keysight technologies narrowband iot (nb-iot):...

Keysight TechnologiesNarrowband IoT (NB-IoT): Cellular Technology for the Hyperconnected IoT

Application Note

Introduction to IoT Devices and LPWAN Technologies

The Internet of Things (IoT) has started to become a reality, and by 2020 billions of services and devices are expected to be connected anytime, anywhere. Smart homes, wearables, smart cities, health care, transportation, agriculture, and smart metering are just a few examples of the different applications that are driving the development of new business models.

To support the further growth of the IoT, the mobile industry has developed new radio access technologies, often referred as Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN), that can better cope with the characteristics and requirements of these devices and their applications.

While the LPWAN market has existed for some time, existing solutions are fragmented and soft-standardized, leading to security weaknesses, reliability challenges, and potentially high operational costs due to incompatibility with existing infrastructure.

This application note describes the fundamental drivers for this new technology in the IoT market, explains the underlying reasons why this technology is shaped as it is today, and explores the challenges in adopting this new application. The application note also explains the new ways of securely rolling out Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) applications to market quickly.

03 | Keysight | Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT): Cellular Technology for the Hyperconnected IoT - Application Note

Old Challenges in New Ways

Let us take a real example—the water meter—to explain the challenges in quickly deploying NB-IoT applications. For years, smart metering companies have provided different solutions to wirelessly connect water meters to a data center to provide automated readings.

IoT server

IoT client

Data packet

Data packet

Data packet

Timestamp Meter ID Gallons/hour



Few hours

Few bytes

Periodic reports

⦁⦁⦁

⦁ ⦁ ⦁


Old Challenges in New Ways (Continued)

The way these water meters work is very simple. The device continuously measures water consumption and creates small packages of data with basic information. These small data packets are periodically sent to a hub, resulting in a just few bytes sent every few hours.

However, one of the challenges is that in most cases, it is not possible to power the meters with AC power (water and electricity are not very good friends); therefore, they operate on regular batteries.

Today this is done by using technologies that have been specifically designed to meet this stringent requirement. The problem is that these companies have to deploy their own network infrastructure, make it secure, maintain it, and so on. This may translate into a high investment for these companies, which places more barriers that limit the expansion of this application. Therefore, current solutions are normally based on proprietary technologies that require a large capital investment for infrastructure deployment. Sometimes these adhere to informal standards and cannot fulfill the range and power consumption requirements.

In most cases, the cellular network is used as a backhaul to get all the devices connected to the cloud. The solution offered by cellular LPWAN technologies reuses the cellular infrastructure so that devices can connect to the operators’ networks directly. That enables the use of stronger, standardized technologies and provides access to improved, nationwide coverage with value-added services like mobility, roaming, security, and authentication.

Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) is the outcome of a standardization process that the 3GPP began in 2014. The first version of the NB-IoT technical specification was frozen and released in June, 2016 as part of its Release 13 and aims to address similar applications with the following requirements:

– Optimized network architecture on top of the existing LTE air interface – Extensive deployment flexibility – Improved indoor coverage (+20 dB compared to GSM) – Support for a massive number of two-way communication devices (with small data transfer

on the order of tens of kbps) – Low cost devices (below USD 5 per module) – Low power consumption (more than 10 years of battery life)

NB-IoT is a new radio access technology, and although it is incompatible with any existing 3GPP device, it inherits many characteristics from LTE. For example, it inherits frequency bands, the physical layer foundation, its numerology, and the reuse of higher layers (NAS, RRC, RLC and MAC procedures). However, it is important to note that because the bandwidth is reduced to 180 kHz (200 kHz including guard band), it requires the creation of new physical channels and procedures that differ from LTE.

As with other IoT technologies, the ultimate goals of this application are larger coverage and lower power consumption. To reduce device complexity and cost, many basic LTE features such as spatial multiplexing, carrier aggregation, Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) and dual connectivity are unsupported. Higher layer services such as IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) are also not supported.


Although NB-IoT it is incompatible with existing 3GPP devices, it inherits many LTE characteristics, such as the physical layer foundation and the higher layer architecture.

