key messages for public awareness guide en

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www.ifrc.org

Saving lives, changing minds.

Public awareness and publiceducation for disaster risk

reduction: key messages


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International Federation of Red Crossand Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, 2013

Copies of all or part of this guide may be made fornoncommercial use, providing the source is acknowledgedThe IFRC would appreciate receiving details of its use.Requests for commercial reproduction should be directed tothe IFRC at [email protected]

The designations and maps used do not imply the expressionof any opinion on the part of the International Federation orNational Societies concerning the legal status of a territory orof its authorities.

All photos used in this guide are copyright of the IFRC unlessotherwise indicated. Cover photo, from left to right, clockwise:

Joe Lowry/IFRC, Rob Few/IFRC, Vina Agustina/IFRC.

Hazard and character iconography from DREAMS learningobject repository, courtesy of Risk RED.Contact: [email protected]

P.O. Box 303CH-1211 Geneva 19SwitzerlandTelephone: +41 22 730 4222Telefax: +41 22 733 0395E-mail: [email protected] site: www.ifrc.org

Public awareness and public education

for disaster risk reduction: key messages1222000 E 01/2013


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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

Public awareness and public education for disaster risk reduction: key messages

1

Pubic awareess apubic eucai

or disaster risk reduction:key messages

Strategy 2020 voices the collective determination o the

IFRC to move orward in tackling the major challenges that

conront humanity in the next decade. Inormed by the

needs and vulnerabilities o the diverse communities with

whom we work, as well as the basic rights and reedoms to

which all are entitled, this strategy seeks to beneft all who

look to Red Cross Red Crescent to help to build a morehumane, dignifed and peaceul world.

Over the next ten years, the collective ocus o the IFRC

will be on achieving the ollowing strategic aims:

1. Save lives, protect livelihoods and strengthen

recovery from disasters and crises

2. Enable healthy and safe living

3. Promote social inclusion and a cultureof non-violence and peace


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Public awareness and public education for disaster risk reduction:key messages

Tb tt

Abbreviations and acronyms 3

Glossary 4

Foreword 5

ParT 1: Background

1 Iruci 8

The key messages validation project 9

2 Wa are key messages, a wy armize em? 11

The importance o consistent messaging 12

3 Usig e messages i is pubicai 14

The ramework and structure o the messages 15

Selecting and adapting the key messages 15Using a participatory process 17

ParT 2: key messages

A. Key messages r a-azars use a amiy isaser prevei 20

B. Key azar-specic messages 29

Drought 29Earthquakes 33

Floods 38

Pandemics 43

Tropical cyclones 46

Wildres 50

aPPendix:

Megy 56

Reereces 64


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Public awareness and public education for disaster risk reduction: key messages

5

F

National Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies have a long history on

working with communities and people at disaster risk on the threats they ace,

how this makes them vulnerable and what steps they can take themselves to in-

crease their saety and resilience. National Societies undertake this task through

various activities: national public campaigns, partnerships with education au-

thorities or developing educational materials or schools, mobilising youth and

junior Red Cross Red Crescent or peer education, training and organizing com-

munities through community-based disaster risk reduction, and using their di-

saster response operations as opportunities or improved risk awareness.

In 2011, the IFRC published Public awareness and education or disaster risk reduction a guide, designed to help National Societies scale up their work in disaster risk

reduction campaigning, partnerships and education. Alongside this guide, we

carried out research on what activities are going on within National Red Cross

Red Crescent Societies, and within the wider sector, to harmonize messages or

disaster risk reduction.

Harmonized messaging is a key goal in disaster reduction awareness, and is

particularly important when it comes to scaling-up eorts to create a culture

o saety. To promote consistent actions to the public, we need key saety and

resilience messages. Ensuring that these messages have credibility, legitimacy

and strong impact, they need to be harmonized and consistent, backed by a

consensus o key stakeholders, and based on the best knowledge available at

the time.

This latest publication, Public awareness and education or disaster risk reduction: key

messages, is oered as a tool or practitioners internationally to use in a con-

sensus-building validation process. National Societies, national disaster man-

agement organizations, governmental and non-governmental organisations and

international organizations are invited to be part o a global validation project

working to develop a comprehensive multi-regional set o key messages as a

contribution or the culmination o the 20052015 Hyogo Framework or Action.

With both publications now complete, the next step is to disseminate the mate-

rials, support National Societies to incorporate the ideas into their ongoing di-

saster risk reduction programmes, and scale up work nationally and regionally.

Bekele Geleta

Secretary General


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RobFew/IFRC


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Part 1:Background


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Chapter 1 Introduction

9

I you would like to be lead or participate in the validation process in your

country or zone, please contact:

Marjorie SOTOFRANCO

[email protected]

Community preparedness and risk reduction department

T

vt pjt

National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have a long history o providing

public education or disaster risks and the steps that households and communi-

ties can take to increase their saety and resilience. National Societies carry out

this work through a variety o delivery mechanisms, including:

running national public awareness campaigns developing partnerships with education authorities to develop educational

materials

mobilizing youth and junior Red Cross Red Crescent or peer education

training and organizing communities through community-based risk reduc-

tion actions.

Many governments are looking to National Societies to take on a more signi-

cant role in DRR education, both through community disaster education or

schools and through national disaster management plans.

The objective o the key messages validation project is to develop and rene key

DRR messages based on a universal template, and that can be contextualized or

use anywhere. The rst our steps below have resulted in this publication. Stepve involves you.

Sp 1: Rsarch and compil a compndium o sandardizd mssags or

DRR. Messages were drawn rom 17 widely-disseminated, authoritative sources,

rom a range o countries and regions, developed through interagency consensus

(completed in 2011).

Sp 2: Holding a global workshop. In early 2012, the IFRCs community pre-

paredness and risk reduction department and the America zone oce held a

global workshop on public awareness and public education or DRR and harmo-

nizing key message development. Representatives with experience rom 23 di-

erent National Societies and partners gathered to deepen and share theirknowledge. Participants used a ltering, selection and ocusing process to draw

up recommendations or the rst consultation version o the key messages.

Sp 3: Complion o a rs consulaion vrsion o h ky mssags. In the

rst quarter o 2012, a rapid consultation version o the key messages was com-

piled in order to solicit additional expert input. Twenty-seven experts on the

subject matter, including IFRC sta, participants at the global workshop and 14

interested organizations, reviewed the materials in English and provided eed-

back on those sections within their areas o expertise.

Sp 4: Complion o h validaion projc vrsion o h ky mssags.

In summer 2012, the eedback was incorporated to produce this validation

project version.


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10

Sp 5: Nx sps ar validaion, laboraion and rvision. It is intended that

Part 2 o this publication, the key messages or DRR, will go through an 18-month

review process, to continue to rene and dierentiate them, to adapt them to a

variety o contexts, and to share and build consensus. During this period, this

publication will be translated into the other ocial languages o the InternationalRed Cross Red Crescent Movement.

The rst aim or these key messages is to use them to implement and test the

promotion o amily and household disaster plans and hazard-specic messages

among sta and volunteers in the Movement, globally. This challenge is presented

to all partners involved in humanitarian and development eorts worldwide.

F 1: k t b, ,

, t, b-t v

The validity, legitimacy and credibility o the key messages will be established by

tens o thousands o role models, leading by example, through disaster reduc-tion in their own households and amilies. Zonal, regional and national leader-

ship and partners are invited to collaborate in promoting this process through

sessions, participatory workshops and side events, connected with a wide variety

o Red Cross Red Crescent, HFA and other regional DRR consultation meetings

and conerences. Pilot applications in National Societies are also welcomed.

During the validation period, partners are also invited to support a similar

method or developing key messages or remaining hazards, or to develop com-

plementary iconography (perhaps separate regional sets) that agencies could

share, to illustrate the messages.


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Chapter 2What are key messages, and why harmonize them?

13

There are two recent examples at an international scale: Community-Based

Health and First Aid modules have been adopted or approved by health au-

thorities as core materials or public education in health and rst aid. Alsothe Participatory Approach or Sae Shelter Awareness and Integrated

Neighbourhood Approach initiatives (or example, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti) have

been introduced in urban contexts.

ep -b

There are several good examples o consensus-based harmonized messagingthat involve key government departments, scientic and civil society partners,as well as National Societies, including:

Central Asia National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have co-produced or co-logoed important public education materials along withMinistries o Emergencies, leading scientic and technical institutes, donors,and a host o other local and international non-governmental organizations(INGOs).

Caribbean Seasonal public education or hurricane preparedness ispresented jointly by National Societies and their respective governments.

Indonesia The wide-ranging Consortium or Disaster Education hascollaborated with its broad stakeholder membership to present standardized

programmes to schools and community groups, to share the work and makesure that everyone receives the same messages.Central America Public education and vulnerability and capacity

assessment guidance is consistently conveyed across the region throughharmonized modules ( better be ready) shared by National Societies, IGOand NGO partners and some government agencies.

South Asia A template or Standardized First Aid Kits has incorporatedinputs rom National Societies as well as a wide range o governments,experts and eld practitioners.


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Chapter 3 Using the messages in this publication

Part 2:Key messages


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A. Key messages for all-hazards household and family disaster prevention

Kw yur buiig Knowthestructuraltypeofyourhome(e.g.,woodframe,connedmasonry,

reinorced concrete, adobe, steel, traditional wattle and daub, or rubble fll).

