as that of separate was as bad as that of separate electorates. electorates.


7. Reservation of Muslim seats could be 7. Reservation of Muslim seats could be possible in the provinces where Muslim possible in the provinces where Muslim population was at least ten percent, but population was at least ten percent, but this was to be in strict proportion to the this was to be in strict proportion to the size of the community. size of the community.

8. Muslims should enjoy one-fourth 8. Muslims should enjoy one-fourth representation in the Central Legislature. representation in the Central Legislature.

9. Sindh should be separated from 9. Sindh should be separated from Bombay only if the Committee certified Bombay only if the Committee certified that it was financially self-sufficient. that it was financially self-sufficient.


10. The N. W. F. P. should be given 10. The N. W. F. P. should be given full provincial status. full provincial status.

11. A new Kanarese-speaking 11. A new Kanarese-speaking province Karnatic should be province Karnatic should be established in South India. established in South India.

12. Hindi should be made the official 12. Hindi should be made the official language of India. language of India.

All Parties Muslim All Parties Muslim Conferencem 1929Conferencem 1929

1. The only form of government suitable to Indian 1. The only form of government suitable to Indian conditions was a federal system with complete conditions was a federal system with complete autonomy and residuary powers vested in the autonomy and residuary powers vested in the constituent states. constituent states.

2. Muslims should not be deprived of the right to 2. Muslims should not be deprived of the right to elect their representatives through separate elect their representatives through separate electorates without their consent. electorates without their consent.

3. Muslims should continue to have weightage in the 3. Muslims should continue to have weightage in the Hindu majority provinces and they were willing to Hindu majority provinces and they were willing to accord the same privilege to non-Muslim minorities accord the same privilege to non-Muslim minorities in Sindh, the N. W. F. P. and Baluchistan. in Sindh, the N. W. F. P. and Baluchistan.

4. Muslims should have their due share in the central 4. Muslims should have their due share in the central and provincial cabinets. and provincial cabinets.

5. Muslim majority in all Muslim majority provinces 5. Muslim majority in all Muslim majority provinces (with particular reference to Bengal and Punjab) (with particular reference to Bengal and Punjab) should in no way be disturbed. should in no way be disturbed.

Fourteen Points of M. A. Fourteen Points of M. A. Jinnah [1929]Jinnah [1929]


1. The form of the future constitution should 1. The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary powers vested be federal with the residuary powers vested in the provinces. in the provinces.

2. A uniform measure of autonomy shall be 2. A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces. granted to all provinces.

3. All legislatures in the country and other 3. All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle of adequate and effective definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality. any province to a minority or even equality.


4. In the Central Legislative, Muslim 4. In the Central Legislative, Muslim representation shall not be less than one-third. representation shall not be less than one-third.

5. Representation of communal groups shall 5. Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by means of separate electorate continue to be by means of separate electorate as at present, provided it shall be open to any as at present, provided it shall be open to any community at any time to abandon its separate community at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favor of a joint electorate. electorate in favor of a joint electorate.

6. Any territorial distribution that might at any 6. Any territorial distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affect time be necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the North West Frontier Province. the North West Frontier Province.


7. Full religious liberty, i.e. liberty of belief, 7. Full religious liberty, i.e. liberty of belief, worship and observance, propaganda, worship and observance, propaganda, association and education, shall be guaranteed association and education, shall be guaranteed to all communities. to all communities.

8. No bill or any resolution or any part thereof 8. No bill or any resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in any legislature or any other shall be passed in any legislature or any other elected body if three-fourth of the members of elected body if three-fourth of the members of any community in that particular body oppose any community in that particular body oppose such a bill resolution or part thereof on the such a bill resolution or part thereof on the ground that it would be injurious to the ground that it would be injurious to the interests of that community or in the interests of that community or in the alternative, such other method is devised as alternative, such other method is devised as may be found feasible and practicable to deal may be found feasible and practicable to deal with such cases. with such cases.

9. Sindh should be separated from the Bombay 9. Sindh should be separated from the Bombay presidency. presidency.


10. Reforms should be introduced in the 10. Reforms should be introduced in the North West Frontier Province and North West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same footing as in the Baluchistan on the same footing as in the other provinces. other provinces.

