keys to successful 21 st century educational leadership chapter 5, isllc 2 to make it great –...

Keys to Successful 21Keys to Successful 21stst Century Century Educational LeadershipEducational Leadership

Chapter 5Chapter 5, ISLLC 2, ISLLC 2

To Make it Great – Motivate!To Make it Great – Motivate!

Jazzar & AlgozzineJazzar & Algozzine

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MotivationMotivation

Our Chief Want in Life is Somebody Who Will Make Us Our Chief Want in Life is Somebody Who Will Make Us Do What We Can.Do What We Can.

Ralph Waldo Ralph Waldo EmersonEmerson

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

MotivationMotivation

• SSuccessfully motivating others is a challenge no uccessfully motivating others is a challenge no matter what the task and regardless of the matter what the task and regardless of the project or initiative to be performed.project or initiative to be performed.

• Inspiring others to work diligently and Inspiring others to work diligently and successfully are the ultimate tests of leadership.successfully are the ultimate tests of leadership.


Needs TheoriesNeeds Theories• Some motivation theories assert that people in general:Some motivation theories assert that people in general:

• share a common set of needs that orient and energize them. share a common set of needs that orient and energize them.

• are motivated to engage in behaviors that will satisfy a need to are motivated to engage in behaviors that will satisfy a need to reduce associated tension.reduce associated tension.

• Abraham H. Maslow’s theory, Abraham H. Maslow’s theory, hierarchy of needs, hierarchy of needs, is the is the most well known theory of human motivation and based most well known theory of human motivation and based upon two basic foundations.upon two basic foundations.

• FirstFirst, the constant state of all human beings is one of “wanting.” , the constant state of all human beings is one of “wanting.” Needs which are not satisfied are and remain as motivators. As Needs which are not satisfied are and remain as motivators. As soon as one need is gratified, another surfaces to take its place. soon as one need is gratified, another surfaces to take its place. Maslow’s research revealed that humans are always in a state of Maslow’s research revealed that humans are always in a state of “wanting.”“wanting.”


Needs Theories continued…Needs Theories continued…

SecondSecond, Maslow , Maslow

argued that humans argued that humans

have five sets of have five sets of

needs that are needs that are

arranged in a arranged in a

hierarchy.hierarchy.


Self Actualization

Esteem

Social

Safety

Physiological

Needs Theories Continued…Needs Theories Continued…

1. Physiological Needs1. Physiological Needs• Basic to survival Basic to survival

• Includes food, water, rest, shelter, and airIncludes food, water, rest, shelter, and air

• No other need will serve as a basis for No other need will serve as a basis for motivation until these needs are metmotivation until these needs are met

2. Safety Needs2. Safety Needs• Include security, stability, and structured Include security, stability, and structured

environment, free from threats to one’s environment, free from threats to one’s existenceexistence


Needs Theories Continued …Needs Theories Continued …

3. Social or Relational Needs3. Social or Relational Needs• Comprised of relationships where friendship, Comprised of relationships where friendship,

affection, and affiliation are present.affection, and affiliation are present.• Failure to satisfy these needs can adversely Failure to satisfy these needs can adversely

impact one’s mental health.impact one’s mental health.

4. Esteem Needs4. Esteem Needs• Include feelings of adequacy, competence, Include feelings of adequacy, competence,

independence, confidence, appreciation, and independence, confidence, appreciation, and recognition of others.recognition of others.

• Satisfaction of these needs leads to a feeling of Satisfaction of these needs leads to a feeling of self-confidence and prestige.self-confidence and prestige.


Needs Theories continued…Needs Theories continued…

5. 5. Self-actualizationSelf-actualization needsneeds:: Refers to the desire of individuals to achieve self-Refers to the desire of individuals to achieve self-

fulfillment, to develop one’s potential to the fullest, to fulfillment, to develop one’s potential to the fullest, to fulfill one’s life goal.fulfill one’s life goal.

Maslow argues that not only do unsatisfied needs Maslow argues that not only do unsatisfied needs motivate, but they follow a sequential hierarchy. motivate, but they follow a sequential hierarchy.

The higher one moves up the scale, the more rewards The higher one moves up the scale, the more rewards or motivators move from external environment to or motivators move from external environment to internal need.internal need.

In order to enhance organizational performance, it is In order to enhance organizational performance, it is important that the educational leader recognize important that the educational leader recognize individual needs and provide opportunities for individual needs and provide opportunities for satisfaction.satisfaction.


Needs Theories, continued…Needs Theories, continued… Adlerfer modified Maslow’s theory developing three basic Adlerfer modified Maslow’s theory developing three basic

needs instead of five.needs instead of five. Existence NeedsExistence Needs

Satisfied by material substance or conditions, corresponding closely Satisfied by material substance or conditions, corresponding closely to the physiological needs identified by Maslowto the physiological needs identified by Maslow

Include food, shelter, pay, and a safe and secure environmentInclude food, shelter, pay, and a safe and secure environment

Relatedness needsRelatedness needs Satisfied by communication, or exchange and interaction with other Satisfied by communication, or exchange and interaction with other

individuals.individuals.