Learnlocalregulationsonlanduse,construction,remodelling,landscape

maintenance, fre saety and disposal o debris.Considerhavingyourbuildingevaluatedbyaprofessionalstructuraldesign

engineer, i possible.

Buildingcodesarespecictothetimewhenyourbuildingwasconstructed,

and modern standards may be higher. Retroftting may be advisable.

Learnaboutoptionstomakeyourhomesafefromthehazardsyouface.

Csruc yur me

i a sae pace i

cmpiace wi

buiig reguais

Considerpossiblehazardsbeforeselectingthesiteforyourhome.

Learnaboutyourareasbuildingcodesbeforeyoubeginconstruction.

Design,buildandmaintainyourhomeinaccordancewithbuildingregulations

and best international and local practices, to protect rom ground movement,

wind, water and severe weather.

take aua me

maieace measures keep yur me sae

Carryoutanannualchecktoidentifyandcorrectconditionsthatmakeyou

more vulnerable to fre, ground movement, wind, water and severe weather. Besurethatwindowscanbeopenedfromtheinsideandthatexitsand

emergency exits are not blocked.

Clearrehazards.

Inspectandrepairelectricalsystems.

Cleanguttersanddrains.

Serviceallheatingappliancesandchimneys.

Replacesmokealarmbatteries.

Pracise me re

prevei

Donotpermitsmokinginbedorwhenlyingdown.

Keepmatches,lightersandammableorcombustibleproductsawayfrom

children and rom heat sources.

Neverleaveareorcandleburningunattended.

Avoidoverloadingelectricalcircuits.Checkwiringinyourhome,repairingbrokenelectricalcords,frayedor

exposedwiresorlooseplugs.Donotrunelectricalcordsundercarpets.

Checkandmaintainconnectionsondevicesthatrunongas.

Keepstoveandheaterareasclearofammables.

Installworkingsmokedetectorsinsleepingareasandateachlevelinyour

home.

Disposeofashesinametalcontainerandsoakedwithwater.

Useheaterscertiedforsafetyandfollowmanufacturersdirections.

Donotusekitchenovensforhomeheating.

Donotoperateorrefuelelectricalgeneratorsindoors.

Sre azarus

maerias saey

Limit,isolate,eliminateandseparatehazardousmaterials.

Storepoisonsandammableproductssecurelyinclosed,latchedmetal

cabinetstopreventaccidentalres,toxiccombinationsandhazardous

materials release.

Prec yur mesic

aimas a ivesck

Makesureanyout-buildings,pasturesorcorralsareprotectedinthesame

way as your home.

Pracise g ygiee

a saiai

Washhandswell,usingsoapandwaterorsand.

Usetoiletsorothersanitarymethodstodisposeofhumanwaste.

Donotdefecateintheopenairornearwatersources.

Protectwaterandfoodsuppliesfromcontamination.

Prec yur

evirme

Conservepreciousenvironmentalresources:reduce,reuseandrecycle.

Monitorandreduceyourenergyandwateruse.


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Resp eary

warigs

Stayalertforemergencywarnings,andrespondimmediately.

Knowthealarmsystemthatwillbeusedandpractiseyourresponse.Knowyour

emergency exit choices.

Ifyouareadvisedtoevacuate,leaveimmediately.Takeyourpetsorserviceanimalswithyouifpossible.

Dontforgetyourevacuationbag,withcopiesofpersonaldocuments.

Secureyourbelongingsifyouhavetime.

lear rs ai Learnrstaidskills.Makesurethatatleastonememberofyourhouseholdis

trained in frst aid.

Practiseandupdateyourrstaidknowledgeeveryyear.

Pracise reguar

emergecy ris

Conductorparticipateinemergencyevacuationdrills(includingathome)at

least twice a year.

Conductorparticipateinotherhazarddrills,includingfullresponsesimulation,

at least once a year.

Besuretoincludeallmembersofhouseholdinpracticedrills.

Resp e ees

yur aimas

Ifyouhaveanimals,evacuateearlywiththemormakesureanyoutbuildings,

pastures or corrals are protected.

Ifyoumustleaveanimalsbehind,donotleavethemtiedorshutinbuildings.

Leavedryfood.

Use eepes y r

emergecies

Keepallphoneusetoanabsoluteminimum.Usethemonlytorequestoutside

assistance or physical injury and damage. Otherwise, leave phone lines open

or emergencies.

Learnthephonenumbersforreportingreandotheremergencies.Keepthese

by your phone or programmed into the handset.

Keepyourmobilephonewithyou.Minimizeusetoconservebatteries.

Useshorttextmessagingratherthanvoice,andonlytoconveyvitalemergency

inormation rather than to satisy curiosity. Sendjustoneshortmessageviamobilephonetoreportyourstatustoyourout-

of-areacontact.Learnemergencyhashtagsforemergencysocialmessaging.

Maiai

cmmuicai

Makesurestreetsignsandhousenumbersareclearlymarkedsothat

emergency responders can help you.

Say irme Listentoaportablebattery-operatedradioortelevisionforemergency

inormation and saety instructions.

Knowthefrequencyofyourlocalemergency-alarmradiostation.

amiiarize yurse

wi use waer-

reame mes

puriy waer

Ifthewatersourceisnotcleanorwaterisnotstoredproperly,carryoutwater

treatment procedures at the household level.

Firststrainwaterthroughnecleancottonisanimportantrststep.Followby

disinection, sedimentation or fltration.

Aer azar impac,

ep se aru yu

First,checkyourownsecurityandsafety,followedbythatofthoseimmediately

around you, beore moving or going to help others.

Checkyourselfandothersforinjuries.Donottrytomoveanyonewhois

seriously injured unless they are in immediate danger o death or urther injury.

Ifyoumustmovesomeonewhoisunconscious,rststabilizetheirneckand

back and then get help.

Ifthepersonisnotbreathing,carefullypositionthemsotheyarelyingaton

theoorwiththeirchintiltedslightlyup,cleartheairway,closetheirnose,and

administer rescue breaths via protected mouth.

Maintainnormalbodytemperature(nottoocoldortoohot)andraiselegsby

about2030cm(712in),abovetheheart.

Stopbleedingonlybyusingpressureandelevation,notbytourniquet.


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PrePare To resPond: t pv

KEY MESSAGES ContExt-SPECIIC dEtAIlS

Ceck yur pes Makesureyouhaveatleastonenon-electric,non-cordlesslandlinephonein

case o power outage.

Formobilephones,keepanextrabatteryormanualorsolarchargeravailable.

Sre waer a Storeenoughcleanwaterandnon-perishablefoodtosurviveforaboutaweek.

Twenty-vetothirtylitres(sevengallons)foreachhouseholdmember.Abouthalf

o this is or drinking or cooking and hal or sanitation.

Keepthewaterinclean,closedcontainers.

Sre respse

prvisis a me,

wrk a sc

Keepthefollowingdisasterprovisionsinasecureplaceoutsideyourhome,

where possible:

emergency contact inormation and copies o vital records

Twenty-velitres(sevengallons)perperson.Thisissufcientforsurvivalfor

one person or one week based on an estimated two litres (hal a gallon)or drinking and two or sanitation. Include allocations or pets and service

animals. Replace every six months.

enough non-perishable ood to last or at least seven days. Remember inant

and other special dietary needs and pets or service animals. (Check expiry

dates every six months)

frst aid kit and prescription medications

dust mask to flter contaminated air

torch/ashlighteithersolarorwind-up,orwithextrabatteries.

plastic bags and ties or personal sanitation

liquidbleachforwaterpurication

plasticsheetingandducttapetosealwindowsanddoorsforhazardous

materials release

paper and markers multi-purpose pocket knie tool

matches

a whistle, to signal or help

a telephone with extra battery or power storage

clothing and toiletries, including rain gear, a change o underclothing, sturdy

shoes and work gloves

bedding and towels

personal items to meet the needs o each household member including

assistive devices such as spectacles.

Prepare a g bag r

evacuai

Packevacuationbagscontaining:

emergency water and high-energy ood

communicationequipmentsuchasaportableradio(solarwindup,orwithextra batteries)

frst aid supplies and prescription medications

toolsincludingatorch/ashlight(solar,winduporwithextrabatteries)multi-

purpose tool, matches

clothing, including rain gear, a change o underclothing, sturdy shoes and

work gloves

emergency blanket

personal toiletries and items such as assistive devices

emergency contact inormation and copies o vital records

cash.

Takethisbagwhenyouevacuate.


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After power outage

throw away

contaminated food

and water

Checkrefrigeratedfoodforspoilage.Ifindoubt,throwitout.

Avoiddrinkingorpreparingfoodusingwaterthatmaybecontaminated.

Puriy waer Evenifwaterlooksclean,itmaybecontaminated.Ifitisofquestionablepurity,

carry out the ollowing steps:

Remove solids by fltering the water through a cloth or letting it settle and

pour it into a clean container.

Boilthewaterforatleastoneminuteoruntillargebubblesappear,thenletit

cool.

Addbleach,mixwell,andletstandfor30minutes(onedropofbleachper

litre o water, eight drops per gallon, or one capul per 20-litre jerry can).

Alternatively,placewaterinaclean,transparentplasticorglassbottleandlayit

in direct sunlight or six hours.

Inallcases,storewaterinaclean,closedcontainer.


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B. Key hazard-specifc messages

This section is divided into key messages or six specic types o hazard: drough

arhquaks

foods

pandmics

ropical cyclons

wildrs.