The only duplex mode that has been standardized is Frequency Division Duplex (FDD); therefore, uplink and downlink use different frequencies. There is no Time Division Duplex (TDD) version of NB-IoT so far, and there is no plan by the 3GPP to define one in the short term.

To reduce device complexity and cost, three major design decisions have been made. First, NB-IoT follows a half-duplex design so there is no need for expensive duplexer filters to isolate the transmit and receive chains; you can use a switch instead. Second, MIMO is not supported, particularly spatial multiplexing techniques, and therefore UE is only required to implement one receiver chain. Finally, and very importantly, the channel bandwidth is only 180 kHz, which reduces the overall platform cost.

Although NB-IoT inherited many LTE features, it is targeted at low data rate and low power applications. Therefore, some advanced data-centric LTE/LTE-Advanced features are not supported, such as CSI reporting, carrier aggregation, and IMS.

Frequency range NB-loT (LTE) FDD bands:1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 66, 70

Duplex mode FDD half duplex type BMIMO No MIMO supportBandwidth 180 kHz (1PRB)Multiple access Downlink: OFDMA

Uplink: SC-FDMAModulation schemess Downlink: QPSK

Uplink: Single tone: π/4-QPSK, π/2-BPSK Multi tone: QPSK

Coverage 164 dB (+20 dB GPRS)Data rate ~25 kbps in DL and ~64 kbps in UL (multi-tone UE)Latency < 10 secondsLow power eDRX, power saving mode

Optimized Network Architecture on Top Existing LTE Air Interface


Flexibility of Cellular IoT Deployment

Three different deployment modes have been defined for NB-IoT to enable deployment in any available spectrum greater than 180 kHz. The three modes are depicted in the figure below.

Stand-alone enables replacing a GSM carrier with an NB-IoT cell, facilitating the reuse of existing 2G spectrums. Guard-band uses the unused resource blocks within an LTE carrier’s guard-band with guaranteed co-existence. In-band is the optimal approach for LTE operators, as it has the most efficient spectrum utilization and is a lower cost approach to support NB-IoT in existing LTE carriers. In this case, the NB-IoT carrier is embedded in the LTE signal by replacing one of the available LTE Physical Resource Blocks (PRB) without causing any disruption in the LTE operation.

Because NB-IoT devices are expected to support all three modes, refarming legacy technologies does not present a barrier because NB-IoT carriers deployed in Stand-alone mode can continue operating after the spectrum is migrated to LTE (via either guard-band or in-band).

In-band Guard-band Standalone

NB

-IoT

NB

-IoT

NB

-IoT

NB

-loT

NB

-IoT

NB

-IoT

NB

-IoT

LTE Frequency(i.e. 5 MHz, 25 PRB)

3 2 1


Flexibility of Cellular IoT Deployment (Continued)

Depending on the technologies deployed and refarming plans, each operator will take a different deployment mode. Therefore, to guarantee worldwide interoperability of IoT devices, it is important that all three modes are properly tested and validated in real world use cases.

When configuring the Keysight UXM Wireless Test Set as an NB-IoT base station emulator, it is possible to select the deployment mode. When in-band or guard-band is selected, the UXM will automatically emulate the NB-IoT cell and its corresponding LTE cell without further configuration complexity. This greatly reduces the setup time and knowledge required for NB-IoT developers.


Improvement of Indoor Coverage of IoT Devices

Some IoT applications assume the deployment of devices in remote locations or hard to access locations, such as basements, underground, or rural areas. NB-IoT has been designed with a 164- dB link budget, which represents a 20-dB improvement compared to GPRS.

This coverage enhancement is realized at the expense of lowering the data rates and is done by increasing the number of repetitions each data packet needs to be transmitted over the air. This lowers data rates to just tens of bps, but with exceptional penetration. At the same time, the use of single-tone transmissions and π/2 BPSK modulation in the uplink enables to full realization of the PA capacity with a smaller PAPR.

Example. Repetitions used in NB-IoT in NPDCCH and NPDSCH channels.

GPRSNB-IoTextendedcoverage

Repetitions = 2 Repetitions = 4 NPUSCHformat 2

NPDCCH NPDSCH Time: In sub-frames (1 ms)

DCI Ack


Improvement of Indoor Coverage of IoT Devices (Continued)

Because device cost is an important success factor, it is expected that the use of low-cost crystal oscillators will lead to large frequency offsets that may affect the quality of the demodulated signal. Therefore, it is critical that NB-IoT devices meet design targets as closely as possible, including properly realized RF requirements and physical layer algorithms.

