1. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012KEY INDICATORSKey Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012, the 43rd edition of this series, is a statistical data book KEY INDICATORSpresenting economic, financial, social, and environmental indicators for the 48 regional members of theAsian Development Bank (ADB). This issue of Key Indicators presents in Part I a special chapterGreenUrbanization in Asiafollowed by statistical tables in Parts II and III with short, nontechnicalcommentaries on economic, financial, social, and environmental developments. for Asia and the Pacific Part II comprises the first set of statistical tables and commentaries, which look at the MillenniumDevelopment Goals and progress in the region toward achieving key targets. The second set of tables inPart III is grouped into seven themes, and provides a broader picture of economic, financial, social, and2012environmental developments. This publication aims to present the latest key statistics on developmentissues concerning the economies of Asia and the Pacific to a wide audience, including policy makers,development practitioners, government officials, researchers, students, and the general public. This year,ADB also publishes the second edition of the Framework of Inclusive Growth Indicators, a specialsupplement to Key Indicators.About the Asian Development Bankfor Asia and the PacificADBs vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing membercountries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the regions manysuccesses, it remains home to two-thirds of the worlds poor: 1.8 billion people who live on less than$2 a day, with 903 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day. ADBis committed to reducing povertythrough inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instrumentsfor helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees,grants, and technical assistance.2012 SPECIAL CHAPTER: Green Urbanization in AsiaAsian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City1550 Metro Manila, Philippineswww.adb.org Printed on recycled paper.Printed in the Philippines

2. 2012 Asian Development BankAll rights reserved. Published in 2012.Printed in the Philippines.ISBN: 978-92-9092-816-4Publication Stock No. FLS124810-3Cataloging-In-Publication DataAsian Development Bank.Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012.Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012.1. economic indicators 2. financial indicators 3. social indicators 4. energy and environmental indicators5. millennium development goals 6. infrastructure indicators 7. governance indicatorsI. Asian Development Bank.The views expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of theAsian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts noresponsibility for any consequence of their use.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using theterm country in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or otherstatus of any territory or area.ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial usewith proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creatingderivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB.Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 632 4444Fax +63 2 636 2444www.adb.org 3. iiiForewordThe 43rd < / W < / DDevelopment Goals (MDGs) indicator series for the 48 regional members. The Key Indicators provides & Framework of Inclusive Growth Indicators supplements the main Key Indicators d h the region will be confronted with even greater environmental challenges that are already serious, d , d d / clearly describes Asia W d d D / d protected areas.d W K2 D D D / hope that the Key Indicators D Haruhiko Kuroda Haruhiko KurodaPresident 4. vAcknowledgmentsThe / W / was prepared by theDevelopment Indicators and Policy Research Division of the Economics and Research Department,under the overall supervision of Douglas H. Brooks. t D / ^ : h W / d d : ^ D DD ^ ^ ^ : : z ^ s D ^ E : : D D W ^ ^ ^ : t ^ Z D d D D E ^ : ^ D d : : , ^ D W E W / : , Z s t t Glenita Amoranto, Barbara Dizon, Nalwino Billones, Eileen Capilit, Modesta de Castro, Anna W : W E D W W Z / ^ ^ D Goals (MDGs), regional trends and tables, and country tables. They also wrote the analysis of keyD W // W /// E : ^D W ^ D ^ D E D the economics editor for Parts II and III.d / ^ D W : sand Guia De Guzman were the copy editors. Francis Manio designed the cover. Rhommell Rico did : D Ma. Roselia Babalo and Clarita Dalaguit-Truong rendered secretarial and proofreading services.^ E t K / ^ d Z D h K ^ Key/ . Changyong Rhee Chief Economist 5. viiContentsForeword.................................................................................................................................................................. iiiAcknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................... v^ W .................................................................................................................................................. xviGuide for Users ....................................................................................................................................................... xxiHighlights...................................................................................................................................................... xxviiPART I SPECIAL CHAPTER h ^ h ............................................................................................................... 4 / h ............................................................................................... 9h W ............................................................................................................................. 11Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................................................................................................ 13 t ^ ........................................................................................................... 14Resilience to Climate Change ......................................................................................................................... 15 E .................................................................................................... 19Urban Slums and Urban Poverty.................................................................................................................... 19 d ............................................................ 19d h E ....................................................................................................... 21h , / ................................................................................ 22D Z Z D W K ............................................ 24 / ............................................................................ 25Y h E ........................................................................................ 26Summary........................................................................................................................................................ 28W K .............................................................................................................................. 28 ......................................................................................................... 29W E ............................................................................................................................... 34W W ........................................................................................................................................ 38Finance, Transparency, and Accountability .................................................................................................... 38Summary........................................................................................................................................................ 40D .............................................................................................................................. 40Z......................................................................................................................................................... 42 6. viii / W d d h ....................................................................... 4 d h W Z Z .......................................................... 15 d W Z ...................................................................... 16 d W Z / ........................................................................ 16 d d s ................................. 17 d d s / .................................. 17 Table 7The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Asia ......................................................................................... 21 Table 8United States Imports of High-Tech Green Equipment (%) ................................................................. 23 d W h ................................................................................................. 25 d W Z t ^ W ................................ 26 d d h D............................................................................................... 27 Table 12 Water Pricing ...................................................................................................................................... 31 E z h ....................................................................... 5 / h W .................................................................................... 5 / h W ............................................................................................ 5 Z ^ h W ........................................................................ 6 h Z ..................................................................................................... 6 E D .......................................................................................................................... 