These are intended to supplement the general key messages provided in Section A.

k droughT

Please note that the oundation messages are contained in

Key Messages or All-Hazards Household and Family Disaster Planning.

Separate messages are also available or earthquakes, oods, pandemics, tropical cyclones,

and wildfres.

A drought is a slow-onset phenomenon consisting o a prolonged period o abnor-

mally low rainall, snowall or snowmelt that results in reduced groundwater, sur-

ace water and/or reservoir levels. The shortages o water or drinking, sanitation

and irrigation have an impact on ability to sustain agriculture, livestock and liveli-

hoods, and can lead to ood insecurity, spread o disease, malnutrition and starva-

tion, migration and dislocation, and economic losses. Drought can also adversely

aect power generation, transportation and commercial or industrial needs.

Periods o abnormal dryness are a normal, recurrent eature o climate, and are

oten predictable. However, they are also impacted by the human land-use deg-

radation, dam construction and climate change. Vulnerability is made worse by

the ollowing actors:

population pressures

ood insecurity

economic systems that are strictly dependent on rain-ed agriculture

poor inrastructure including irrigation, water supply and sanitation systems

health conditions

seasonality

absence o warning systems

other concurrent economic and political conditions.

B.

Key hazard-specificmessages


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assess and Plan


Be irme Learnaboutmonthly,seasonalandlong-termweatheroutlooksandwhatthey

may mean in your area.

Understandtheoptimalweatherconditionsfordifferentagriculturalpractices

andwaterrequirements,andcomparewithcurrentpractices.

Findoutaboutcommunicationchannelsforearlywarningaboutdroughtinyour

community.

Wrk wi yur

eigburs a

cmmuiy prese

rug impacs

Participateincommunityriskmapping,capacitymappinganddrought

monitoring.

Workwithlocalauthoritiestodevelopadroughtmitigationplan.

Workwithlocalwatersupplierstodevelopawaterconservationplan.

Paricipae i paig

r raiig waera

Planforaninitialbasicrationoffoodequivalenttoabout2,100caloriesper

personperday.Thefoodrationshouldbeassimpleaspossible,toinclude: abasicstaplesuchasrice,corn,wheatourorcornsoyblend)

a concentrated source o energy (oil or another at)

a concentrated source o protein, such as beans, peas, lentils.*

Learnaboutthemostvulnerablepeopleinyourcommunity,includingwhoand

where they are and how you can help them.

Apprac waer as a

cmmuiy resurce,

a pa accrigy

Workwithlocalauthoritieswhereverpossibletoplanforandreducetheimpacts

o water shortages.

Identifywaterresourcesandlearnhowtoconserveandextendthem.

Planyourownlandusewithwaterconservationinmind.

Assess epiemic risks

a pa r prevei

Stayincontactwithyourprimaryhealthcareprovidersandlearnabout:

how to keep water clean or puriy it good sanitation and hygiene practices

availableimmunizationprogrammes

airborne, water-borne or vector-borne risks you may ace

what kinds o inormation to communicate.

Pa imprve yur

use securiy

Buycropinsurance.

Plantbackyardgardens.

Setupseedbanks.

Storefoodforuseduringscarcity.

Lookforalternativesourcesofincometollthefoodgap.

Monitorthegrazingandfoddersituationforlivestock.

miTigaTe risks: p vtKEY MESSAGES ContExt-SPECIIC dEtAIlS

Paricipae i

cmmuiy waer

resurce maageme

Protectwatercatchmentareasfromevaporationandcontamination(for

example,bypesticides),andminimizewaste.

Preve eresai

a pracise

reresai

Protectwatercatchmentareasfromdeforestation.

Re-forestwatercatchmentareas.


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B. Key messages or drought

Cserve waer i si

rug susaiabe

agricuure a

ascapig pracices

Planttreesespeciallyspeciesthatneedlittlewaterandmulcharoundthem.

Usemulchingandothercropcoverstocaptureorretainwaterandreduce

evaporation

Recycleirrigationwater. Avoidwasteofirrigationwaterduetopoor-qualityirrigationcanals.

Identifyandcultivateearlymaturing,drought-tolerantcrops.

Reducerun-offandimproverainwaterinltrationbyplantingbarrierssuchas

vetiver, lemongrass or agave.

Implementcropdiversicationandinter-croppingtoimproveyieldsbyhaving

plants complement and support each other.

Avoidslashandburnagriculture.

Practiseconservationagriculture.Thisinvolves:

ensuringminimummechanicalsoildisturbance(no-tilltechniques)to

maintain minerals, stop erosion and prevent water loss

managing topsoil to create permanent organic soil cover, allowing or growth

o organisms

practising crop rotation with more than two species.

Increasesoilfertilityandwaterretentionbyusinganimalcompostandplant

manures to add nutrients and organic matter to soil.

Replacesprinklersystemswithdripirrigation,appliedclosetoplantrootsto

prevent waste.

Useasoilmoistureindicatortoseewhenwateringisneeded.Waterthegarden

or ground cover early in the day, and not on windy days.

Laygreendrivewaysandwater-permeableasphaltratherthanconcrete.

Cserve waer by

miimizig ur

usage

Inspectpipesandoutdoortapsforleaks,andrepairthem.

Storewateratthehouseholdlevel.

Coverwellstoreduceevaporation.

Harvestrainwaterinabove-groundorbelow-groundtanks.(Note:thewatermay

need purifcation treatment beore it is sae to drink.)

Usealternativestowater(forexample,sandforwashing). Avoidover-grazingandmanagethestockingrate.

Recyclehouseholdgreywaterfortoilet,andforirrigationandhomegardens.

Recycleshtankwaterforplants.

Reducewaterconsumptionbylandscapingwithlow-waterplantsandrock

gardens. In rainy conditions, turn o automatic sprinklers.

Conservewateroutdoorsbycleaningpathwayswithabroom(notwater),

washing cars with a bucket, and covering pools to reduce evaporation.

Insulatehotwaterpipes.

Wherelivestockusethesamesourceaspeople,explorealternativemethodsof

water usage.

Cserve waer by

miimizig irusage

Inspectpipes,tapsandtoiletsforleaks,andrepairthem.

Conserverunningwaterathome.Forexample: Turnofftapswhenbrushingteethorshaving.

Takeshortershowers.

Installaeratingtapsandlow-owshowerheads.

Clean vegetables in a basin rather than under running water.

Clean greasy hands with waterless hand cleaner.

Install composting toilets or low-volume toilets, or place a brick or sealed bag

ofwaterintotoiletcisterntoreduceushwater.

Washdishesusingtwobasinsratherthandoingitunderrunningwater.

In washing machines, match the load setting to amount o laundry, or wash

ull loads only.

Prec yurse i yur

me

Closewindowsanddoorstokeepheatoutside.

Createnaturalventilationowsinsidethehouse.Drinkplentyofwater.

Limituseofrestovesandcookers.


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PrePare To resPond: vp t pv


Sckpie esseia

s

Considerwhichofthefollowingthreelevelsoffoodsecurityorinsecurityyou

may ace:

sel-sufcient

ood insecure

ood and livelihoods insecure.

Preserve a sre

year ru

Preserveandstoredryfood,tinnedfoodandgrainsthatlast312months.

Storedriedyeast,sugar,jams,chutneys,sauces,tealeaves,peanutbutterand

biscuits.

Storeproductstoproducefreshfoodathome,suchas:yoghurt(milkpowder,

water and yoghurt culture), herbs, germinated seeds (bean sprouts, onion seeds).

lear pricipes

g urii

Inaverageconditions,anadultshoulddrinkabouttwolitresofwaterperday,

although this amount may increase or decrease under dierent conditions. Planforabasicfoodrationequivalenttoabout2,100caloriesperpersonper

day.Thisshouldbeassimpleaspossible,toinclude:

abasicstaplesuchasrice,corn,wheatourorcornsoyblend)

a concentrated source o energy (oil or another at)

a concentrated source o protein, such as legumes (beans, peas, lentils).*

Learnaboutthemostvulnerablepeopleinyourcommunity,includingwhoand

where they are and how you can help them.

Expanddietsbycultivatingfoodsinbackyardgardensandforaging.

Forgoodnutrition,eatfromeachofthesefourfoodgroups,everyday:

Grup 1

dried vegetables and ruits

tinned/canned vegetables and ruits

bottled vegetables and ruits vegetable and ruit juices

dried herbs

tomato paste

products that can be stored (in the cool and dark) or a relatively long time,

such as garlic, onions, potatoes, apples, citrus ruits, carrots and cabbage.

Grup 2

peas, beans and lentils

tinned/canned beans

milk powder (ull at)* or evaporated or long-lie milk

cheesethatdoesnotrequirerefrigeration

dried meat and dried fsh

tinned/canned meat and fsh.

Grup 3 grains such as sorghum, millet, rice, corn or wheat

cassava, yam or plantain

pasta,cerealsorour

bread o all kinds

crackers

noodles

instant products, such as dried mashed potato.

Grup 4

oil

seeds,includingsesameandsunower.

Ifnofreshfoodisavailable,vitaminsupplementsarerecommended.

Usesaltandcondimentstomakefoodtasty.


35/68


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34



assess and Plan


Ieiy saes paces Identifythesafestplacesinyourbuilding,andineachroom.Theseplaces

must be located away rom exterior walls, unsecured partition walls, windows,

glass and large or heavy objects that can all, slide or collide, or objects such as

heaters and open freplaces that can cause fre.

Outsideyourbuilding,thesafestplacesareawayfromoverheadand

undergroundhazards.