11. Provision should be made in the 11. Provision should be made in the constitution giving Muslims an adequate constitution giving Muslims an adequate share, along with the other Indians, in all share, along with the other Indians, in all the services of the state and in local self-the services of the state and in local self-governing bodies having due regard to the governing bodies having due regard to the requirements of efficiency. requirements of efficiency.


12. The constitution should embody adequate 12. The constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture and for the protection and promotion of Muslim and for the protection and promotion of Muslim education, language, religion, personal laws education, language, religion, personal laws and Muslim charitable institution and for their and Muslim charitable institution and for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the due share in the grants-in-aid given by the state and by local self-governing bodies. state and by local self-governing bodies.

13. No cabinet, either central or provincial, 13. No cabinet, either central or provincial, should be formed without there being a should be formed without there being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers. ministers.

14. No change shall be made in the constitution 14. No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central Legislature except with the by the Central Legislature except with the concurrence of the State's contribution of the concurrence of the State's contribution of the Indian Federation Indian Federation

Allama Iqbal [1877-1938]Allama Iqbal [1877-1938]


Allama Iqbal, great poet-philosopher Allama Iqbal, great poet-philosopher and active political leader, was born and active political leader, was born at Sialkot, Punjab, in 1877. He at Sialkot, Punjab, in 1877. He descended from a family of Kashmiri descended from a family of Kashmiri Brahmins, who had embraced Islam Brahmins, who had embraced Islam about 300 years earlier. about 300 years earlier.


In 1897, he obtained his Bachelor of In 1897, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts Degree from Government Arts Degree from Government College, Lahore. Two years later, he College, Lahore. Two years later, he secured his Masters Degree and was secured his Masters Degree and was appointed in the Oriental College, appointed in the Oriental College, Lahore, as a lecturer of history, Lahore, as a lecturer of history, philosophy and English. philosophy and English.


. He later proceeded to Europe for higher . He later proceeded to Europe for higher studies. Having obtained a degree at studies. Having obtained a degree at Cambridge, he secured his doctorate at Cambridge, he secured his doctorate at Munich and finally qualified as a barrister. Munich and finally qualified as a barrister.

He returned to India in 1908. Besides He returned to India in 1908. Besides teaching and practicing law, Iqbal teaching and practicing law, Iqbal continued to write poetry. He resigned from continued to write poetry. He resigned from government service in 1911 and took up government service in 1911 and took up the task of propagating individual thinking the task of propagating individual thinking among the Muslims through his poetry among the Muslims through his poetry


By 1928, his reputation as a great Muslim By 1928, his reputation as a great Muslim philosopher was solidly established and philosopher was solidly established and he was invited to deliver lectures at he was invited to deliver lectures at Hyderabad, Aligarh and Madras. These Hyderabad, Aligarh and Madras. These series of lectures were later published series of lectures were later published as a book "The Reconstruction of as a book "The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam". In 1930, Religious Thought in Islam". In 1930, Iqbal was invited to preside over the Iqbal was invited to preside over the open session of the Muslim League at open session of the Muslim League at Allahabad. Allahabad.

Allahabad Address Allahabad Address [1930][1930]

Several Muslim leaders and thinkers having Several Muslim leaders and thinkers having insight into the Muslim-Hindu situation insight into the Muslim-Hindu situation proposed the separation of Muslim India. proposed the separation of Muslim India.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal gave the most lucid Allama Muhammad Iqbal gave the most lucid explanation of the inner feelings of Muslim explanation of the inner feelings of Muslim community in his presidential address to community in his presidential address to the All India Muslim League at Allahabad in the All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a poet, 1930. Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a poet, philosopher and thinker who had gained philosopher and thinker who had gained countrywide fame and recognition by 1930. countrywide fame and recognition by 1930.