7 W ^ / .......... 9 d Z W ............................................................................... 9 h ^ ............................................................................................. 10 h ^ ........................................................................... 10 Figure 11Urban and Rural Inequality in Asia (%) ............................................................................................... 10 d Z h ......................................................................... 11 / , Z ^ .............................................................................. 11 WD10 above 100 g/m3, 20082009 ................................................................................. 12 Figure 15PM10 Kernel Density, 20082009 ........................................................................................................ 12 d ^ W D ^ ..................................................................................... 12 d d K2 Emissions in 2008 .................................................................................. 13 K2 Emissions (t/capita) ..................................................................................................................... 13 s / .............................................................. 18 W Z ................................................................................................ 19 W Z / ................................................................................................. 19 ^ K2 Emissions (t/capita) and GDP Per Capita (in 2005 PPP) ........................................ 21 W W K2 ............................................................ 21 W W h ADB Developing Member Economies) ................................................................................................ 22 / D Z h t ................................................. 23 Z h ................................................................................... 25 Z W W h .................................................................... 25 h ................................................................................. 26 h Z ................................................................................. 27 / h ..................................................................................... 28 ^ WD10 WZ ................................................................................................. 32 Box 1 Metros Moving People in Delhi and Shanghai ............................................................................................ 14 Z / ......................................................................................... 15 7. Contents Box 3 The Environmental Kuznets Curve .............................................................................................................. 20 D ......................................................................................................................... 24 Z d d W t .................................................................................. 34Box 6 From Waste to Energy in Singapore ............................................................................................................ 34Box 7 Kawasaki Eco-Town ..................................................................................................................................... 36 ^ ................................................................................................................... 37Box 9 Small-Scale Energy Systems: Garment Factories in Bangladesh ................................................................. 37 ^ E .................................................................................................... 37Box 11Kampung Code River: Upgrading a Slum .................................................................................................... 39Box 12Restoring the Cheonggyecheon River ......................................................................................................... 40PART II D d d/ D ....................................................................................... 49 d s ^ D / ..................................................................... 51 Table 2. Millennium Development Goals Progress Tracking ........................................................ 52 W ,............................................................................................... 54d d , whose income is less than one dollar a day.................................................................... 62d d including women and young people .............................................................................. 63d d , .................................................................................................. 64 h W .................................................................................................. 65 Table 2.1 Target 2.A: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling ........................................... 69 W t ................................................................................ 72d d ........................... 76 Z D ....................................................................................................................... 78Table 4.1 Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, .......................................................................................... 82 / D , .................................................................................................................. Table 5.1 Target 5.A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, ........................................................................................... 88d d .......................... 89 ,/s /^ D K .................................................................................. 91d d , ,/s /^ d ,/s /^ for all those who need it ................................................................................................. 96Table 6.2 Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases .............................................................................. 97 ^................................................................................................... 99Table 7.1 Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources ..................... 106Table 7.2 Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, ...................................................................... 108 8. / W d d , .................................... 109d d of at least 100 million slum dwellers ............................................................................ 111 W ................................................................................ 112Table 8.1 Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, ......................................................... 117Table 8.2 Target 8.B: Address the special needs of least developed countries ........................... 118Table 8.3 Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countriesand small island developing states .............................................................................. 120D W W z ....................................................................................................... 55 W W W W .................................................................................... 55 W W z ....... 56 / W W ^ ......... 56 W Z z .................................... 57 ^ W Y E / ................................ 57 W Z ....................................................................................... 58 W W W Z ............... 58 W W z ....................................................................................................... 59 W K t d z ..................................................................... 59 W h z z ....................................................................................................... 60 d E Z W z ..................................... 66 W W ^ t Z W E z .......................................................................................................... 66 Z zK z ................................... 67 W / W ^ d z ................. 73 W t E t z ........................... 74 W ^ , t E W E z . 74 h D Z W Z ........................................... 79Figure 4.2 Under-Five and Infant Mortality Rates, 1990 and 2010 ...................................................................... 80 W zK / D z ..................................................................................................... 80 D D Z ....................................... 84 D D Z ................................... 84 ^ , W W z ........ 85 W z ................................................. 85 Z z z ..................... 86 W Z z ........................... 86 ,/s W W W z ................................................ 91 W W ,/s / ................................................................................................... 92Figure 6.3 Change in Tuberculosis Incidence Rates, 1990 and 2010.................................................................... 93 W d W ................................................ 93 Z d W ........................ 94Figure 7.1 Percentage of Land Area Covered by Forest, 1990 and 2010 ........................................................... 100Figure 7.2 Percentage of Protected Terrestrial and Marine Areas, 1990 and 2010 ........................................... 101 9. Contents Figure 7.3Percentage Change of Per Capita Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, 2009 compared with 1990 ........... 101 W W h / t ^ z z .............................................................................. 102 W W h ^ t ............................... 102 W W h / ^ z z .............................................................................. 103 W W h d ^ ........................... 