Feedback is dependent upon accurate and honest communicationFeedback is dependent upon accurate and honest communication

Growth NeedsGrowth Needs Only fulfilled by strong personal involvement that fully utilizes one’s Only fulfilled by strong personal involvement that fully utilizes one’s

skills, abilities, and creativityskills, abilities, and creativity


Needs Theories, continued…Needs Theories, continued…

Maslow believes that once a need is met Maslow believes that once a need is met it is not longer motivational.it is not longer motivational.

Alderfer argues that if a higher level need Alderfer argues that if a higher level need is unsatisfied, the individual will regress to is unsatisfied, the individual will regress to a desire to satisfy lower-level needs.a desire to satisfy lower-level needs.


Needs Theories Continued…Needs Theories Continued…

Fredrick Herzberg’sFredrick Herzberg’s two-factor theory two-factor theory describes describes needs in terms of satisfaction and needs in terms of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.dissatisfaction. Maintenance factorsMaintenance factors

These factors/conditions which serve primarily as These factors/conditions which serve primarily as dissatisfiers when absent. They include salary, status, work dissatisfiers when absent. They include salary, status, work conditions, job security and the like.conditions, job security and the like.

Motivational factorsMotivational factors Job satisfiers since they lead to high levels of motivation and Job satisfiers since they lead to high levels of motivation and

job satisfaction when they are present. They include job satisfaction when they are present. They include achievement, advancement, and recognition.achievement, advancement, and recognition.


Process Theories of MotivationProcess Theories of Motivation

Process theories provide much needed insight Process theories provide much needed insight into the work environment resulting in increased into the work environment resulting in increased motivation.motivation.

Equity theory:Equity theory: Is a fair or equitable rewards system in which people with Is a fair or equitable rewards system in which people with

similar accomplishments experience receive similar rewards.similar accomplishments experience receive similar rewards. Tells educational leaders that organizational rewards must Tells educational leaders that organizational rewards must

depend on level of performance so that there is a perceived depend on level of performance so that there is a perceived equity. equity.

Expectancy theory:Expectancy theory: Is the anticipation of a reward or punishment that motivates Is the anticipation of a reward or punishment that motivates

people.people. Is based on four assumptions applied to educational leadersIs based on four assumptions applied to educational leaders


Process Theories of Motivation, Process Theories of Motivation, continued…continued…

1.1. Students and faculty behavior is caused by a Students and faculty behavior is caused by a number of forces in the work environment and in number of forces in the work environment and in the individualthe individual

2.2. Faculty and students consciously make decisions Faculty and students consciously make decisions about their behaviorabout their behavior

3.3. Faculty members and others have different type of Faculty members and others have different type of needs.needs.

4.4. Students, faculty, parents, community and others Students, faculty, parents, community and others will be do things which will result in favorable will be do things which will result in favorable outcomes and will avoid behaviors which lead to outcomes and will avoid behaviors which lead to unfavorable outcomes.unfavorable outcomes.


Process Theories of Motivation, Process Theories of Motivation, continued…continued…

Goal setting theory:Goal setting theory: Is a process where educational leaders and those they Is a process where educational leaders and those they

lead, jointly identify common objectives.lead, jointly identify common objectives. Allows the faculty members feel a sense of ownership Allows the faculty members feel a sense of ownership

in the organization’s goals.in the organization’s goals. Successfully completing goals provides faculty Successfully completing goals provides faculty

members with a sense of accomplishment and members with a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction, and a greater sense of motivation.satisfaction, and a greater sense of motivation.

Educational leaders can achieve these goals by talking Educational leaders can achieve these goals by talking to their team members about common goals, involving to their team members about common goals, involving the team members in establishing goals when possible, the team members in establishing goals when possible, providing members with on-going concrete feedback providing members with on-going concrete feedback about the accomplishments of the established goals.about the accomplishments of the established goals.


Keys to MotivationKeys to Motivation

People can be motivated to do just about People can be motivated to do just about anything, and conversely, they can be anything, and conversely, they can be motivated to so absolutely nothing.motivated to so absolutely nothing.

Five keys were implemented by leaders in Five keys were implemented by leaders in motivating others to achieve monumental gains.motivating others to achieve monumental gains.

Demonstrating high ethical standards:Demonstrating high ethical standards: The confidence that workers held in their leaders assisted in The confidence that workers held in their leaders assisted in

their development of discipline, direction, and determination.their development of discipline, direction, and determination.


Keys to Motivation, continued…Keys to Motivation, continued…

Developing unified teamsDeveloping unified teams Strength that comes from a unified team has been a powerful Strength that comes from a unified team has been a powerful

motivator throughout time.motivator throughout time. Taking time to properly teach, train, coach, counsel, and train Taking time to properly teach, train, coach, counsel, and train

your workers creates bonds that lead to cohesion, trust and your workers creates bonds that lead to cohesion, trust and mutual respect. mutual respect.