Round Table Conferences Round Table Conferences [1930-33][1930-33]

First Round Table conference 1930First Round Table conference 1930

Second Round Table conference Second Round Table conference 19311931

Third Round Table Conference 1932Third Round Table Conference 1932

First Round Table conference First Round Table conference 19301930

To introduce federal system of government To introduce federal system of government in Indiain India

To introduce dominion state and a To introduce dominion state and a responsible central government in Indiaresponsible central government in India

To abolish th dyarechy system in the To abolish th dyarechy system in the provincesprovinces

To give Sindh a separate identity with To give Sindh a separate identity with responsible provincial governmentresponsible provincial government

The princely state agreed to extend their The princely state agreed to extend their cooperation in forming a All India federationcooperation in forming a All India federation

Gandhi Irwin Pact Feb 1931Gandhi Irwin Pact Feb 1931

Congress will end its Civil disobedience Congress will end its Civil disobedience movementmovement

Congress will attend the second round table Congress will attend the second round table conferenceconference

The government will withdraw all the ordinance The government will withdraw all the ordinance meant to curb the Congressmeant to curb the Congress

The government will withdraw all notifications The government will withdraw all notifications against Indians who had not committed against Indians who had not committed violenceviolence

Government will release all the political Government will release all the political prisonersprisoners

Second Round Table Second Round Table conference 1931conference 1931

Gandhi Gee attended as sole Gandhi Gee attended as sole representative of Congressrepresentative of Congress

Muslim delegation was same as in Muslim delegation was same as in first round table conference except first round table conference except Allama Iqbal was additionally Allama Iqbal was additionally attended the conferenceattended the conference

Two committees were setup on Two committees were setup on Constitution and minorities issue.Constitution and minorities issue.

Second Round Table Second Round Table conference 1931conference 1931

Gandhi Gee insisted that Congress is Gandhi Gee insisted that Congress is the only representatives of Indiansthe only representatives of Indians

Untouchable cannot be separated from Untouchable cannot be separated from HinduismHinduism

Hindu & Muslim should live together in Hindu & Muslim should live together in India without separate representationIndia without separate representation

Muslims were insisted on Quaid e Muslims were insisted on Quaid e Azam’s 14 pointsAzam’s 14 points

Talks failedTalks failed

The Communal Award The Communal Award [1932][1932]

That was announced by Prime Minister That was announced by Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald Ramsay MacDonald

the principle of weightage was also the principle of weightage was also maintained with some modifications in the maintained with some modifications in the Muslim minority provinces. Principle of Muslim minority provinces. Principle of weightage was also applied for Europeans weightage was also applied for Europeans in Bengal and Assam, Sikhs in the Punjab in Bengal and Assam, Sikhs in the Punjab and North West Frontier Province, and and North West Frontier Province, and Hindus in Sindh and North West Frontier Hindus in Sindh and North West Frontier Province. Province.


Though the Muslims constituted almost Though the Muslims constituted almost 56 percent of the total population of 56 percent of the total population of Punjab, they were given only 86 out Punjab, they were given only 86 out of 175 seats in the Punjab Assembly. of 175 seats in the Punjab Assembly. The Muslim majority of 54.8 percent The Muslim majority of 54.8 percent in Punjab was thus reduced to a in Punjab was thus reduced to a minority. The formula favored the minority. The formula favored the Sikhs of Punjab, and the Europeans Sikhs of Punjab, and the Europeans of Bengal the most. of Bengal the most.


The Award was not popular with any The Award was not popular with any Indian party. Muslims were not happy Indian party. Muslims were not happy with the Communal Award, as it has with the Communal Award, as it has reduced their majority in Punjab and reduced their majority in Punjab and Bengal to a minority. Yet they were Bengal to a minority. Yet they were prepared to accept it. prepared to accept it.


All India Muslim League passed a All India Muslim League passed a resolution In its annual session held resolution In its annual session held in November 1933 that reads; in November 1933 that reads; "Though the decision falls far short of "Though the decision falls far short of the Muslim demands, the Muslims the Muslim demands, the Muslims have accepted it in the best interest have accepted it in the best interest of the country, reserving to of the country, reserving to themselves the right to press for the themselves the right to press for the acceptance of all their demands." acceptance of all their demands."

Third Round Table Conference Third Round Table Conference 19321932

It was held in 1932. it was short and It was held in 1932. it was short and unimportant. The Congress was once again unimportant. The Congress was once again absent, so was the Labor opposition in the absent, so was the Labor opposition in the British Parliament. Reports of the various British Parliament. Reports of the various committees were scrutinized. The conference committees were scrutinized. The conference ended on December 25, 1932. ended on December 25, 1932.