103 W W h / ^ h Z z ............................................................................................. 104 W ^ W ........................................ 104 K K ^ h^ ...................................................................................................... 113 ^ ^ K .............................. 113 d h K h^ ................................................... 114 ^ h K d K .................................................................................... 114 ^ Z ................................................................................................... 114 d h^ ............................................................................... 115 K Z W E/ .... 115 K Z ^ / ^ W E/ ......... 116Box 1 Millennium Development Goals ......................................................................................................... 49 / D ........................................................................ 94W Zd /// Z d d/ Z d d ............................................................................................ W.......................................................................................................................................................... 125 Wd D W ....................................................................................... 134d Z W .................................................................................... 135d D h ......................................................................................... 136d W z .................................................... 137d W z .................................................. 138d W z K ......................................... 139d Z .................................................................................................. 140 Labor Force and Employmentd W Z ................................................................................ 141Table 1.9 Unemployment Rate (%)............................................................................................... 142d h Z zK ............................................................... 143Table 1.11 Employment in Agriculture (% of total employment) .................................................. 144Table 1.12 Employment in Industry (% of total employment) ....................................................... 145Table 1.13 Employment in Services (% of total employment) ....................................................... 146 Poverty IndicatorsTable 1.14 Poverty and Inequality .................................................................................................. 147Table 1.15 Human Development Index .......................................................................................... 148 Social IndicatorsTable 1.16 Life Expectancy at Birth (years) ..................................................................................... 149d Z ................................................................................. 150d W Z ....................................................................... 151Table 1.19 Adult Literacy Rate (15 years and over, %) .................................................................... 152d Z ..................................................................................................... 153d , Z ............................................................. 154d E ,/s .... 155 10. / W K ................................................................................................................................... 156E d W WWW ...................... 163 d W W WWW ................................................. 164 Table 2.3 GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method (current dollars) ............................................................ 165 d s W ............................................................................. 166 d / s W ................................................................................. 167 d ^ s W.................................................................................. 168 d W W .............................................................. 169 d W ..................................................... 170 d W ............................................................. 171 Table 2.10 Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP) ................................................................... 172 Table 2.11 Imports of Goods and Services (% of GDP) ................................................................... 173 d ^ W ................................................................................ 174 Table 2.13 Growth Rates of Real GDP (%) ...................................................................................... 175 Table 2.14 Growth Rates of Real GDP Per Capita (%) ..................................................................... 176 d Z Z s ...................................................... 177 d Z / Z s ........................................................... 178 d Z ^ Z s ........................................................... 179 d Z Z W ....................................... 180 d Z Z .............................. 181 d Z Z ....................................... 182 Table 2.21 Growth Rates of Real Exports of Goods and Services (%) ............................................. 183 Table 2.22 Growth Rates of Real Imports of Goods and Services (%) ............................................ 184 W d Z W / ....................................................... 185 d Z D W / ............................................... 186D W ......................................................................................................................... 187Prices Table 3.1 Growth Rates of Consumer Price Index (%) .................................................................. 193 Table 3.2 Growth Rates of Food Consumer Price Index (%) ......................................................... 194 Table 3.3 Growth Rates of Wholesale/Producer Price Index (%) ................................................. 195 d Z W ............................................................................... 196Money and Finance Table 3.5 Growth Rates of Money Supply (M2) (%) ..................................................................... 197 Table 3.6 Money Supply (M2) (% of GDP) .................................................................................... 198 Table 3.7 Interest Rate on Savings Deposits (% per annum, period averages) ............................. 199 Table 3.8 Interest Rate on Time Deposits of 12 Months (% per annum, period averages) .......... 200 Table 3.9 Lending Interest Rate (% per annum, period averages) ................................................ 201 d z ^d d .......................................................................... 202 d W ^ W ............................................. 203 Table 3.12 Bank Nonperfoming Loans (% of total gross loans) ...................................................... 204 Table 3.13 Growth Rates of Stock Market Price Index (%) ............................................................. 205 d ^ D ........................................................................ 206 d ^ D W ........................................................................ 207Exchange Rates d K Z ............................ 208 Table 3.17 Purchasing Power Parity Conversion Factor ............................................................... 209 Table 3.18 Price Level Indices WWW h ^ ....................... 210 11. Contents ................................................................................................................................................ 211Balance of PaymentsTable 4.1 Trade in Goods Balance (% of GDP) .............................................................................. 216Table 4.2 Trade in Services Balance (% of GDP)............................................................................ 217Table 4.3 Current Account Balance (% of GDP) ............................................................................ 218d t Z Z ............. 219d t Z Z W ............ 220d / E / ....................................................... 221d / E / W ...................................................... 222External Traded D .................................................................................. 223Table 4.9 Growth Rates of Merchandise Exports (%) ................................................................... 224d D / .................................................................................. 225Table 4.11 Growth Rates of Merchandise Imports (%)................................................................... 226Table 4.12 Trade in Goods (% of GDP) ............................................................................................ 227d d D ................ 228d d D / .............. 229/ Zd / Z ............................................................. 230d Z / Z / ................................................... 231Capital Flowsd K ^ D ............ 232d E W ^ D ..... 233Table 4.19 Aggregate Net Resource Flows from All Sources D ............................................................. 234External Indebtednessd d D .............................. 235Table 4.21 Total External Debt of Developing Member Economies (% of GNI) .............................. 236Table 4.22 Total External Debt of Developing Member Economies(% of exports of goods, services, and income) ............................................................. 237d d ^ W D ....................... 238Table 4.24 Total Debt Service Paid by Developing Member Economies(% of exports of goods, services, and income) ............................................................. 239 Tourismd / d ...................................................................... 240d / d Z ................................................................... 