Typical key coverage performance metrics are uplink transmitted power, EVM, sensitivity, and blocking. The UXM enables a simple, accurate, and integrated setup because it uses Keysight’s industry-proven X-Series measurement applications, the ability to generate interfering signals to emulate more realistic scenarios (such as GSM or LTE co-existence), and deep access to MAC and PHY layer settings to emulate different coverage levels.


In NB-IoT, the downlink is based on OFDMA and in LTE, each subframe comprises 14 symbols with a duration of 1 ms (0.5 ms per slot). In the frequency domain, the downlink signal uses 12 subcarriers separated by 15 kHz, making a total of 180 kHz bandwidth (equivalent to 1 PRB in LTE).

The uplink is based on SC-FDMA and presented in two variants. For the case of extreme coverage conditions and to enable higher density of devices, a smaller subcarrier spacing of 3.75 kHz is permitted in a single tone configuration with a 2-ms slot duration. For the rest, 15-kHz subcarrier spacing is used with the possibility to transmit 1, 3, 6 or 12 subcarriers depending on the congestion of the network and with a slot duration of 0.5 ms.

Support for a Massive Number of 2-Way Communication Devices

Total available12 subcarriers

Total available48 subcarriers

∆f = 3.75 kHz∆f = 15 kHz

1 slot = 2 ms1 slot = 0.5 ms

2048 Ts160 Ts

or144 Ts

8192 Ts256 Ts

7 OFDM symbols 7 OFDM symbolsGuard period

2304 Ts(75 μs)

1 OFDM symb = 2208 Ts for symb#0 (71.88 μs)1 OFDM symb = 2192 Ts for symb#1..6 (71.35 μs)

Same as LTE

1 OFDM symb = 8448 Ts (275 μs)


In Release 13, only FDD duplex mode is defined, with TDD postponed to further revisions. To reduce cost, devices are expected to operate only as half duplex, eliminating the need for expensive duplexers.

Because high data rates are not required, NB-IoT enables a significant reduction in the chipset complexity, and therefore the platform cost, with the use of reduced transport block sizes, single-stream transmissions, a single antenna (no MIMO), and a single HARQ process. Also, mobility is not supported in the RRC_CONNECTED state (that is, no handovers) but these devices are expected to be nomadic, making cell reselections possible.

On the other hand, battery life is critical for IoT devices. Although the underlying technology used to transmit and receive is important, because these applications exchange a small amount of data with long periods of inactivity, it is critical to maximize the time the device is in sleep or idle mode.

NB-IoT devices must support enhancements in sleep modes such as eDRX and PSM. Discontinuous reception (DRX) is that process where the network indicates to the devices when they can enter sleep mode and therefore determines the latency. DRX can be applied either during RRC_IDLE or RRC_CONNECTED states. As part of Release 13, the DRX duration has been increased (eDRX) to 10.24 seconds, which allows the devices to spend longer periods of time in a lower-power mode to save battery power. Power Saving Mode (PSM) was defined in Release 12 and is a device status that minimizes power consumption even more than while in IDLE.

Low Cost and Low Power Consumption in Cellular IoT Devices

TAU (T3412)

Active timer

Pow

er c

onsu

mpt

ion

t

Power save mode UE unreachable

Sleep DRX (UE checks periodically for pages)T3324


Conclusion

Challenges lie ahead for new NB-IoT applications. The traditional IoT deployment challenges of low power consumption and mass deployment now combine with the challenges of implementing applications on the LTE foundation, which was designed for human communication. With new designs and transmission modes being implemented, it is critical to test devices and validate functionality ahead of time to ensure stability, especially for mission-critical use cases. Because these devices will operate in licensed spectrum managed by operators, there will be an acceptance process that will cover test suites including 3GPP conformance and certification for NB-IoT technologies.

Low Cost and Low Power Consumption in Cellular IoT Devices (Continued)

UXM wireless test set

Device under test

N6705B with source measurement unit


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