Ieiy iems a

cu cause ea r

ijury a wrk u w

secure em

Identifyitemswithinthebuildingandaroundtheperimeterthatcouldfall,slide

orcollideduringearthquakeshaking.Movethemorndthebestwaystosecure

them.

Moveorsecureobjectsthatmayfallandblockexits.

d be mise by

isirmai, mysr rumurs

Basesafetyinformationontheavailablescienticevidence.Donotspread

rumoursorunfoundedmythsaboutcausesoreffectsofhazards.Manypopularanecdotes are not supported by scientifc data.

miTigaTe risks: p vt


Seec a sae sie r

yur buiig

Findoutfromlocalauthoritieswhereearthquakerisksarehighestinyourlocal

area.

Locatebuildingsonstable,solid,dryground(inotherwords,ondeepand

unbrokenrockknownasbedrock).Avoidadjacenthazardsbyleavingsufcient

space between buildings so that they cannot pound against each other during

earthquakeshaking.

Avoidbuildingonunstableslopesorsitessubjecttoliquefaction,avalanchesorinundationfromtsunami,oodingordamfailure.

Avoidbuildingdirectlyontopof,orwithin15m(50ft)ofknownearthquake

aults.

Bui a maiai

yur buiig wi

earquakes i mi

Thewayabuildingbehavesduringearthquakesdependsonthegrounditsits

on, its shape, the design o its structural system, the materials it is built with, and

constructiondetailing.Ideallyitshouldbestrongbutexible,sothatitdoesnot

ail when shaken.

Followtheseprinciplesforseismic-resistantconstruction:

Rigorously ollow anti-seismic building codes or your area.

Selectanappropriatefoundationsystemforthetopography,soilconditions

and construction type.

Selectasimplysymmetricalshapeforthebuilding(usuallyasimple

rectangle).

Ensurethatthepartsofthestructuralsystem(suchasthecolumns,beams

and walls) are continuous, evenly distributed and well connected.

Usetheappropriatequalityandquantityofmaterials.

Protectyourbuildingfromwaterandmoisturedamage.

Review the overall saety o your building periodically.


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36



I yu are irs,

rp yur kees,

cver yur ea a

eck, a

yur cver

Dropdownonyourkneesandmakeyourselfsmall.Coveryourheadandneck,

and protect your ace. Hold on to this cover, or move with it, until the shaking

stops.Donotattempttorun.

Drop,coverandholdon.Thisisshorthandforseveraloptionsforearthquakeposition that protect you rom the worst and most-common injuries, by

protectingyourhead,neckandthroat.Pullinginyourhands,arms,feetand

legs makes you a smaller target and places you in position, ready to crawl to a

saer location.

I you are near a sturdy table, get under it. Hold on to the table leg with one

hand and protect your eyes with the other hand.

I you are in bed, stay there and protect your head with a pillow.

I you are near a soa, get down next to it and use a cushion to protect your

head and neck.

I you are sitting in a theatre or stadium seat, brace yoursel while protecting

your head and neck.

I you are in a wheelchair, lock it. I you cannot get down low, brace yoursel

and protect your head with your arms.

Ifyoucannotdroptotheoor,staywhereyouare,bracingyourselfinplace.

Stayindoorsuntiltheshakingstopsandyouaresureitissafetoexit.

Remai cam Staycalmbycountingortakingslow,deepbreaths.Lookaroundtoassessthe

situation beore moving.

I yu are e gru

fr a abe use

wi a eavy r, ei

quicky

Ifyouareindoors,onthegroundoorofanadobehousewithaheavyroof,

andifyoucangetoutsidetoaclearspace,thenexitquicklyandcarefullyas

soonasyoufeelshaking.Drop,coverandholdon,awayfromthebuildingand

anyoverheadhazards.

Note:Thisistheonlyexceptiontotheruletostayindoorsuntiltheshakinghas

stopped, as lightweight roos pose little danger.

I yu are urs, a cear sp a rp

yur kees preve

aig

Ifyouareoutside,ndaclearspotawayfromoverheadhazardssuchasbuildings, trees, streetlights, power lines, overpasses, underpasses or above-

groundgaslines.Droptothegroundandstaythereuntiltheshakingstops.

Stayoutsideandremaininopenareasawayfromhazards.

I yu are i a mui-

srey buiig, be

careu b urig a

aer e sakig

Aftertheshakingstops,checkforthesafetyofstairsorexteriorreescapes,

beore using them.

Donotuseelevatorsatall.

I yu are i a veice,

g a cear cai

a pu ver

Stopthevehicleinasafeplace.Stayinthevehicleuntiltheshakingstops.

Avoidbridges,trees,powerlines,poles,streetsigns,overpasses,underpasses,

tunnelsandotheroverheadorground-levelhazards.

Oncetheshakinghasstopped,proceedwithcaution.Avoidbridges,elevated

roadways,rampsandtunnelsthatmighthavebeendamagedbythequake.

Aer e mai

sakig sps, epec

aerscks

Aftershockswillbefrequentduringthersthoursanddaysafteran

earthquake,andwillgraduallydiminishinfrequencyandintensity.However,

unusually large a tershocks may occur days or even weeks ater the main

earthquake.Aftershockscantriggeradditionalbuildingdamageorcollapse.

Followthesameguidanceforanaftershockasyouwouldforanyearthquake.


39/68

37


B. Key messages or earthquakes

Aer e mai

sakig sps, i yu

are irs, mve

cauiusy a evacuae

e buiig

Putonsturdyshoesbeforeyoumovearound.Ifitisdark,useatorch/ashlight.

Movetoyourpre-determinedmeetingplaceeitherinsidethebuildingoroutside,

awayfrombuildings.Noticeanydamageasyouexit.

Ifyoufeelstrongshaking,exitthebuildingfollowingthestandardbuildingevacuationrules:Dontrun.Donttalk.Dontpush.Assistotherstoevacuate

thebuilding.

Takeyourevacuationgo-bagwithyouwhenyouevacuate.

Makesureschoolbuildingsareevacuatedandhavebeenvisuallyinspected

beore people are allowed to go back inside.

Otherpublicorprivatebuildingsshouldhavetheirownemergencyplans,and

management should inorm all occupants whether to evacuate or not. I visual

inspection shows signs o moderate or heavy damage, the building should

be evacuated, and should not be re-occupied until it has been inspected by

qualiedengineers.

Ceck r amage a

say u amage

buiigs

Useextremecaution.Movecautiouslyandcheckforanyunstableobjectsand

otherhazardsaroundyou.Opencabinetandclosetdoorswithcare.

Stayoutofdamagedbuildingsandawayfromdamagedareas.Arrangefortemporary shelter rather than staying in damaged buildings. I your building is

damaged, it may need to be surveyed by an expert to determine whether you

can go back inside.

Watchoutforandavoidfallenpowerlinesorbrokengaslines.

Eiguis fames a

pu u sma res

Fireisacommonhazardfollowingearthquakes.Inareaswithwooden

construction,resfollowinganearthquakecancausemoredamagethanthe

earthquakeitself.Checkforsmallresandextinguishanythatyound.

I yu are i a casa

area r ear a ribuary,

mve away rm waer

iger gru

Ifyouareinacoastalareaandthereisanearthquake,drop,coverandholdon.

Whentheshakingstops,movequicklyawayfromthecoastortributaries,to

higherground,avoidingbuildings,bridgesanddownedpowerlines.Takeyour

animalswithyou,ifyoucan.Ifyoucannotgetinland,gouptohigheroorsofthestrongestbuildingsavailable.Donotreturntotheshore,aswavesmay

continue to arrive or hours.

Theearthquakecouldcauseatsunamiverysoonafterwardsorsomehours

later. I there is a tsunami watch, stay inormed by radio. I a tsunami warning is

issued, be ready to evacuate.

Ifyouarenearthecoastandfeeltheshakingofastrongearthquakethatlasts

20 seconds or longer, or i you see receding waters at the shoreline, you may

onlyhaveminutesuntilatsunamiarrives.Donotwaitforanofcialtsunami

warning.Mosttsunamishavetwoorthreelargewaves,andtheremaybetens

o minutes between the arrival o each one.

Ifyouareonaboatorshipatsea,donotreturntoport.Ifyouareinshallow

water, move to deep water i you have time, and i you are in deep water stay

there. Contact the harbour authorities to report any large waves near to theshore, beore you return to harbour.

I yu are i a

muaius area,

say aer

Ifyouareinamountainousareaornearunstableslopesorcliffs,bealertfor:

alling rocks and other debris

unusual sounds, such as cracking trees

sudden increase or decrease o water in streams

local dams, dykes, or levees that may be prone to damage or destruction.

Tuneintoyourearlywarningsystem.

Bealertforearthquake-inducedlandslidesandavalanches,whichcandam

streamsorriversorcauseoutburstsfromglaciallakes.Evenweeksafteran

earthquake,breakageofdamscanputdownstreamareasindangerofooding.


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39


B. Key messages or oods

River fooding is a natural event or any river, creek or stream when the catchment

receives more water than usual. Development on the food plain and alteration o

the food plain terrain can cause fooding or make it worse. It may be slow or ast.

Run-o rom highr groundwater fowing rom mountains towards the sea

may collect in low or fattened areas, creating sheet fooding run-o. Coasal fooding is inundation caused by sea water above normal tides. Causes

can include prolonged or strong onshore fow o wind, storm surges and astro-

nomical tides or tsunamis generated by earthquakes.

esuary fooding can be caused by sea tidal surges or storm-orce winds rom

a cyclone.