241d .................................................................................................. 242 TransportTable 5.1 Road Indicators: Network ............................................................................................. 247d Z / s ............................................................................................. 248Table 5.3 Road Indicators: Safety ................................................................................................. 249Table 5.4 Rail Indicators ............................................................................................................... 250 Electricityd W ^ ............................................................................... 251d W .......................................................... 252 d d / ^ .......................................................................... 253 .............................................................................................................................. 254Energy d W W h h WWW ...... 258 d W .............................................................. 259 12. / W Table 6.3 Energy Imports, Net (% of energy use) ......................................................................... 260Table 6.4 Energy Use (kilotons of oil equivalent) ......................................................................... 261EnvironmentTable 6.5 Agriculture Land Use (% of land area) .......................................................................... 262d W ......................................................................................... 263 ...................................................................................................................... 265Government FinanceTable 7.1 Fiscal Balance (% of GDP).............................................................................................. 271Table 7.2 Tax Revenue (% of GDP) ................................................................................................ 272Table 7.3 Total Government Revenue (% of GDP) ........................................................................ 273Table 7.4 Total Government Expenditure (% of GDP)................................................................... 274d W ..................................................... 275Table 7.6 Government Expenditure on Health (% of GDP)........................................................... 276Table 7.7 Government Expenditure on Social Security and Welfare (% of GDP).......................... 277GovernanceTable 7.8 Doing Business Start-Up Indicators ............................................................................... 278d W / ....................................................................................... 279Z d d W Z ................................................................................ 125 W Z ............................................................... 126 d Z z ............................................................................ 128 ^ h W d W ................................................ 129 W ........................................................................................................ 130 W W WWW W Z t ....................................... 156 W W WWW W Z ........................................................................... 156 / W W Z .............................................. 157Figure 2.4Real GDP Growth, 2010 and 2011 (%) .............................................................................................. 158 , Z Z W Z z .................. 159 Z Z W Z z ................... 159 W W Z Z W z .............................................................................................................. 159 s W W z .......................................... 159 / s W W z ............................................... 160 ^ s W W z ............................................... 160 W W W z .......................... 161 W W z ......................................... 161 W W z ........................... 162Figure 3.1Percentage Growth of Money Supply, 20102011 (annual percentage change) .............................. 187 z ^ d ........................................................................... 188Figure 3.3Nominal and Ex-post Real Interest Rates on Short Term Treasury Bills, 2011................................... 188Figure 3.4Bank Non-performing Loans, 20092011 (% of total gross loans) .................................................... 188 / Z ................................................................................................................. 190Figure 3.6All Items and Food Price Indices, 2011 (annual percentage change)................................................ 191 W W z ................................... 211 ^ d t W Z t ...................... 212 D W Z ................................ 212 d W d ^ W W E z z...................................................................................................... 212 d W d d Z W W d z ............................................................................................................ 213 13. Contents d W d t Z W W E z z...................................................................................................... 213 Z D Z ....................................................... 213 / W W z................................... 214Figure 4.9 External Debt as a Percentage of GNI, 2000 and 2010 .................................................................... 214 Z E W z ........................................... 242 Z z ................................................................................................................. 243 D s Z ................................................................................... 243 d W W ................................................................. 244Figure 5.5 Sources of Electricity (Top Producers), 2009 .................................................................................... 244 W W t z .............................................. 244 Z z t ............................................................................. 245 ^ / ............................................................... 245Figure 6.1 Percentage Breakdown of Energy Use by Region, 2009 (kilotons of oil equivalent) ......................... 254Figure 6.2 Net Energy Imports as a Percentage of Energy Use, 20072009 ..................................................... 255Figure 6.3 Percentage Change in GDP per Unit of Energy Use between 2000 and 2009 .................................. 255 W D E K ...................... 257Figure 7.1 Fiscal Balance as a Percentage of GDP, 2010 and 2011 ................................................................... 265Figure 7.2 Tax Revenue as a Percentage of GDP, 2010 and 2011 ...................................................................... 266Figure 7.3 Total Government Expenditure as a Percentage of GDP, 2010 and 2011 ......................................... 266 , and Social Security Welfare as a Percentage of GDP, 2011 ............................................................... 267Figure 7.5 Cost of Business Start-up Procedure (% of GNI per capita)............................................................... 267Figure 7.6 Days Required to Start Up Business, 2006 and 2011 ........................................................................ 268Figure 7.7 Time and Cost Required to Start a Business, 2011 ........................................................................... 269 W ^ ................................................................................................ 269d h ................................................................ 129Table 1.2Human Development Index, 2011 .................................................................................................... 132 W W .................................................................................................. 127 K W ......................................................................................................................... 131 W W Z h ......................................................... 133 D W ^ W Z ........................ 189 W W/ W ........................................................................................... 191 ^ ................................................................................................... 256 W W W ............................................................. 127 W W W ............................................ 131 Z z W Z ............................................................... 133 ^ W ^ ..................................... 256 d D W h / W ...................................................................... 189 d / W / W ............................................................................................. 191Box Table 3.3 Food Weights in CPI ....................................................................................................................... 191W Zd /s Millennium Development Goals ........................................................................................................................... 283Regional Trends and Tables ................................................................................................................................... 