The recommendations of the Round Table The recommendations of the Round Table Conferences were embodied in a White Conferences were embodied in a White Paper. It was published in March 1933, and Paper. It was published in March 1933, and debated in parliament directly afterwards, debated in parliament directly afterwards, analyzed by the Joint Select Committee and analyzed by the Joint Select Committee and after the final reading and loyal assent, the after the final reading and loyal assent, the bill reached the Statute Book on July 24, bill reached the Statute Book on July 24, 1935. 1935.

Government of India Act Government of India Act 19351935

1. A Federation of India was promised for, 1. A Federation of India was promised for, comprising both provinces and states. The comprising both provinces and states. The provisions of the Act establishing the provisions of the Act establishing the federal central government were not to go federal central government were not to go into operation until a specified number of into operation until a specified number of rulers of states had signed Instruments of rulers of states had signed Instruments of Accession. Since, this did not happen, the Accession. Since, this did not happen, the central government continued to function in central government continued to function in accordance with the 1919 Act and only the accordance with the 1919 Act and only the part of the 1935 Act dealing with the part of the 1935 Act dealing with the provincial governments went into provincial governments went into operation. operation.


2. The Governor General remained 2. The Governor General remained the head of the central the head of the central administration and enjoyed wide administration and enjoyed wide powers concerning administration, powers concerning administration, legislation and finance. legislation and finance.

3. No finance bill could be placed in 3. No finance bill could be placed in the Central Legislature without the the Central Legislature without the consent of the Governor General. consent of the Governor General.


4. The Federal Legislature was to 4. The Federal Legislature was to consist of two houses, the Council of consist of two houses, the Council of State (Upper House) and the Federal State (Upper House) and the Federal Assembly (Lower House). Assembly (Lower House).

5. The Council of State was to consist 5. The Council of State was to consist of 260 members, out of whom 156 of 260 members, out of whom 156 were to be elected from the British were to be elected from the British India and 104 to be nominated by India and 104 to be nominated by the rulers of princely states. the rulers of princely states.


6. The Federal Assembly was to consist of 6. The Federal Assembly was to consist of 375 members; out of which 250 were to be 375 members; out of which 250 were to be elected by the Legislative Assemblies of the elected by the Legislative Assemblies of the British Indian provinces while 125 were to be British Indian provinces while 125 were to be nominated by the rulers of princely states. nominated by the rulers of princely states.

7. The Central Legislature had the right to 7. The Central Legislature had the right to pass any bill, but the bill required the pass any bill, but the bill required the approval of the Governor General before it approval of the Governor General before it became Law. On the other hand Governor became Law. On the other hand Governor General had the power to frame ordinances. General had the power to frame ordinances.


frame ordinances. frame ordinances. 8. The Indian Council was abolished. In its 8. The Indian Council was abolished. In its

place, few advisers were nominated to help place, few advisers were nominated to help the Secretary of State for India. the Secretary of State for India.

9. The Secretary of State was not expected to 9. The Secretary of State was not expected to interfere in matters that the Governor dealt interfere in matters that the Governor dealt with, with the help of Indian Ministers. with, with the help of Indian Ministers.

10. The provinces were given autonomy with 10. The provinces were given autonomy with respect to subjects delegated to them. respect to subjects delegated to them.


11. Diarchy, which had been established in 11. Diarchy, which had been established in the provinces by the Act of 1919, was to the provinces by the Act of 1919, was to be established at the Center. However it be established at the Center. However it came to an end in the provinces. came to an end in the provinces.

12. Two new provinces Sindh and Orissa 12. Two new provinces Sindh and Orissa were created. were created.

13. Reforms were introduced in N. W. F. P. 13. Reforms were introduced in N. W. F. P. as were in the other provinces. as were in the other provinces.

14. Separate electorates were continued 14. Separate electorates were continued as before. as before.


15. One-third Muslim representation in the 15. One-third Muslim representation in the Central Legislature was guaranteed. Central Legislature was guaranteed.

16. Autonomous provincial governments in 11 16. Autonomous provincial governments in 11 provinces, under ministries responsible to provinces, under ministries responsible to legislatures, would be setup. legislatures, would be setup.