When individuals fail, the developing cohesive teams When individuals fail, the developing cohesive teams motivated all to succeed.motivated all to succeed.

Rewarding some and disciplining othersRewarding some and disciplining others The consequences of an individual’s actions can become an The consequences of an individual’s actions can become an

effective motivational tool. effective motivational tool. The rewards or discipline one receives or expects to receive The rewards or discipline one receives or expects to receive

can be incentives or deterrents of motivation.can be incentives or deterrents of motivation.


Keys to Motivation, continued…Keys to Motivation, continued…

Rewarding outstanding achievementRewarding outstanding achievement A well-developed system of rewards has the potential to A well-developed system of rewards has the potential to

favorably impact performance and increase motivation.favorably impact performance and increase motivation. The rewards must be fair, consistent, and equitable. Failure The rewards must be fair, consistent, and equitable. Failure

to distribute rewards accordingly will diminish motivation.to distribute rewards accordingly will diminish motivation.

Serving as positive role modelsServing as positive role models Successful leaders that have not been hesitant to join those Successful leaders that have not been hesitant to join those

they were leading had followers who were more motivated to they were leading had followers who were more motivated to go above and beyond where others have gone when their go above and beyond where others have gone when their leaders exemplified expected behavior.leaders exemplified expected behavior.


Making Motivation WorkMaking Motivation Work

State goals and objectives clearlyState goals and objectives clearly Develop meaningful rewards procedure and processDevelop meaningful rewards procedure and process

The process and procedure needs to be commensurate The process and procedure needs to be commensurate with the magnitude of achievement.with the magnitude of achievement.

Extend a well deserved complimentExtend a well deserved compliment Verbal praise positively motivates an individual or a group.Verbal praise positively motivates an individual or a group.

AccentuateAccentuate thethe positivepositive Celebrate successesCelebrate successes High performers receiving a well deserved compliment, High performers receiving a well deserved compliment,

certificate, or letter from their leaders in front of others, certificate, or letter from their leaders in front of others, serves as a motivating factor for others.serves as a motivating factor for others.


Making Motivation Work, continuedMaking Motivation Work, continued

Deal with unsatisfactory performanceDeal with unsatisfactory performance Hold others accountable by sanctioning appropriate Hold others accountable by sanctioning appropriate

disciplinary measures to those who do not perform to disciplinary measures to those who do not perform to standard.standard.

Educational leaders have the responsibility to instruct, Educational leaders have the responsibility to instruct, oversee and discipline unsatisfactory performance.oversee and discipline unsatisfactory performance.

The type of discipline should be appropriate to the discipline The type of discipline should be appropriate to the discipline violation.violation.

WarningsWarnings Verbal and written reprimandVerbal and written reprimand Direct the punishment or counseling at the behaviorDirect the punishment or counseling at the behavior Faculty member must know the desired behavior and be Faculty member must know the desired behavior and be

and be able to perform it to standard.and be able to perform it to standard.


Making Motivation Work, continued…Making Motivation Work, continued… Consider group rewards and disciplineConsider group rewards and discipline

Educational leaders sometimes need to implement a group Educational leaders sometimes need to implement a group approach to accomplish monumental gains byapproach to accomplish monumental gains by

Recognizing the needs of students and faculty membersRecognizing the needs of students and faculty members

Develop positive role modelsDevelop positive role models

Recognize and meet the needs of othersRecognize and meet the needs of others

Serve as, and develop, positive role modelsServe as, and develop, positive role models Can be formal and informal leaders that others can learn from Can be formal and informal leaders that others can learn from

through observation and imitation.through observation and imitation.


Making Motivation Work, continued… Making Motivation Work, continued…

Support formal leadersSupport formal leaders Serve as positive role models when they demonstrate Serve as positive role models when they demonstrate

initiative, take responsibility for their actions, and develop initiative, take responsibility for their actions, and develop well –trained, cohesive groups.well –trained, cohesive groups.

Others who emulated their leaders improved their own Others who emulated their leaders improved their own performance.performance.

Support informal leadersSupport informal leaders Informal leaders must be identified as quickly as possible.Informal leaders must be identified as quickly as possible. Informal leaders can be used as an excellent role model for Informal leaders can be used as an excellent role model for

their peers.their peers. If informal leaders have a negative impact on the motivation If informal leaders have a negative impact on the motivation

of a group, they must be disciplined quickly by the formal of a group, they must be disciplined quickly by the formal leader.leader.


What Does it Take?What Does it Take?

In conclusion:In conclusion: Knowing and practicing these motivational theories will Knowing and practicing these motivational theories will

support and assist educational leaders in gaining much support and assist educational leaders in gaining much needed school improvement through the release of needed school improvement through the release of educational members’ human potential.educational members’ human potential.


keys to successful 21 st century educational leadership chapter 5, isllc 2 to make it great –...

Documents

needs theories

hierarchy of needs

safety needs

sets of needs

motivation theories

physiological needs

common set of needs

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