293 14. / W Statistical Partnersd / W would not have been possible without d W quality of life of people around the region.Z/KEDDZ^ ^ KDa Afghanistan BankArmenia Central Bank of ArmeniaE ^ ^ Z Australia Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences ^Bureau of Resources and Energy EconomicsReserve Bank of AustraliaAzerbaijanCentral Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan^ ^ Z BangladeshBangladesh Bank ^Ministry of FinanceBhutanMinistry of FinanceMinistry of Labor and Human ResourcesE ^ Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan ^Ministry of FinanceCambodiaMinistry of Economy and FinanceE E / ^ W Z E ^W ^ / / ^ KMinistry of Finance and Economic Management ^Reserve Bank of Fiji 15. ^ W Georgia Ministry of Finance of GeorgiaE E ^ K, ^ Hong Kong Monetary Authority/ ^ KMinistry of FinanceReserve Bank of IndiaIndonesia Bank Indonesia W ^^ / ^Ministry of Energy and Mineral ResourcesPT Pertamina (Persero): : ^ Z /: ^ Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesMinistry of Economy, Trade and IndustryMinistry of Finance ^ Z E E ^ KE W KKorea, Republic ofBank of KoreaMinistry of Strategy and Finance^ Z E ZE ^ Z W WZZ ^ ^Ministry of FinanceMalaysiaBank Negara Malaysia ^Ministry of FinanceD E WMaldives Monetary AuthorityMinistry of Finance and TreasuryD / Z W W ^ KD ^ K ^ D KDevelopment Assistance and Compact ManagementMongoliaBank of MongoliaE ^ K D 16. / W D ^ K D E W Nauru Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning E ^ E ^ Ministry of Finance Nepal Rastra Bank E D Z E ^ E WD ^ Ministry of Finance W ^ ^ State Bank of Pakistan Palau Bureau of Budget and Planning, Ministry of Finance Papua New GuineaBank of Papua New Guinea Department of Treasury E ^ K Philippines Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Bureau of Local Government Finance Bureau of the Treasury Department of Budget and Management Department of Energy E ^ E ^ K ^ ^ Central Bank of Samoa Economic Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Finance Singapore Economic Development Board / ^ Ministry of Finance Ministry of Manpower Monetary Authority of Singapore ^ ^ Solomon Islands Central Bank of Solomon Islands ^ K Sri Lanka Central Bank of Sri Lanka ^ Taipei,ChinaCentral Bank of China Council for Economic Planning and Development ^ 17. ^ W D Ministry of Financed E d ^ W Z d dThailand Bank of Thailand Ministry of Finance E ^ E ^ KTimor-LesteCentral Bank of Timor-Leste (formerly Banking and Payments Authority of Timor-Leste) Ministry of Finance E ^ dD E W E Z d ^ d E / ^ ^ / dd ^ D WUzbekistan Cabinet of Ministers, Government of Uzbekistan Central Bank of Uzbekistan Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan ^ Z h ^s d D Economic Management) Z s s E ^ Ks E ^ K Ministry of Finance ^ s E 18. / W /EdZE d/KE WZ/s d E EKEKsZEDEd KZ E/ d/KE^ W Z ^ E / CEIC Data Company Ltd. Z K/ / / D/ / / K/ D / Z / d hK W s / d / ^ h^^ W d /hE^K / ^h E h E ^ h E Wh E h E ^ Wh E ^ Kh E Wh E , ^ Wh E / ^ Z ^h E K h E W h E ^ h E t d KUnited States Census BureauWorld Bankt , Kt,KhE/ : D W :DW t ^ ^ 19. Guide for UsersThe / W / d , W / d Part II comprises tables on indicators for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The indicators are presented h E D : ,/s/^ t ^ d Key Indicators includes as many of the indicators for the new targets as possible. The tables contain indicators associated witheach MDG target. W /// W K D W d and Governance. Each theme is further divided into subtopics. The tables contain indicators related to a subtopic.The MDGs and themes in Parts II and III start with a brief analysis of key trends of selected indicators. The W Development Bank (ADB). The term country, used interchangeably with economy, is not intended to make anyjudgment as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. The 48 economies have been broadly grouped into d : E d t ^ ^ W d regional members of ADB, both developing and developed. Indicators are shown for the most recent year or period forwhich data are available and, in most tables, for an earlier year or period (usually 1990 or 1995). W /s D d Data for the MDG indicators, regional trends and tables, and country tables are obtained mainly from two sources: h E E d d / D E to impute the missing data. 20. / W Fiscal Year d : . d t Z D zz Afghanistan 21 March 201120 March 2012 2011 / : : Hong Kong, ChinaIndia: D MyanmarE Singapore/ D AustraliaBangladeshBhutan2011E : : PakistanSamoaTongad : : E : : W Z D / Z K ^ Micronesia, Federated States ofPalauThailand 21. Key Symbols Magnitude equals zero0 or 0.0Magnitude is less than half of unit employed W | Marks break in series Less than Greater than or equal to Less than or equal tonaNot applicableMeasurement Unitskgkilogramkmkilometert ktkilotonAbbreviations and AcronymsADB Asian Development Bank^^ ^ ^ /^ WW K KW BRT bus rapid transit/ / CIF cost, insurance, and freightCNG compressed natural gasK2 carbon dioxideW/ CPI consumer price index Kd^ K d ^ EFB empty fruit bunchesEKC Environmental Kuznets Curve^ W ^ W K KFDI foreign direct investment/ K d Z Z Z Z W GHG greenhouse gasE/ 22. / W GPI gender parity index GRUMP Global Rural Urban Mapping Project ,Z HDI human development index ,/s /d // /K / K /D / D /^// ^ / /d /dh / d h /hE/ h E KILMKey Indicators of the Labour Market WZ W Z LCU local currency unit LDC least developed countries Lnnatural logarithm MDG Millennium Development Goal NPL non-performing loan K KW KK PLI price level index WD PM10 PPP purchasing power parity WZ W Z ^E^ E ^W ^ W ^WD TBtuberculosis dZ hEh E hE /^h E ,/s /^ hEd h E d hEWh E W hE h E hEWh E W hE^Kh E ^ K hEh E hEWh E W hE, /d dh E , ^ W hE/h E hE/K h E / K hEK h E K hE^h E ^ hEtdK h E t d K USUnited States h^ W h ^ W WDI World Development Indicators WDPAWorld Database on Protected Areas tK t K 23. t,K t , KtZ/ t Z /thW t h Wts^ t s ^h h ^ 24. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012 HighlightsThe / W / D (MDGs) indicators for ADB regional members. Data are grouped into MDGs and regional tables. Briefs and nontechnicalanalyses are also included for each group. Data that were gathered from ADB regional member can be downloaded d ^ h d Part I: Special Chapter Green Urbanization in Asiad is historically unprecedented. As a consequence, the E d other region. world. The scale and the speed of urban expansion have h contributed to the rise of Asia, but present challenges Already, the three Most notable are the environmental challenges, such as(Mumbai, Kolkata, and Karachi, in that order), and 8 of the 10 densest, are in Asia. In 2010, Asia wasBeijing, and Manila.home to over half12 out of 23 To meet such challenges, Asia must follow a green Z / share of 52%. By 2050, the urban share in Asia is d / ensure that the growth is inclusive and sustainable.global total of 37. h h d h h W d will present many challenges. Increasing urban crime d rates, expanding slums, and rising inequality may ensue.is taking place W Z of China (PRC), Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, andalready enormous environmental stress in Asia. The KeyW / to almost half of all urbanites on earth and its urban d challenges all the more serious as the current low level WZ d adjustment or learning. The growing size and number of 25. / W disease. Green policies need to be at the core of Asian urban development in the 21st century if the challenges are to be properly managed. d , h , / s W D K The environmental Kuznets curve is not an immutablein 2010, and about 250 million were at risk of inland h dof the service sector, which generally pollutes less thannumber of urbanites who are vulnerable to inland D the provision of environment-related infrastructure andDhaka, Ho Chi Minh City, and Tianjin are at risk from D Z of the middle class, and declining birth rates typically Urban air h / quality standard (of 40 micrograms per cubic meter 3 T micrometers or less [PM10]). and that the peaks come sooner. Between the 1990s and WD10 (g/m3) and 27% K2 emissions per capita than would have otherwise Moreover, the environment may been expected. on the environmental Kuznets curve for Asia, whichshows rising and then declining environmental W h K2) and PM10 curves. d The average income per person of Asia in 2010, at WWW WWW W K2.resources and new technologies is also important in order K2 Asia learns from the mistakes of others and its own past, and sustainable. d K2 / economies are in Asia, and per capita emissions are rising at an alarming rate. city development. Unlike Europe and the United States, Asia / does not have the luxury to live in suburbs and drive to city centers for work. The region needs to develop environment- South Asia alone hosts / 26. / W , energy sources, as piloted in the PRC. Urban sprawl can be tackled by developing a local system of recent rapid expansion of physical infrastructure in Asia, high quality train, light rail, or metro systems,the growing challenge now is to improve the quality of without heavy reliance on highways and major and resilience to natural disasters. More power can be generated using renewable resources to meet rising demand. / W This can be done by as implemented in Singapore, and removing / K d as in the Republic of Korea, and use of increasing block pricing for water, electricity, and otherand climate forecast technology. W W / h / to slum dwellers, issuing housing vouchers linkedand standards can help to correct for market city, and providing basic services to slum areas.and appliances, as in India. The governmentcan construct green industrial zones to assist W manufacturing to relocate, as in Indonesia. / prevent urban sprawl. W This can be accomplished by broadening tax and revenue h bases and by increasing access to broader ^ and deeper capital markets by local urban megacity hubs. A bus rapid transit system, as in urban infrastructure and public services.the PRC, and subways, as in India, for densely / consequences and enhance the quality of life. Avenues include disclosing city government performance to the public and W a race to the top where high performance is rewarded. A goodexample is using waste-to-energy plants to historical experience in terms of speed and scale, and isrenewable energy, as in the Philippines and Thailand. Green technology can be acquired It also comes with forces that, if properly managed, caneither by imports or innovated through research and development, as in the PRC. / urban residents, and the world. This