Ouburs fooding is created by unexpected dam or glacial breakage.

Urban foodingmay be caused by impermeable ground cover (such as con-

crete and asphalt) that increases run-o two-to-six times more than natural

terrain. Urban streets can become switly moving rivers, while basements and

viaducts can collect water.

Depending on their size and severity, foods can roll boulders and vehicles, tearout trees, destroy buildings and bridges, bring down power lines, cover roads and

ll basements. Floodwater may rise to several storeys, reaching heights o 36m

(1020t), and can trigger deadly debris slides. Debris in foodwater can accumu-

late in tight passages, creating fooding above the blockage and fash fooding

below when the jam breaks. In coastal outlet areas, foodwater can move at 10

15km per hour (610mph), spreading as widely as the terrain permits.

Flood impacts include death, injury, damage to property and inrastructure, se-

vere erosion, ground instability, ood shortage, contamination o drinking water

and deposits o mud, sand and gravel. Floods can lead to loss o shelter and

livelihoods, and can disrupt lieline inrastructure and destroy communities.

assess and Plan


Kw yur areas f

risks

Knowthelocalterrain,watersources,catchmentareaandweatherpatterns,to

better understand the risks.

Ifoodplainshavebeenmapped,ndoutwhetheryouarelocatedonaood

plain, and learn about the elevation o your property and buildings relative to

predictableoodlevels.

Considerriskfactorssuchasproximitytorivers,dykesandcoastlines,blockage

o channels or gullies, and urban inrastructure.

Investigatehistoricalexperienceandthepotentialimpactofclimatechangeon

your area.Speakwithlocalauthoritiesandneighbourstondoutwhetheryourareais

pronetooodingandhowoodriskisbeingaddressed.

Maintaincommunicationwithneighbourslocatedaboveandbelowyou.

Identifyindustrialactivitythatmaycreatehazardousmaterialsreleaseand

contaminationrisksduringooding.

Sre vauabes a

agerus maerias

abve ikey waer eves

Keepimportantpapers,equipment,feedstockandothervaluablesabove

potentialoodlevels,usingwaterproofcontainerswherepossible.

Keephazardouschemicalsaboveanticipatedoodlevels.

Csier recaig r

miigaig a aapig

Ifyouliveinaplacepronetofrequentorseriousooding,considerrelocating,

buildingelevatedstoragebuildingsorusingoatingshelters.

Pa prec yuraimas

Considerprecautionaryevacuationofyourlivestockandpets.


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40



Kw yur areas

epece f

evacuai rues

Identifyyoursafeevacuationroutes,usinganyformsoftransportationavailable

to you, as well as routes that can be used on oot.



Seec a sae sie r

yur buiig

Avoidbuildingorlivingwithin200m(650ft)ofahigh-tidecoastline.

Avoidbuildingorlivingonriverbanks,gulliesoroodplains,unlessyouelevate

and reinorce your home (with the exception o delta areas, where riverbanks are

on high ground).

Bui a maiai

yur me wi fs

i mi

Ifyouliveonaoodplain,buildanappropriatefoundationandelevateyour

home.

Constructwellsandlatrinesinsafeplaces,aboveexpectedoodlevels.

Ifyouareadvisedtoforyourspecicconditions,installback-owvalvesin

plumbingtopreventoodwaterfrombackingupintodrains. Whenyoumakerenovationsoralterations,wet-oodprooftheconstruction.

Chooseooddamage-resistantmaterialsforareasthatusuallygetwet,raise

electricalcircuits1.2m(4ft)abovetheoor,putappliancesonpedestals,and

design walls so that cavities drain.

Maiai waer

caes

Ifyouchangethenaturalcourseofariverorstream,makesureitswater-

carrying capacity is not reduced.

Keepwaterchannels,drainpipesandguttersclearofdebris.

Prvie a raise pi

r aimas

Ifyouhavelivestockorlargeanimalsthatcannotbetransported,createaraised

plinth, with access, so that the animals can move to higher ground in the event

ofooding.

Csruc barriers

preve fwaer rm

eerig buiigs

Constructlevees,bermsoroodwallsinaccordancewithlocalbuilding

regulations,topreventoodwaterfromenteringyourbuilding.

Identifythebestmethodstopreventwaterfromenteringyourhome,depending

on your construction type and location. I possible, create a barrier in ront o

your doors and vents to keep water out.

Makesureyouhavethesuppliesandtimeavailabletoimplementyoursolution.

Examplesoftemporarybarriersolutionsincludewashboards,sandbagsand

anchored heavy plastic sheeting that can be used to channel water away rom

your building.

Ifyouplantoghtoodswithbarriers,decideinadvancewhenyouwillabandon

theghtandsaveyourlife.Knowhowtogetoutoftheoodedarea,ifitis

ooded.



Pracise evacuai

rues

Makesurehouseholdmembersknowwheretoevacuateto,whatroutetotake,

and where to meet i they have to leave.

Say irme: mir

weaer, ise

e rai a w

isrucis

Monitortheweatherclosely.Ifthereisaf wac,thismeansaoodis

possible in your area. I there is a f warig,thismeansaoodisalready

occurring in your area, or will do soon.

Ifyouareadvisedtoevacuate,orifyouthinkyouareindanger,evacuate

immediately.

Ifyouareinstructed,orifyouhavetimebeforeevacuating,disconnectheating

and cooking or gas tanks and unplug electrical appliances.


43/68

41


B. Key messages or oods

Keep suppies

prec yur me

Ifyouliveinanareapronetoooding,keepsupplies(suchasplywood,plastic

sheeting, nails, hammer, a saw, a crow bar, sand, shovels and sandbags), to

protect your home.

Keep suppies

prec pepe rm

rwig a as

faig rasprai

Buyormakeapersonalotationdeviceforeachhouseholdmember.

Keepaladderandropeforescapingtotheroof.

Keepaninatableboatormakeanimprovisedgroupotationplatform(for

example, with capped water bottles).

Brig yur pes a

service aima irs

Maintaindirectcontrolofyouranimalsandtakethemwithyouifyouevacuate.

We yu ear a f

warig, sre era

waer

Fillplasticbottleswithcleanwaterfordrinking.

Fillbathtubsandsinkswithwaterforallothercleaningandsanitationneeds.

durig raiy seas a

f ciis, keepyur veice ue ak

e

Ifyouhaveavehicle,keepitsfueltanklledincaseyouneedtoevacuate.

durig a f tur

aru, rw.

Say u fwaer

a evacuae vericay

Nevertrytowalk,swimordrivethroughswiftwater.Ifyoucomeacrossowing

water above your ankles, stop, turn around and go the other way. Fast-moving

wateronly15cm(6in)deepcansweepapersonofftheirfeet.

Donotexpecttooutrunoodwater,asitmayowat1020kmperhour

(612mph).

Ifyouhavenotbeenabletoevacuateoutofthearea,thenevacuatevertically,

movingtohighergroundortheuppermostoorsofbuildings.

durig a f, i yu

are i a veice, avi

usae ciis

Neverattempttocrossanyowingwaterorwater-coveredroadsorbridges.

Donotdrivearoundbarricades:theyarethereforyoursafety.Turnaroundand

fnd another route. Stayawayfromunderpasses,asthedepthofwaterthereisnotobvious.

Underpassescanllwith1.52m(56ft)ofwater.

Standingwatermaybeelectricallychargedfromundergroundordownedpower

lines.

Avoidtravellingatnight.

Movetohigherground,awayfromrivers,streams,creeksandstormdrains.

Aslittleas20cm(6in)ofwatercancauseyoutolosecontrolofyourvehicleand

as little as 50cm (2t) o rushing water can carry away most vehicles, including

trucks.

Iftheybecomewet,testyourbrakesonaclearpatchofroadatlowspeed.

I brakes are not stopping as they should, dry them by pressing gently on the

brake pedal while maintaining speed.

Ifyourvehiclestallsinwater,abandonitandclimbtohigherground.Restartingyour engine may cause irreparable damage.

Ifyourvehicleisbeingsubmerged,openthewindowstoescape.

Aer a f, ake care

aru fwaers

Stayawayfromlow-lyingareas.

Donotdrinkfrom,playorswiminwaterleftbyoods.

Watchoutforpoisonoussnakesespeciallyaroundtreesandbushes.Usea

stick to poke through debris.

Avoidtouchingelectricalthatiswetoranywaterthatisincontactwithelectrical

wires.

Aer a f, pump

u fwaer rm

basemes grauay

Pumpoutoodedbasementsgradually(aboutone-thirdofthewaterperday)to

avoid the basement walls collapsing due to pressure rom water-saturated soil

outside.


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42



Aer a f, sar

cearig u a ryig

yur me we

rai sps a waer

recees

Dryingmaytakeweeks,andcompleterestorationmaytakemonths.Sewage

and toxic contamination is difcult to clean.

Moveeverythingthatiswetoutside(weatherpermitting).

Drainawaywaterunderthehouse. Keepdoorsandwindowsopenondrydays.Onwetdays,leavewindowsajar.

Turnonheaterswhenpossible.

Washandthendisinfecteverypartofyourhomethathasbeenooded.Start

fromthebottomandworkup.Workinawell-ventilatedareawithtwobuckets

one or the cleaning agent and one or rinse water. Replace rinse water

frequently.Repeatafter824hourstokillgermsandreducetheodour.

Removemildew.