17. Burma and Aden were separated from 17. Burma and Aden were separated from India. India.

18. The Federal Court was established in the 18. The Federal Court was established in the Center. Center.

19. The Reserve Bank of India was established. 19. The Reserve Bank of India was established.


19. The Reserve Bank of India was 19. The Reserve Bank of India was established. established.

Both the Indian National Congress and the Both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Act, but Muslim League opposed the Act, but participated in the provincial elections of participated in the provincial elections of winter 1936-37, conducted under winter 1936-37, conducted under stipulations of the Act. At the time of stipulations of the Act. At the time of independence, the two dominions of India independence, the two dominions of India and Pakistan accepted the Act of 1935, with and Pakistan accepted the Act of 1935, with few amendments, as their provisional few amendments, as their provisional constitution. constitution.

Rule of Congress Ministries Rule of Congress Ministries [1937-1939][1937-1939]

Congress win ElectionsCongress win Elections Even in Muslim majority Form Even in Muslim majority Form

GovernmentGovernment Promotion of HinduismPromotion of Hinduism Hindi become the official Language Hindi become the official Language

with Englishwith English Bande Matram become official song.Bande Matram become official song. Abolishment of Zamidari billAbolishment of Zamidari bill

Lahore Resolution [1940]Lahore Resolution [1940]

The Resolution declared: "No constitutional The Resolution declared: "No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary. That readjustments as may be necessary. That the areas in which the Muslims are the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign".autonomous and sovereign".


"That adequate, effective and mandatory "That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specifically provided safeguards shall be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in the in the constitution for minorities in the units and in the regions for the units and in the regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and economic, political, administrative and other rights of the minorities, with their other rights of the minorities, with their consultation. Arrangements thus should consultation. Arrangements thus should be made for the security of Muslims be made for the security of Muslims where they were in a minority".where they were in a minority".


The Resolution repudiated the concept of The Resolution repudiated the concept of United India and recommended the creation United India and recommended the creation of an independent Muslim state consisting of an independent Muslim state consisting of Punjab, N. W. F. P., Sindh and Baluchistan of Punjab, N. W. F. P., Sindh and Baluchistan in the northwest, and Bengal and Assam in in the northwest, and Bengal and Assam in the northeast. The Resolution was seconded the northeast. The Resolution was seconded by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar Aurangzeb from the N. W. F. P., Sir Sardar Aurangzeb from the N. W. F. P., Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh, and Qazi Esa Abdullah Haroon from Sindh, and Qazi Esa from Baluchistan, along with many others. from Baluchistan, along with many others.


The Resolution was passed on March 24. The Resolution was passed on March 24. It laid down only the principles, with It laid down only the principles, with the details left to be worked out at a the details left to be worked out at a future date. It was made a part of the future date. It was made a part of the All India Muslim League's constitution All India Muslim League's constitution in 1941. It was on the basis of this in 1941. It was on the basis of this resolution that in 1946 the Muslim resolution that in 1946 the Muslim League decided to go for one state for League decided to go for one state for the Muslims, instead of two. the Muslims, instead of two.


Minar-i-Pakistan, Lahore, the landmark where Minar-i-Pakistan, Lahore, the landmark where the historic Pakistan Resolution was passedthe historic Pakistan Resolution was passed


At the All India Muslim League Working At the All India Muslim League Working Committee, Lahore session, March 1940Committee, Lahore session, March 1940


At the All India Muslim League session, March 1940, At the All India Muslim League session, March 1940, Nawab Sir Shah Nawaz Mamdot presenting address of Nawab Sir Shah Nawaz Mamdot presenting address of

welcomewelcome


Quaid-i-Azam is presiding over the session while Quaid-i-Azam is presiding over the session while Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman is seconding the ResolutionChaudhry Khaliquzzaman is seconding the Resolution


Quaid-i-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and Nawab Quaid-i-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and Nawab Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain Khan of Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain Khan of Mamdot at the Lahore Session, March 1940Mamdot at the Lahore Session, March 1940


Pakistan as visualized by Chaudhry Rahmat Pakistan as visualized by Chaudhry Rahmat AliAli

khilafat movement [1919-1929] to communal award lecture 8

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