is under way through building new 27. / W Part II: Millennium Development Goals Trends W D h W about 1.5 billion in 1990 to approximately 830 million in D poor. Many economies in the region are expected to achieving primary school net enrollment targets,achieve the targets for reducing extreme poverty, providing enrollment rates of 95% or higher. But in Nepal, , Pakistan, and Papua New Guinea (PNG), primarytargets is mixed. While it has reduced the prevalence of school net enrollment rates remain below 75%.,/s other regions in the world, it is not expected to achieve the t W MDG targets for reducing child mortality and improving generally high, in 2009 or the nearest years, 65% ofmaternal health by 2015. With respect to environmental school entrants reaching the last year of primary schooling (the expected cohort survival rate). t providing access to improved drinking water sources, the The average net enrollment rate in East Asia (96.6%) is comparable to the average of developed countries t in the world, at 97.1%. The other subregions in Asia W ranging from 91.5% to 95.4%, which are at par withgenerally declined to a manageable range. higher than Sub-Saharan Africa (76.2%).D W In terms of the expected cohort survival in primary, ^ Asia, and Central Asia (97.3%98.7%) is at par with W the developed regions (100.0%). South and West Asia registered average survival rates below 90%. purchasing power parity (PPP) remains over 20% in K eight countries, including the populous countries of economies (12 of 44) have youth literacy rates belowBangladesh, India, and Pakistan. well in the labor market. While the poor are moving out of extreme poverty, WWW D W t t d working poverty rates above 10% and vulnerability rates above 50%. economies have achieved gender parity in primary Gains were achieved in curbing hunger. A majorityof the economies saw progress in reducing the parity indexes higher than 1.03, implying higherand undernourished people. secondary school enrollment among girls than boys. 28. / W , D MDG target by 2015, as this requires a further 25% 40) had gender disparity indexes above 1.03 at the DDZ economies with available data, 24 are expected to economies. d in other developing regions. Most economies in the region posted gains in female E MMRs decreased in economies where deliveries antenatal care coverage increased. By 2010, South DDZ live births from 622 in 1990.D Z D Progress with improving child survival is slow in Asia D ,/s /^ D W K regions. By 2010, only 4 of 43 economies had reduced their under-5 mortality rates (U5MRs) or ,/s child mortality rates to one-third of 1990 values, and in Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand where it was 28 economies are not expected to meet the MDGhigh in 2001. Almost all economies increased access target by 2015. ,/s W Republic (Lao PDR), the Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, The incidence and prevalence rates of tuberculosis and Timor-Leste have become early achievers or and the death rates associated with tuberculosis in D most countries in the region have declined. However, improvement from having more than 100 children the Marshall Islands and some economies in Central under-5 years dying for every 1,000 live births in t 1990. In the region in 2010, under-5 and infant mortality Although the incidence of malaria remains high in many economies in the region, the death rates close to 3.2 million children under 5 years of age associated with malaria in 2008 were generally low, died, about 2.5 million of them before reachingfor economies with available data at less than 7 per 1 year. Compared to 1990, in 2010 the U5MR was D halved in South Asia and was reduced by about 25%W / hDZD / ^ immunized for measles, a leading cause of childhood death. The PRC had immunized 99% of its 1-year-old Between 1990 and 2010, land area covered by forest d against measles were lowest in South Asia and thelargest percentage decreases in Cambodia (16%), WTimor-Leste (15%), Indonesia (13%), and Myanmar(11%). Some economies increased their forest cover D / D , WZ ^ d s E / W Per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the region are highest in Australia, Brunei Darussalam, the Republic DDZ E W E levels. However, the region is not likely to reach the in per capita carbon dioxide emissions in Singapore 29. / W from 15.6 tons in 1990 to 7.0 tons in 2009, but this ismembers except for Greece. This fell short of the developing regions, at 3.0 tons. of the Gleneagles Group of Eight (G8) Summit. D either reached or are on track to achieve the targetaid rose progressively. Developing ADB members access to improved water sources. However, aboutlong-term public and publicly guaranteed debt from half of the economies in the region are not expected For countries where data are available, the slum declined during 19902009. In 2009, only the Southarrested the steady decline of their debt service Asia subregion had an average that (at 35.0%) was Except for Central and West Asia, where debt service remained within manageable levels, at about 12% or less in the region.D W D / d assistance to developing economies amounted to and the small island economies received about guaranteed debt in 2010.Part III: Regional Trendsd W falling into extreme poverty, imperiling the gains that the in the medium human development index (HDI) group.The region contributed about 36% of the global gross The region accounted for close to 40% of world W WWW energy demand, with most electricity generated using d fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas). Fixed broadbandeconomic growth in 2011 has been higher than that of h ^ / ^ is becoming cheaper and faster for most economies but W / trade, including intraregional trade, has gained greaterimportance in the region over the past decade.W / W / d burden, as measured by external debt as a percentage 2050 and then fall to 4.0 billion in 2100, about the E/ same level as in 2011.last decade. As food prices have been rising faster than 30. / W , D The consumer price indices (CPIs) of economies in K the region have increased since 2010 on account of food prices and their heavy weight in the CPI. The 12 are found in Asia. food CPI moved faster than the general CPI in 2011, d food prices and puts more people at risk of falling woman in 1990 to about 3 in 2010 in almost allinto extreme poverty. economies in the region during the last 20 years. , in the three developed economies in the region Trade has gained greater importance in the region, : E which accounted for 34% of total world merchandise to 23%. exports in 2011 versus 25% in 2001. Intraregional W With most economies in the medium human exports in 2011 going to economies within the region. development group, the region has made progress ,/ As shown by increasing shares of service exports percentage improvements were in low-HDI W economies: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste. , D ^ s d notably important engine of development for some K W / D W ^ s W W WWW E D and the rest of the world contributed 28%, 23%, important external source of foreign exchange for d WZ / : some economies in the region. Based on the average W GDP.most important to Tajikistan, with an average share d Z In 2011, the region grew at an average rate of aboutwith 23.2%. for Europe (2.3%) and the United States (1.7%). / Twenty-two economies in the region recorded slower growth and 18 had accelerated growth. K FDI growth in 2011. expenditure component of GDP in 2011 in Among 36 economies in the region with data on 24 economies in the region, although shares wereexternal debt, nearly two-thirds showed a decrease generally lower than in 2001. in external debt as a percentage of GNI, ranging from 2% to 94% in 2010.D W d Money supply growth declined from 15.4% in 2010 The total road network of developing economies, W D which data are sparse, more than doubled, from 4.9 Nonperforming bank loans have remainedmillion kilometers in 1990 to 10.3 million kilometers manageable in the region, but are high and rising for as of 2009 or the latest year data are available. The some countries in Central and West Asia.PRC and India, which are the two most populous 31. / W economies in Asia and have large land areas, account given that energy remains the largest contributor to However, economies with high per capita income, greenhouse gas emissions, which increase with the : ^ ^ d / ^ though generally lower than those in the Middle East, are considerable, exceeding 20% of supply costs in several Asian countries. However, some economies Most electricity in Asia is generated using carbonhave started to replace this type of subsidy with fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and the share more targeted transfers to the poor. of electricity generated from these carbon fuels 2009. d WZ / Z d dW K tax revenue shares that are lower than in developed and the Middle East (2.1).members. / increases ranging from 1.0 to 5.9 percentage points in government expenditure as a share of GDP. W of world energy demand, but most of the economies ^ d to start a business dropped to 28 in 2011 from 42 in Between 2000 and 2009, a majority of the economies2006. their GDP per unit of energy use by more than 60%. This was achieved through technological advances, K changes in government policies such as phasing out fuel subsidies. The general improvement in energy 32. PART I Special ChapterGreen Urbanization in Asia 33. h 3F Special Chapter D d hE / ^ D t h E d / W d Z WZ / d D K / W / , ^ ^ d d h / h / / 1 In this Special Chapter, Asia refers to the Asia and Pacific region.The terms cities and urban population are as defined by the d UN (2012). In this chapter, the terms city and urban are used / interchangeably.2 For clarity, the terms scale or size of urbanization refer to the absolute increase in total urban population. The urbanized share or level of urbanization refers to the share of the national or regional population living in urban areas. The pace or speed of urbanization refers to the change in the percentage points of the urbanized share.Unless otherwise indicated, changes in urban population include bothnet migration and natural increase of existing urban population. 