Aer a f, ake

saiai precauis

Servicesanitationsystemsassoonaspossible.

Checkdrinkingwellsforcontaminationbeforeusingthewater.

Useprotectiveequipmentforalltasks(includingtallboots,longpants,long

sleeves, eye protection and gloves).

Washhandsbeforeeating,drinkingorsmoking.

Usedisinfectantwhencleaning. Disinfectanycutsandprotectthemwithawaterproofdressing.

Keepchildrenawayduringtheclean-up.

Buryhumanwastematterquickly.

Aer a f, cea up

careuy

Follow these instructions or cleaning specifc items:

Paperandphotographs:

Toprotectpaper,rinseandfreezeitorplaceitinasealedcontainerwithmoth

crystals or stacked individually between sheets o wax paper and sealed in a

plasticbag.Freezingslowsthedamage,andthepapercanthenbedefrosted

and dried later.

Placewetorfrozenphotosincoldclearwaterandseparatethem.Donot

holdthemunderrunningwaterorwipe.Dislodgedirtbymovinggentlyina

tub. Photocopytheitemsassoonaspossible.

Assoonasthepagesarethawedorunsealed,drythemwithablowdryeror

blotting paper.

Dontforcepagesapartdrythemuntiltheycomeaparteasily.

Seekprofessionalhelpforrareandheritagebooks,photographsandstamp

collections.

Computerdisks:

Rinse disks, place them in a plastic bag and rerigerate them until you can get

proessional help.

Clothingandlinens:

Shakeoutmud,hoseoffdirtandwashitemsinawashingmachinewithhot

water and disinectant.

Furnitureandappliances: I appliances are wet, turn o the electricity at main use box or circuit

breaker.Unplugappliancesandletthemdryout.Ensurethattheelectrical

system and appliances are checked by a proessional beore turning power

on and using them.

Clean appliances with clean drinkable water.

Check that sewer line is working beore using toilet/latrine.

Discardallfoodthathasbeenincontactwiththewater.

Discardplasticorporouskitchenitems.

Clean and disinect rerigerators and other appliances with drinkable

wateranddisinfectant.(However,refrigeratorsandfreezersmaynotbe

salvageable.)

Usehotwatertowashpots,pans,dishesandutensils.Disinfectandairdry.

Remove the backs o urniture to allow air to circulate. Donotforceopenwoodendrawersanddoors:letthemdryrst.


45/68


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44





Use cea a

prece waer

surces

Usewatersourceswithcareandmaintainedtheminagoodcondition.

Riskfactorsinclude:

unprotected water sources

leaking septic tanks and latrines

contaminated surace water run-o entering wells and springs

animals using the same source as people

objects alling into a well.

Keep waer cea Protectwaterfromcontamination.

Usecleanvesselsandclosedcontainersfortransportationandstorage.

Keepwatercleanduringcollection,transportationandstorage.

Takedrinkingwaterfromstoragevesselsusingacleandipperorladlesothat

hands, cups and other objects cannot contaminate water.

Removestandingwaterthatmayattractinsectsandbecomecontaminated.

Puriy waer Learnandpractisereliablemethodsforpurifyingwaterforyourhousehold.

Was as very we

wi sap

Learnhowtowashyourhandsverywell,usingcleanwaterandsoap.

Alwayswashyourhandsafterusingthetoilet,andbeforeandafterhandling

ood and eating.

dispse uma

wase saey

Disposeofwastesafelyforhumans,animalsandtheenvironment.

Uselatrinesratherthanopendefecation,topreventspreadofdangerous

diseases.

Iflatrinesarenotavailable,defecatewellawayfromhouses,watersourcesand

placeswherechildrenplay.Buryfaecesimmediatelyorcoverwithearth,sand

or ash.Locatetrenchandpitlatrinesawayfromwatersources(raised,wherethereisa

shallow water table) and keep them clean.

Makesurepitlatrinesareemptiedorreplacedregularlybytrainedpeoplewith

mechanicalandprotectiveequipment,ratherthanmanually.

Pracise g

saiai

Disposeofanywastethatattractsiesandinsects.

Disposeofwasteproperlywithoutcontaminatingwaterorsoil.

Keep cea Keepfoodsafeforeating.

oR AIRBoRnE dISEASES:

Was yur as very

we

Washyourhandsverywellusingcleanwaterandsoap.

Thisisofcriticalimportancebeforeandafteryouhavecontactwithpeople

who are sick.

Cver yur mu Alwayscoveryourcoughsandsneezes.Coughorsneezeintoyourelbowor

intoascarf,tissueorhandkerchief.Donotcoughorsneezeintotheair.Ifyou

coughorsneezeintoyourhands,washthemimmediatelywithsoap

and water.

Keep yur isace Whentherearecontagiousdiseasesgoingaround,keepasafedistanceand

avoidcrowdsifpossible.Stay12m(36.5ft)awaywhentalkingtopeople.Do

not shake hands or kiss people as a greeting.


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45


B. Key messages or pandemics

dispse yur wase Disposeofyourwasteandexposedmaterialssafely.

Throwoutusedmasksandtissuesproperlybyplacingtheminabagand

sealing it, beore burning or burying them.

Use g veiai Openwindowstoletfreshairinandtolettheairbornegermsout.

Separae a care r

yur sick

Inordertolimitthespreadoftheillnesswithinthehousehold:

Separatefamilymemberswhoaresickintooneroomorcornerofthehouse,

or outside i the weather allows.

Useonlyonecaregiverpreferablyafamilymemberwhoisnotathighrisk.

Thecaregivershouldusesafetymeasuresforexample,usingamaskwhen

lessthan1m(3ft)fromthepersonwhoissick.Putprotectiveclothingon

whenyouareintheroomandremoveitbeforeleavingtheroom.Washhands

ater providing care.

Other amily members should monitor themselves daily or ever and cough.

Makesurethatyoungchildren,pregnantwomenandpeoplewhohave

another disease receive medical care i they get sick.

oR BodY-lUId BoRnE dISEASES:

Was yur as very

we

Washyourhandsverywellusingcleanwaterandsoap.

Washingyourhandsisofcriticalimportancebeforeandafteryouhavecontact

with people who are sick.

Pracise sae se Donotengageinunprotectedsexualactivity.Useacondom.

Donotintroduceotherpeoplesbodyuidsintoyourmouth.

oR VECtoR (AnIMAl) BoRnE dISEASES:

Be careu aig a

saugerig aimas

Nevertouchsickordeadanimalswithoutprotection.

Seep uer msquieig

Sleepundermosquitonettingtoreduceexposuretomalaria-carryingmosquitos.



Use persa preci

equipme

Personalprotectionequipmentincludes:

masks

protective glasses or goggles

gloves

apron

soap or disinectant in alcohol base, or washing hands.

take care yurse Maintaingoodpersonalhygiene.

Buildupyourimmunitywithagooddiet,regularexerciseandadequaterest.

Reducestressandavoidsmoking.

Wearanappropriateface-maskwhenyouneedtobeincloseproximityto

someone who is ill or may be contagious.

Ifyouhavecontagioussymptoms,stayathome.

Maage ever Coolthebodydownanddrinklotsofuids.

Prepare ra

reyrai sui

rea eyrai a

iarrea

Oralrehydrationsolutionconsistsof:1litrewater,8levelteaspoonssugar,and5

level teaspoons salt.


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46



Breasee Breastfeedbabiesratherthanbottlefeedingthem,toprovidethemwithnon-

contaminated nutrition.

Use aries Useproperandcleantoiletsfortopreventillnessanddisease.

Bae reguary Batheoften,usingcleanwaterandsoaporcleansand.

Sare yur kwege

wi ers

Teachothershowtotakecareofthemselvesandmaintainhealthypractices.

Thiswillhelptoavoidthespreadofdiseasesandepidemics.

Seek meica aei

r aye w ca

be reae a me

Ifsomeoneneedsmedicalcare,gotothenearesthealthclinicorhospitaltoget

help.

Sckpie esseia

s

Considerwhichofthefollowingthreelevelsoffoodsecurityorinsecurityyou

may ace:

Se-suciemaintaining a sustainable income and other means o living,

and sustainable access to sufcient ood

isecuresustainable income and other means o living, but without

access to enough ood due to disruptions in the market

a iveis isecurewithout a sustainable income and at the

sametimeunabletoaccessand/oraffordenoughfood.Thisisthemost

vulnerable level.

k TroPical

cyclones


Key Messages or All-Hazards Household and Family Disaster Planning.

Separate messages are also available or earthquakes, oods, pandemics, tropical cyclones,and wildfres.

Tropical cyclones are relatively slow-moving but severe orward-tracking

storms with ast rotational winds o at least 65 knots (120320 km per hour or

74200mph). They have an eye: a central calm area. Maximum power is close

to the wall, or outer edge, o the eye.

These storms are reerred to as:

cyclonswhen occurring in Southeast Asian waters and the Indian Ocean

yphoonswhen they occur in East Asian and Pacic waters

hurricanswhen they occur in the Atlantic, Gul o Mexico or Caribbean Sea.

Each type is associated with a particular season that can last as long as seven

months each year.


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B. Key messages or tropical cyclones

Major hazards associated with tropical cyclones are: strong winds, which can

destroy or seriously weaken structures, tear o roos and topple power lines

and trees; torrential rainall, wind-driven water, powerul and destructive ma-

rine waves and storm surges, which cause mainly coastal fooding, but can also

cause inland fooding o resh and sea water via tributaries.