34. 4 / W d t , ^ Table 1 Urbanization Level and Changes (actual and projected) d Level ofPercentage Point RegionUrbanization (%)Change (%) 2000 2010 2050 20002010 20102050 tEurope 70.8 72.7 82.2 1.9 9.5 Latin America and the Caribbean 75.5 78.8 86.63.4 7.8 Northern America 79.1 82.0 88.6 2.9 6.6Africa 35.6 39.2 57.7 3.6 18.5 Asia 35.5 42.5 62.9 7.0 20.4 d China, Peoples Rep. of 35.9 49.2 77.3 13.328.1 India 27.7 30.9 51.7 3.3 20.8 Source: ADB estimates based on UN (2012). d D K E WZ W Z WZ / s ESpecial Features of Urban^ Growth in Asia ^ / E D h WZ / / W Table hEd ^ d d 3 Green urbanization is defined as urbanization that excels in both local and global environmental criteria. The local criteria include clean air, clean water, access to green space, quality transport options, and the capacity to protect residents from risks of natural disasters. Thekey global criterion is per capita carbon footprint. hE 35. h 5Figure 1 Number of Years from about 10% to 50% Urbanization Special Chapter 210 yearsLatin America and the Caribbean10% 49% Northern America 9%105 years 51% Europe12%150 years51%Asia11%95 years51%Viet Nam 12%90 years 50%Indonesia 12%65 years 54% Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 10%60 years 52%Bhutan 55 years 10%51%China, Peoples Rep. of 61 years11%51% 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 190019251950 1975 200020252050 Year Note:Extrapolation and interpolation were used to estimate urbanization level and corresponding starting years for Latin America and the Caribbean and Northern America. Sources: ADB estimates based on Bairoch (1988) and UN (2012). Figure 2 Increase in Urban Population in AsiaFigure 3 Increase in Urban Population, 19502010 (millions) 900 822.1400 Increase in Urban Population (million)Increase in Urban Population (million) 800350 700300 600 536.8 465.0250 500200 400150 300 200100 100 50001950198519852000 20002020 1950195519551960 19601965 196519701970197519751980 19801985 1985199019901995 19952000 20002005 20052010BangladeshIndonesiaChina, Peoples Rep. of PakistanIndia Rest of Asia Note: Data for 20102020 are based on projections of UN World UrbanizationAsia Non-Asia Prospects, 2011 Revision. Source: ADB estimates based on UN (2012).Source: ADB estimates based on UN (2012). 36. 6 / W Figure 4 Regional Shares of Global Urban Population, 2010 (%) d Rest of the World 6.5% Northern America 7.9%Asia d 46.2% hE Latin America and the Caribbean 13.1% E Europe d 15.1% E z d ^ W Africa 11.3% D , Northern America = Canada and the United States. d hE Source: ADB estimates based on UN (2012). : d ^ d D D ^ d / / / h Z Figure 5 Level of Urbanization by Region (%) 100 90 80 / Urbanization level (%)70 d 60 ^ 50 40 30 2010 d 0 ^ 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 d World Europe AsiaLatin America and the Caribbean AfricaNorthern America Northern America = Canada and the United States. 4 The raw data can be downloaded at esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/Source: UN (2012). WUP2011-F17a-City_Size_Class.xls 37. h 7 Figure 6 Number of Megacities Special Chapter1950 New York Tokyo2010ParisIstanbulBeijing Tokyo New York DelhiShanghaiOsaka-KobeCairoKarachi Los Angeles Dhaka Guangzhou MumbaiKolkata ShenzhenLagos Manila Mexico City Rio de Janeiro So Paulo Buenos AiresNote: The circles indicate population sizes ranging from (10 million) to (39 million). The circles do not reflect the physical extents of the cities and any overlapbetween them merely reflects their relative population sizes and not any official acceptance or endorsement of any geographical sovereignty.Source: UN (2012).world 12-2551a AV 38. 8Figure 6 Number of Megacities (continued) 2025MoscowLondon / W ParisIstanbulTokyoChicagoNew York Beijing Tianjin Osaka-KobeLahoreDelhi Wuhan CairoChongqing ShanghaiLos Angeles Karachi Dhaka GuangzhouKolkata MumbaiHyderabadShenzhen Lagos Manila Mexico CityBangalore Bangkok Chennai BogotKinshasa Jakarta Lima Rio de JaneiroSo Paulo Buenos Aires Note: The circles indicate population sizes ranging from (10 million) to (39 million). The circles do not reflect the physical extents of the cities and any overlap between them merely reflects their relative population sizes and not any official acceptance or endorsement of any geographical sovereignty. Source: UN (2012).world 12-2551b AV 39. h 9Figure 7 Population Share of Largest Cities of Individual Countries, 2009 d Special Chapter(% of total urban population) 25 21h 20 W t d Population share (%) 15 12 ^ 10^ WZ 5 d 0 d AsiaNon-Asia Source: ADB estimates based on UN (2012). Figure 8 Top 25 Cities Ranked by Population Density, 200735,000 Density (person/km2)30,00025,00020,00015,00010,000 5,000 0 Mumbai Kolkata Karachi Lagos ShenzhenSeoul/IncheonTaipei,ChinaChennai BogotaShanghai LimaDelhiKinshasa ManilaTehran Jakarta Tianjin BangaloreCairoBaghdad Hyderabad So Paulo Ho Chi Minh CityBeijingShenyangAsia Latin America and the CaribbeanAfrica Middle East and North Africa km2 = square kilometers Source: City Mayors (2007). d E h ^ h^ ^ Environmental Implications of Urbanization in Asia : E d h t K ^ ^ WZ d WZ Z 40. 10 / W Figure 9 Urbanization Levels, ADB Subregion (%)Figure 11 Urban and Rural Inequality in Asia (%)1001990 90Indonesia 802002 Urbanization level (%) 70 60 2011 501994 40India 30 2005 202010 10China, Peoples Rep. of 01990 19501955 19601965 19701975 19801985 199019952000 200520102002 Central and West Asia Southeast Asia East Asia Pacific2010 South AsiaDeveloped Economies* 0 10 20 30 40 50Note: * Developed Economies include Australia, Japan, and New Zealand.Gini Coefficient (%)Source: UN (2012).UrbanRural Sources: ADB (2012b) and ADB estimates. Figure 10 Urbanization Levels, Selected Asian Economies (%) 100 E 90 80 Urbanization level (%) 70 60 50 40 30 / 20 100 19501955 19601965 19701975 19801985 199019952000 20052010 d ArmeniaIndia d Bangladesh Korea, Rep. of Cambodia Pakistan China, Peoples Rep. of Papua New Guinea Hong Kong, China Sri Lanka 5 The lower urban inequality in the PRC was largely due to the urban bias, which has gradually faded away but still exists (Wan and ZhangSource: UN (2012). 2011). 6 Other indicators of crime than theft and homicide rates are not available for a ruralurban comparison. 41. h 11 h W Special Chapter d t K d Figure 12 Theft Rate versus Level of Urbanization: Global Data 4,500 WD Theft (rate per 100,000 population) 4,000 3,500 E WD t 3,000 , K 2,500 WD 2,000 K 1,500 1,000 WD Three 500 0 0204060 80 100 Urbanization level (%) Sources: UNODC (2012) and World Bank (2012).^ WD d h Figure 13 Intentional Homicide Rates in Selected Countries 20.0 18.0 d WZ Homicide (rate per 100,000 population)16.0 t d t 14.0 12.0 WZ 10.0 WD WD K 8.0 WZ 6.0 h 4.02.0 7 Particulate matter (PM)also known as particulates or suspended0.0particulate matter (SPM)is solid matter suspended in air or liquid. Dhaka MaleYangon Colombo TokyoBakuDushanbeDili Kathmandu Quezon City Almaty Kuala LumpurBishkekUlaan Baatar PM10 refers to particulate matter with diameter of 10 micrometers or less. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly lighter than air. It can be toxic to humans and animals when encountered in higher concentrations. In the atmosphere however, it is short lived and spatially variable, as it combines with oxygen to city countryform CO2 and ozone. 8 Loosely speaking, a kernel density plot depicts the frequency of Source: UNODC (2012). occurrence of a variable. 42. 12 / W Figure 14 Cities with PM10 above 100 g/m3, 20082009400350300PM10 Level (g/m3 )250200150100 50 0 Sanandaj Ludhiana Kermanshah Yasouj Ahwaz Delhi Uromiyeh Qom Indore KhoramabadAgraAl AinLanzhou Kolkata VanDenizliUrumqiFaridabad Greater CairoMexicaliMumbai DhanbadIlamAllahabad Kerman JinanPatnaSarajevoAbu DhabiMedan Chengdu Hefei TaiyuanVaranasiWuhan Esfahan KonyaKarsHamedanHarbin MeerutXian Qazvin TianjinKanpur LucknowUlaanbaatarJabalpurBushehrJaipurArak NanjingXiningBeijingShenyang Chongqing Shijiazhuang Asian citiesNon-Asian citiesPM10 = particulate matter with diameter of 10 micrometers or less, g/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter.Source: WHO (2012). Figure 15 PM10 Kernel Density, 20082009 Figure 16 Total Suspended Particulates at Manila Sites 0.06 400 3500.04 Kernel Density 300 TSP level (g/m3) 250 0.02 200 150 0 100 0100 200 300 400PM10 (g/m3)50 AsiaNon-Asia0PM10 = particulate matter with diameter of 10 micrometers or less,1998 2000 2002 20042006 2008 2010 2012g/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter.Source: ADB estimates based on WHO (2012). = fitted line, g/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter, TSP = total suspended particulates. Source: Environmental Management Bureau (2002) and (2009). / D D / d WD d^W h WD D d^W / d^W W D d ^ W Z / 43. h 13 , d Special Chapter WZ W , d , d t ^ WZ K / d , t WZ / d d/ K , WZ / d WZ h / WZ h ^ h^ E t / WZ / d WZ hEW E Figure 17 Top 5 Countries in Total CO2 Emissions in 2008Figure 18 CO2 Emissions (t/capita) 8,000,000 6 7,000,000 5CO2 emissions (kt) 6,000,000CO2 emissions (t/capita) 5,000,000 4 4,000,000 3 3,000,000 2 2,000,000 1,000,000 100China, Peoples United IndiaRussian Japan 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Rep. ofStates FederationAsia Non-AsiaChina, Peoples Rep. ofIndiaWorld CO2 = carbon dioxide, kt = kiloton. CO2 = carbon dioxide, t = ton. Source: World Bank (2012).Source: World Bank (2012). 44. 