Impacts include deaths (mostly food-related, but also rom electrocution and

the impact o collapsing structures and blowing debris), property and inra-

structure damage, severe erosion, destruction o standing crops and vegeta-

tion, instability o ground, deposits o mud, sand and gravel, ood shortages and

contamination o drinkable water. These eects can lead to loss o shelter and

livelihoods, disruption o transportation and critical lieline inrastructure and

destruction o community.

See also Key messages or foods.

assess and Plan


Kw yur areas risks

reae cyce,

urricae r yp

Learnabouttherisksandpotentialimpactsofseveretropicalstormsthatcan

impactyourlocation(especiallywinds,stormsurgeandooding).

Make a evacuai

pa: kw yur

seer esiai,

evacuai rue a

rasprai me

Ifevacuationisnecessary,workwithyournetworktodeterminevarious

transportation options.

Ifyoudonotknowthedifferentoptions,askyourlocalemergencymanager

aboutplansforpeoplewithoutprivatevehicles,orforanyonerequiring

assistance.

Makesureeveryoneinyourhouseholdknowswheretogoiftheyhavetoleavethe area.

Wrk wi yur

cmmuiy ieiy

ca cyce seers

Workwithyourcommunitytoidentifysafelocalcycloneshelterlocationsfor

anyone who will need them.

Makesureeachhouseholdmemberknowsthelocationandroutetotheagreed

shelter.

Wrk wi yur

cmmuiy r sraegic

paceme waer

a

Strategicallyplacedrinkablewater,food,cookingequipment,andblankets.This

can save lives.

Workwithemployers,schoolandcommunityleadersandorganizationsto

stockpile and store these provisions in sae places.

Sre vauabes up ig Keepimportantpapersinawaterproofbag,andstoreequipment,feedstocks

andothervaluablesinalocationhighabovepotentialoodwater.Keepcopiesofimportant documents in another place, out o your area.



Bui a maiai

yur me wi severe

rpica srms i mi

Installpermanentexternalstormshuttersonwindowsanddoorswherever

possible,toprotectfromyingdebris.

Besurethatroofsaresecurelyfastenedtotheframestructure.Minimizeroof

overhangs, as winds can catch and upli t them.

Wherepossible,elevatefurnaces,waterheatersandelectricalpanels.

Installcheckvalvesinplumbingtopreventoodwaterfrombackingupinto

drains.Considerbuildingasaferoom,fortornadosafety.


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Ispec a repair yur

r auay

Inspectyourroofatthebeginningofthestormseasonandmakerepairs.such

asxingloosetiles,asneeded.Theroofisoftenthemostvulnerablepartofthe

house. Fix any loose tiles.

Forwoodenstructures,bracetherooftothemainstructureandaddhurricanestraps to secure the roo.

Forlightweightroofs,securesandbagsontop,toincreasestability.

Clearrainguttersanddownspouts,andxanythatareloose.

Keep rees a buses

we rimme

Wherenecessary,removebranchesandsmalltreesthatmayfallonthehouse.

Remove or prune older trees, damaged branches and ornamental trees not

suited to surviving strong winds. (In some cases, removing some branches

allows wind to blow through large trees rather than toppling them).



Pracise yurevacuai rues

Makesurehouseholdmembersknowwheretoevacuateto,whatroutetotake,and where to meet each other, i they have to leave.

Say irme Monitortheweatherclosely.


immediatelyawayfromthestormsdirectionofmovement.

Makesureyouunderstandthedifferencebetweenawatchandawarningin

early warning weather reports:

A wac means there is a threat o cyclone, hurricane or typhoon conditions

within36hours.Thisisthetimetocheckyourpreparations.

A warigmeansthattheconditionsareexpectedwithin24hoursorless.

Keep suppies

prec yur me

Keepsuppliesonhandtoprotectyourhomeforexample,plywood,plastic

sheeting, nails, a hammer and saw, a crow bar, sand, shovels, sandbags andwashboards.

Keep veice ue aks

e

Duringthestormseason,rellvehiclefueltanksbeforetheyarehalfempty,in

case you need to evacuate.

I YoU RECEIVE A CYClonE, hURRICAnE oR tYPhoon WAtCh

Prepare yur prpery

r ig wis a

surge waers

Whenyougetacyclone,hurricaneortyphoonwatch,youneedto:

remove any debris or loose items, and bring indoors anything that can

becomeayingobject

securely close permanent storm shutters or fx wood or other protective

materials outside to protect windows rom wind

preparesandbags,oodwashboardsorplasticsheeting,tostopwater

getting in through doors, lower windows or vents.

Keep yur pes a

service aimas irs

Bringyourpetsandserviceanimalsindoorswellbeforethestorm.

Maintaindirectcontrolofyourpetsandserviceanimals,andtakethemwithyou

i you evacuate.

Say irme ListentotheradioorTVforinformation.

Closestormshuttersorboardupwindowsfromtheoutside.

Secureoutdoorobjectsorbringtheminside.

Fillbottleswithdrinkingwater,andllthebathtubandanylargecontainerswith

water or sanitation.

Checkyourpersonalsupplies,includingprescriptionmedications.

Turntherefrigeratorthermostattocoldestsettingandkeepitclosed.

Ae uiiies Turnoffelectricity,gassupplyandwater,ifyouaretoldtodoso. Disconnectanysmallappliances.


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B. Key messages or tropical cyclones

Prepare evacuae Checkthatyourevacuationsuppliesandyourgobagsareready,including

waterandhigh-energyfood,emergencycontactinformation.Wearrainbootsif

possible. Charge mobile phone batteries.

Kw we a were

evacuae

Youneedtoevacuateifyouliveonthecoast,onaoodplain,nearariveroron

an inland waterway.

Ifyouliveinatemporaryorlightweightstructure,evacuateearly.

Evacuateifyouaredirectedtodosobylocalauthorities.

Evacuatedownto2ndor3rdoorifyouliveinahigh-risebuilding,aswindsare

much stronger higher up.

Evacuatetodesignatedsheltersbasedonpriorplanning.Evacuateifyoufeelyou

may be in danger but do not evacuate during the storm.

I yu evacuae,

seer i pace

Ifyouarenotadvisedtoevacuate,secureandbraceallexteriordoorsandclose

allinteriordoors.Keepcurtainsandblindsclosed.

Stayindoors,awayfromwindows,skylightsanddoors.

Remainontheoorleastlikelytobeaffectedbystrongwindsaswellasstorm-

surgeoodwaters. Takerefugeinasmallinteriorroom,hallway,orcloset.

Beawarethattheeyeofthestormisdeceptivelycalmandquiet.Thestorm

is not over. I things seem calm, it is probably the lull at the center o the storm,

so maintain your secure position and do not go outside as the winds will get

stronger again.

Bepreparedfortornadoes.

I yu are i a buiig Stayonloweroorsbutabovebasementandgroundoors,whichmayood.

Indenseurbansettings,theseverityofwindsincreasesathigheraltitudes.The

impactofanystormisfarmoresevereataroundthetenthoorandabove.

tur uiiies a gas

aks a upug smaappiaces

Ifyouareinstructed,orifyouhavetimebeforeevacuating,turnoffallutilitiesand

cookingorheatinggastanks.Unplugsmallappliances.

Aer e srm passes,

ceck eigburs

a ep aye w is

ijure r rappe

Giverstaidwhereappropriate.

Donotmoveseriouslyinjuredpeopleunlesstheyareinimmediatedangerof

urther injury.

Seekprofessionalmedicalhelpforseriousinjuries.

Aer e srm passes,

say sae

Checkforbuildingdamageandstayoutofdamagedbuildings.

Bewareofground-levelandabove-groundhazardsespeciallyoodand

electrocutionhazards.

Practisegoodhygieneandavoidpotentiallycontaminatedfoodorwater.


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k wildFires


Key Messages or All-Hazards Household and Family Disaster Planning.Separate messages are also available or earthquakes, oods, pandemics, tropical cyclones,

and wildfres.

Like all res, a wildre (also known as a orest re, brushre or bushre) re-

quires three ingredients: oxygen, heat and uel. A wildre is a large, uncon-

trolled and potentially destructive re that spreads quickly and may change

direction or jump across gaps. Wildres can aect rural and urban areas, and

can start in just seconds, sparked by a range o natural causes (or example,

lightning) or human carelessness (such as a discarded cigarette). The spread o

wildres depends on the topography, the uel available, and the weather. Dry

vegetation and abundant or uncleared dead wood are an enormous source o

deadly uel. A small re can become a rapidly spreading inerno in a matter ominutes particularly in windy conditions.

Although they can have some ecologically benecial eects on orest and wil-

derness areas, wildires can cause extensive damage. The impacts include

death, injury and property damage, loss o shelter and livelihood, disruption

o lieline inrastructure and destruction o community. They may also result

in adverse environmental consequences, such as loss o wild habitats, threats

to biodiversity, land degradation and increased risk o erosion. Meanwhile, the

chemicals used to ght the res can pollute natural water sources.

assess and Plan


Reguary ispec yur

me a prpery r

re azars

Learnabouttherisksandpotentialimpactsofseveretropicalstormsthatcan

impactyourlocation(especiallywinds,stormsurgeandooding).

Repr azarus

ciis

Ifevacuationisnecessary,workwithyournetworktodeterminevarious

transportation options.

Ifyoudonotknowthedifferentoptions,askyourlocalemergencymanager

aboutplansforpeoplewithoutprivatevehicles,orforanyonerequiring

assistance.