14 / W Box 1 Metros Moving People in Delhi and Shanghai Shanghai and Delhi are two Asian megacities that have built metroabout 8 million at the end of 2010. Currently, 80% of the citys systems for mass transit.developed area is within 400 meters of a metro line and the systemis now the largest in the world. The Shanghai Metro System. Shanghai is the largest city in the Peoples Republic of China, spanning approximately 120 kilometersThe Delhi Metro System. Delhi is Indias largest metropolitan (km) from south to north and 100 km from east to west. It has aby area (1,483 square kilometers) and has the second largest 2009 population of 19.21 million. In the 10 years to 2000, the population (14 million people) in India. It has evolved around several length of the citys roads increased by 40% and the number of cars transport modes. During 19811998, Delhis human and vehicle rose to just over 1 million. By the end of 2000, Shanghai had 12,227 populations rose sharply, resulting in traffic congestion and pollution. km of roads, 84% more than in 1985. However, as the majority of people rely on public transport, the buses were very crowded and In response to this, the governments of India and Delhi formed the slow, averaging only 8 km per hour.Delhi Metro Rail Corporation in 1995. Construction of the DelhiMetro started in 1998, and its first line opened in 2002, followed The city invested an average of 2.9% of its gross domestic product by the second in 2004, the third in 2005, a branch line in 2009, annually during 19992009 in transport infrastructure, 41% of whichand two more lines in 2010. Subsequently, the lines have been was for constructing the Shanghai Metro. Construction started in the extended and new lines are being constructed, including the Delhi early 1990s and the first metro line opened in 1995. The ShanghaiAirport Metro Express. The network consists of six lines with a total Metro now has 11 lines, 280 stations, and a total operating length length of 161 km with 135 stations underground, serving 1.2 million of 420 km. The number of passengers increased almost 37% per commuters every day. annum from 2000 to 2005. The total passengers per day rose to Source: Newman and Matan (forthcoming). t ^ d d ^ t d D / t , Z d d / h^ , t t ^ t d d ^ W hEW K / t ^ D D D Z D / / ^ W ^ D hEW D 45. h 15 Table 2 Urban Population at Risk of Coastal Flooding by Region, 2000Special ChapterTotalUrbanShare of UrbanShare Urban Population Population Total Urban Land Area of LandRegion Population at Riskat Risk Land Area at Risk Area at(million) (million)(%) (000 km2) (000 km2) Risk (%) Africa280 3211 310 18 6 Asia1,39025118 1,16712911 Latin America 312 24 8 663 42 6 Europe571 40 7 800 56 7km2 = square kilometers Source: ADB estimates based on McGranahan et al. (2007).Z h Box 2 Estimating Risks of Inland and Coastal Flooding / Coastal flooding risks are determined by the number of persons (or land area) within a low-elevation coastal zone (LECZ) ratherthan historic or projected data on actual coastal flood events. The LECZ is defined as land area contiguous with the coastline up t to a 10-meter rise elevation. While sea level rise is not expected to reach 10 meters above the current mid-tide elevations, Asia has experienced two devastating tsunamis in the last 10 years. Meanwhile, sea level rise and storm surges can certainly causedamage to people living well above the high-water level, through saline intrusion into the groundwater, for example. However, theprincipal reason for choosing this elevation is that estimates based on elevations below 10 meters could not be considered W globally reliable, particularly in some types of coastal areas, such d as those characterized by mountainous bays. W Exposure to inland flooding is estimated from the global flood D frequency dataset developed for the 2009 Global Assessment Report on Risk Reduction (GAR) (UNISDR 2009). In contrastto the LECZ estimates, the GAR data are based on actual flood frequency events. Modeling is used to fill in missing data and to^ transform the extents of flood events into a single gridded data ^ format. The flood risk is measured by the extent of exposure of land or persons to flooding at least two times within a 100-year period. Both the LECZ and GAR data are then overlayed with the Global RuralUrban Mapping Project (GRUMP) data to estimate population (as well as land area) within each urban area at risk of flooding. Sources: Balk and Montgomery (2012), McGranahan et al. (2007). / d h / / ^ d ^ d ^ D s E d 46. 16 / W Table 3 Population and Area at Risk of Coastal Flooding, 2000Table 4 Population and Area at Risk of Inland Flooding, 2000% Urban% Urban%Urban LandUrban Population Land AreaLand AreaUrbanPopulation Area (km2)% UrbanEconomy Economy Populationat Flood (km2) at at Flood Population at at Floodat Flood Land Area atat Flood riskRiskFlood RiskRiskFlood RiskRisk RiskFlood Risk Central and West Asia Central and West AsiaGeorgia 230,9827.5 159 4.9Afghanistan 540,07812.543023.8Pakistan2,227,1194.6 364 1.5Armenia 198,941 7.419212.9 Subtotal 2,458,1014.8 523 1.9Azerbaijan254,474 6.0526 9.1Georgia 319,04810.436911.4 East AsiaKazakhstan860,190 9.81,56113.9China, Peoples Rep. of 78,277,824 18.5 33,24313.4Kyrgyz Republic 189,53412.236712.6Hong Kong, China 811,925 14.110414.2Pakistan3,092,548 6.42,230 9.0Korea, Rep. of 2,034,8325.31,369 7.4Tajikistan286,22916.440811.6Taipei,China 3,022,216 21.42,60421.3Turmenistan64,777 3.262011.1 Subtotal 84,146,796 17.5 37,32013.4Uzbekistan813,736 8.51,61510.9 Subtotal 6,619,555 7.78,31811.1 South AsiaBangladesh15,428,668 50.34,52245.9 East AsiaIndia 31,515,286 10.5 11,441 5.9China, Peoples Rep. of90,700,14521.4 45,61018.4Maldives 6,421100.03 100.0Korea, Rep. of2,920,496 7.61,010 5.5Sri Lanka961,977 22.874422.5Mongolia176,96812.219016.5 Subtotal 47,912,352 14.3 16,710 8.1Taipei,China890,354 6.3668 5.5 Subtotal94,510,99619.8 47,28817.0 Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 24,965 11.225624.2 South AsiaCambodia 281,944 15.013721.3Bangladesh 10,954,60935.73,72137.8Indonesia 22,720,666 27.98,17626.4Bhutan 21,50414.5 3015.5Malaysia 3,687,052 26.53,77528.1India36,056,32612.0 25,56413.3Myanmar4,512,823 36.21,08724.2Nepal 160,508 5.9214 8.5Philippines6,807,578 27.41,87222.8Sri Lanka 792,24418.844213.4Singapore550,057 14.0 6212.0 Subtotal47,985,19114.2 29,97114.4Thailand12,471,874 60.09,20734.8Viet Nam12,862,429 73.93,87766.4 Southeast Asia Subtotal 63,919,387 36.1 28,44831.1Brunei Darussalam 1,634 0.7 141.3Cambodia1,428,12176.0641100.0 The PacificIndonesia 4,394,972 5.42,4177.8Timor-Leste 1,3694.27 5.3 Lao PDR 302,82534.0276 26.1Malaysia495,254 3.67495.6 Developed Member Economy Myanmar 2,361,35319.01,050 23.4Japan29,022,18425.7 17322.8117.5Philippines 3,713,39814.9968 11.8Thailand6,070,29129.27,002 26.5 Asia 227,460,18919.6100,33214.3Viet Nam6,716,97338.61,893 32.4 Subtotal25,484,82014.7 15,010 16.3km2 = square kilometersNote: Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) estimates for urban The Pacificpopulation and urban areas are used in the computation of percentagesTimor-Leste 869 2.7 64.6of population and area at risk (http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw).Source: Balk and Montgomery (2012). Developed Member EconomyJapan4,705,8804.25,016 5.1 Asia 179,307,31115.1105,61014.0d d km2 = square kilometers, Lao PDR = Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Note: Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) estimates for urbanpopulation and urban areas are used in the computation of percentages of population and area at risk (http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw). ^ ^ Source: Balk and Montgomery (2012). d s E d WZ d K WZ d / WZ d WZ ^ d WZ Z d d 47. h 17Table 5 Top 40 Asian CitiesTable 6 Top 40 Asian Cities (1 million population) in Vulnerability to Coastal Flooding (1 million population) in Vulnerability to Inland Flooding Special ChapterPopulation City Area% of Population % of City City AreaEconomyCityat Flood % of City at Flood Area at EconomyCityat Flood Population at Flood % of AreaRisk (000) Population Risk (km2) Risk Risk (000) at Risk Risk (km2) at RiskChina, Peoples Rep. ofTianjin 5,500100.0 2081100.0 CambodiaPhnom Penh988 98.520498.8China, Peoples Rep. ofPanjin1,000100.0690100.0 China, Peoples Rep. of Wuhan5300 81.895681.8Bangladesh Khulna1,100 99.9394 99.8 IndonesiaPalembang 1100 80.225748.6China, Peoples Rep. of Nantong1,000 99.8286 99.9 IndiaPatna 1100 72.443672.3China, Peoples Rep. of Changzhou2,000 99.0362 99.0 BangladeshDhaka5400 59.768047.9China, Peoples Rep. of Jiangyin 1,200 96.8492 96.8 China, Peoples Rep. ofNanjing 2200 56.074955.6China, Peoples Rep. of Suzhou 1,300 95.8368 91.2 Viet NamHo Chi Minh2800 50.430625.0Indonesia Palembang1,300 94.2473 89.5 China, Peoples Rep. of Tianjin2800 50.179538.2ThailandBangkok8,800 93.3 4805 80.2 China, Peoples Rep. of Huangshi624 49.617045.5China, Peoples Rep. of Wuxi 1,300 91.1397 91.0 China, Peoples Rep. ofHuainan614 49.527749.4China, Peoples Rep. ofShanghai 14,000 90.8 2416 98.2 China, Peoples Rep. ofWuhu 552 46.814048.4India Kolkata 14,000 89.0 1441 62.9 ThailandBangkok4400 46.2 216536.1China, Peoples Rep. ofNingbo1,700 85.6779 85.6 China, Peoples Rep. ofBangbu 510 44.019844.5Indonesia Ujung Pandang1,200 85.4295 68.7 India Guwahati507 43.815934.6Viet Nam Ho Chi Minh 4,400 79.3890 72.6 India Allahabad 665 42.223043.2IndonesiaSurabaya3,800 76.3777 55.4 Myanmar Mandalay477 40.216741.4BangladeshChittagong 2,400 72.5517 61.7 China, Peoples Rep. of Panjin400 38.320830.1JapanNiigata 1,000 68.5 1244 49.9 China, Peoples Rep. of Changsha 1200 37.218728.0Myanmar Yangon City2,800 66.9587 69.9 BangladeshKhulna419 37.013133.1China, Peoples Rep. ofWuhu782 66.3210 72.4 IndiaVijayawada 546 36.014121.4India Palwancha808 66.2937 67.6 Viet NamHanoi 893 33.225238.0China, Peoples Rep. of Taizhou1,200 65.3423 66.4 IndiaVaranasi 568 32.621133.6China, Peoples Rep. of Shantou3,600 63.8 1084 63.6 Indonesia Surakarta 399 32.6 9624.1India Surat2,200 61.0300 19.2 China, Peoples Rep. ofNanning440 30.417330.4Indonesia Pekalongan 892 59.2335 50.3 China, Peo