Makesureeveryoneinyourhouseholdknowswheretogoiftheyhavetoleavethe area.

Make yur prpery r

re eams easiy

a access

Workwithyourcommunitytoidentifysafelocalcycloneshelterlocationsfor

anyone who will need them.

Makesureeachhouseholdmemberknowsthelocationandroutetotheagreed

shelter.


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B. Key messages or wildfres



Preve wires Neverdiscardcigarettebuttsontheground.

Neverleaveanoutsidereunattended.

Alwaysensurethatcampresarecompletelyextinguishedafteruse.

Clearoutdoorareasofbrokenglasswhichcanreectsunlightandstartare.

Disposeofglassbottlesinclosedrecyclingbins.

Seec a sae cai

r yur buiig

Buildonlevelground.Firespreadsmorerapidlyevenonminorslopes.

Setsingle-storeystructuresatleast10m(30ft)fromanyridgeorcliff.Fortaller

buildings, increase the distance.

Ensurethatthereisenoughdistancebetweenbuildings,followinglocalor

internationalstandards(seeSpherestandardsforemergencyshelter).

desig, bui a

maiai yursrucures wi

wires i mi

Plantlow-ammabilitylandscapingtoreducefuelforawildre.

Designandconstructbuildingstolimittheirammability.Usere-resistantornon-combustiblebuildingmaterialswheneverpossible.

Forroong,useterracotta,clay,metal,slate,cement,orasphalt(ClassA),tiles.

Forexteriorwalls,usestuccoormasonryratherthanvinylorwood.

Treatwoodorcombustiblematerialswithreretardant.

Useonlythick,temperedsafetyglassinlargewindowsandslidingglassdoors.

Installelectricallinesundergroundifpossible.

Installandmaintainalighteningrod.

Installsparkarrestorsinchimneystopreventlargeparticlesfromescapingand

starting a fre.

Provideatleasttwoground-leveldoors,foreasyandsafeexit,andtwomeans

o escape rom each room (doors or windows).

Cear fammabemaerias away rm

yur prpery

Regularlycleanroofsandgutters,removingtwigs,deadleaves,needlesandother debris.

Removealldeadwoodanddensevegetationwithinatleast7m(30ft)around

your home.

Prunetreesandshrubssothatthelowestlimbsare23m(610ft)fromthe

ground.

Disposeofcuttingsanddebris.

Avoidusingwoodenlawnfurniture.

Maiai waer surces

r re gig

Maintainanirrigationsystem.

Identifyandmaintainoutsidewatersourcessuchasponds,cisterns,wells,

swimming pools and hydrants.

Keephoseslongenoughtoreachanypartofanybuildings.

Createaseparatepumphydrantoruseswimming-poolcirculationpumpsfor

dowsing properties.

Installfreeze-proofexteriorwateroutletsontwosidesofthehomeand

additionaloutlets15m(50ft)fromhomeforreghterstouse.

take precauis wi

fammabe maerias

Avoidopenburning,especiallyduringreseason.

Siteabove-groundpropanetanksatleast9m(30ft)frombuildings.

Disposeofashesinametalbucket,saturatetheminwaterfortwodays,then

bury them in mineral soil.


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Pa a pracise

w ways u yur

eigbur

Planasecondarywayoutincaseyourprimaryescaperouteisblocked.

Mir ciis,

say irme, ise

e rai a w

isrucis

Listentolocalradioandtelevisionregularlyforupdatedinformationand

instructions.

Stayintouchwithneighboursifpossible.

Resp eary

warigs

Stayalertforemergencywarningsandrespondtothemimmediately.

Knowthealarmsystemthatwillbeused,andpractiseyourresponse.

Ifyouareadvisedtoevacuate,leaveimmediately.

Takeyourpetsorserviceanimalswithyou.

Callyourout-of-areacontacttonotifythemwhereyouwillbegoing.

leave i yu ik yu

su, r i auriies

e yu


immediately.Theremaymovetoofastforofcialstoissueevacuationorders.

Ifyouarenottrainedandequippedtoghtawildre,dontriskyourlife.

Leaverightaway:delaycouldbedeadly.

Makesureallretoolsareoutsideandeasytoaccess.

Prec yur aimas Ifyouhavelivestockorhorses,sweephayandothercombustiblefeedaway

rom the barn or stable.

Closewindowsanddoorstopreventembersfromenteringbuildings.

Consideropeningbarndoorsandcorralstoletanimalsescape.

Ce pes a

service aimas

Connepetsandserviceanimalstooneroom.

Ifyouareevacuatingwithanimals,leaveearly.

Keep yur veice ue

ak u a reay g

Faceyourvehicleinthedirectionofescape.

Shutyourcardoorsandclosethewindows.

Haveyourkeyready,orleaveitintheignition.

Wear precive

cig

Wearsturdyshoes,longcottonorwoollentrousers/pants,long-sleevedshirts

and gloves.

Carryadamphandkerchieftoprotectyourface.

Carrywettowelstocoveryourheadorbareskinortowrapyourfeet,incase

you need to run through small area o fre.

Prepare yur me r a

re, i yu ave ime

Shutoffthegasatthemeter.

Closethevalvesonpropanetanks.Openreplacedampers.

Closewindows,vents,doors,blindsandnon-combustiblewindowcoverings.

Usewetclothstoblockanyotheropenings.

Removelightweightorcombustiblewindowcoverings.

Movecombustiblefurnituretothecentreofthehomeawayfromwindowsand

doors.

Placeinapoolorpondanyvaluablesthatwillnotbedamagedbywater.

Removecombustibleitemsfromaroundthehome.

Connecthosestooutsidetaps.

Gatheryourretools.


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B. Key messages or wildfres

I yur area as a say

r g picy, a i yu

are raie, yu may

ecie say

Ifyouplantostay,makesurethatyoukeepandknowhowtousere

suppression tools, including a rake, an axe, a handsaw or chainsaw, a bucket, a

shovel, a ladder and sand buckets.

Youmayhavetoghtsmallresbeforeprofessionalhelparrives. Rememberthatnormalwaterpressuremaynotbeavailabletoyou.

I yu are rappe by

re, cruc i a p,

river r p

Ifthereisnobodyofwaternearby,lookforshelterinaclearedareaamonga

bedofrocks.Lieat,facedownandcoveryoubodywithsoil.Breatheairclose

to the ground.

Youcannotoutrunare.

Aer a wire be

aware azars

Lookoutforsmoulderinghotspotsoritems,andbealerttothepossibilityof

re-ignition.

Bewareofhazardssuchasburnttreesandpowerpolesorfallenwiresandash

pits.

Seekpermissionbeforere-enteringthearea.

Checkfordamageandstayoutofdamagedbuildings.

Aer a wire, ake

precauis wie

ceaig yur prpery

Minimizehealthrisksfromhazardousmaterialssuchastoxicfumesfrom

substances in garden sheds or garages, burnt asbestos and fne dust particles.

Holdadampclothoveryourfacetominimizeandlterair-borneparticles.

Keepchildrenawayfromclean-upsites.

Minimizethehealthrisksfrombreathingdustparticlesbywettinganydebris,

and using a two-strap dust particulate mask, coveralls, leather gloves, and

heavy-soled shoes during clean-up.

Userubbergloveswhencleaning.

Checkforassistancewhencleaningupanddisposingofhazardousmaterials.


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NgocBich/IFRC


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Appendix Methodology

Appendix:Methodology


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This appendix sets out the steps taken to develop the harmonized key messages

set out in Section 2 o this publication.

stp 1:Researchandcompileacompendiumofstandardizedmessages or disaster risk reduction ound internationally

The rst step in this process was to research and compile a working compen-

dium o standardized messages or DRR (completed in 2011). These were drawn

rom the ollowing broad range o authoritative resources. The criteria or selec-

tion was that these messages were themselves the result o interagency con-

sensus, and had been co-logoed, and/or disseminated widely:

The Common Alerting Protocol Version 1.2, OASIS Standard, 1 July 2010. (pp. 47)

Talking About Disasters, Coalition or Disaster Education, 2007. (pp. 248)

American Red Cross Family Disaster Plan & Fast Facts Tearsheets Regional Centre o Reerence in Community-based Education or the Preven-

tion o Disasters Modules, (Costa Rica) 2005 present.

Emergency Rediplan, Australia Red Cross

Be Ready Campaign Kit, Red Cross Societies o the Caribbean, 2009.

ABC Basic Disaster Awareness Central Asia Earthquake Saety Initiative, 2005

present.

Pacic Disaster Center web site Pacic Rim Region (accessed Jan. 5, 2011)

India Ministry o Home Aairs National Institute o Disaster Management

(various publications)

You are Your Best Deence, IFRC, 2009.

Inormed. Prepared. Together, Red Cross EU Oce (2008).

Household Water Treatment and Sae Storage in Emergencies: A eld Manual

or Red Cross Red Crescent Personnel and Volunteers, IFRC, 2008.

Community-based Disaster Risk Management and the Media Media Kit,

ADPC, 2006 (pp. 204)

Earthquake Country Alliance Seven Steps to Earthquake Saety (2011).

Ater compiling the compendium, the ollowing three sets o messages came to

the attention o the project, and these were also used:

Epidemic Control or Volunteers Action tools/Disease tools/Community mes-

sage tools, IFRC (2010).

Working rom the Same Page: consistent messages or CDEM, Ministr

key messages for public awareness guide en

Documents