key features of the book are - kopykitab...p-908 gsm-60 35.412 mm cmyk-i class-xi. jauhar t h o r o...
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P-908 Gsm-6035.412 mm CMYK
PA
RT-I
CL
AS
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IDr. S.P. Jauhar
THOROUGH
LYREVISED
EDITION
abc OF
PA
RT
-I
CL
AS
S-X
ID
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ab
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The book in your hands is strictly based upon the syllabi prescribed by C.B.S.E., New Delhi andEducational Boards of other Indian states. It has been written according to N.C.E.R.T. patternkeeping in view the changing trends of different examinations. Thus this book has been very popularamong the teachers and students all over India and praised for its clear presentation, effectiveapproach of solving numerical problems and attractive figures.
Simple language and easily reproducible diagrams.
Large variety of SOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMS.
Additional numerical problems under the heading PRACTICE PROBLEMS for self
assessment and practice.
REVISION EXERCISES in the form of 'Very Short Answer Type', 'Short Answer Type' and
'Long Answer Type Questions' with HINTS and SOLUTIONS to some questions is also
included.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS are solved at the end of each chapter.
Additional information is given under 'Learning Plus','Key Note' and 'Watch Out'.
For Quick Revision of the chapter objective type questions in the form of 'True or False',
'Complete the Missing Links' and 'Choose the Correct Alternative', under the heading Memory
Test along with their answers, are given at the end of each unit.
COMPETITION FILE which includes 'Additional Information', 'Higher Order Thinking Skills'
(HOTS), 'Brain-Twisting Questions' (with answers) and 'Multiple Choice Questions', is also
given. This will prepare students for various competitive entrance examinations for entry to
Medical, IIT and other Engineering colleges.
COMPLETE coverage of previous years’ questions from all the board examinations and
competitive examinations such as AIPMT/NEET, JEE(Main), JEE (Advance) and other State
Boards.
KEY FEATURES OF THE BOOK ARE
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Tough & Tricky PROBLEMS with answers to accelerate the potential for solving Numerical
Problems.
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A THOROUGH & SINCERE STUDY OF THE UNIQUE & UNMATCHED BOOK WILLENCOURAGE THE STUDENTS AND PROVE A GREAT HELP IN ACHIEVING THEIR TARGET
In a NUTSHELL the book provides Excellent Guidance to students for Boards'
examinations as well as for competitive examinations for entrance to professional
colleges.
MODERN PUBLISHERS
MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S
MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'SMODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S
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ISBN 9789351841210
9 789351 841210
Ch
em
istry
Gagret
MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S
MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'SMODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S MODERN'S
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1702D0303A0048
CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
According to new syllabus prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi and State
Boards of Uttarakhand, Karnataka ( st Year PUC), Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal,
Kerala, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur and other States following CBSE & ISC curriculum.
I
PART-I
MODERN PUBLISHERS(Producers of Quality Textbooks)
abc OF
REVISED & UPDATEDEDITION 2017–2018
Strictly
in accordance
with the Latest
Guidelines and Syllabus
Including
Value Based Questions
issued by
N.C.E.R.T. / C.B.S.E.
By
Formerly Professor of Chemistry
Department of Chemistry
Panjab University, Chandigarh
Dr. S.P. JAUHAR
For Class XI
Price of Part I & :II 1110.00
1
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MBD PRINTOGRAPHICS (P) LTD.Industrial Area Ram Nagar, Gagret, Tehsil Amb, Distt. Una (H.P.)
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DELHI LOCAL OFFICES:
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Dr. S.P. Jauhar
I feel pleasure in presenting the revised and updated edition of our bookfor Class XI students. The book has been prepared strictly according to the new
syllabus proposed by C.B.S.E. New Delhi and Education Board of other Indian States and
"Modern's abc + ofChemistry"
I am extremely thankful to many teachers and students who have been sending their valuable suggestions andcomments for the improvement of the book. I am greatly indebted to them. I wish to acknowledge my sincerethanks to Dr. (Mrs.) Sheenu Jauhar for her untiring efforts and valuable contribution in critical revision of the bookand updating Objective Questions. I also feel pleasure to express my thanks to Mr. Arun Kamboj (G.S.S. School,Tohana), Dr. G. J. P. Singh (Chemistry Deptt., P.U., Chandigarh), Dr. O.P. Sood (Govt. College, Chandigarh),Dr. Sajeev Soni (S.D. College, Chandigarh), Dr. A.N. Sharma (Govt. College, Hamirpur), Ms. Parveen (Faridkot),Mrs. Anju Goel, Govt. S. S. School Sec. 16, Chandigarh, Dr. Paramjit Singh and Prof. A.S. Chahal (S.G.G.S. College,Chandigarh), Dr. G.S. Arora, Mrs. Sunita Saroha (D.A.V. S.S. School, Sec. 15, Chandigarh, Mrs. Amita Sharma(Saraswati Institute, Chandigarh), Mrs. Seema (Seema Chemistry classes), Mr. Sudhanshu Jaitley (Chandigarh),Mr. Deepak Mishra (H.O.D. Shri Gauri Shankar Inter College, Ferozabad), Mr. Praveen Kumar (S.V.M. Senior Sec.School, Kosi Kalan, Mathura) Mr. Vikas Chander (Saint Mary S.S. School Gurdaspur) andShri Rakesh Jassotia, (Sr. Lecturer, Govt. G.H.S.S. Nagari PAROLE, Kathua). I am also highly thankful toMr. Gaurav Chakraborty, Mr. Vinod Kumar Jangra (G.S.S.S. Akbarpur Baroto, Sonepat) and Vaibhav Yavlekar,(Ujjain) for thoroughly checking of the book and providing valuable suggestions. Finally, I am happy to expressmy sincerest thanks and indebtness to our dynamic and versatile publisher and his efficient staff for making theproject successful. I am also thankful to Mr. B.S. Rawat,Mr. S.K. Sikka, Mr. Ravinder Pathania and L.B. Mishra who have taken great pains in bringing up the book.
I hope that the present book will be warmly received by the students and the teachers.
Suggestions for the further improvement of the book will be gratefully acknowledged.
Mr. Manik Juneja, National Head — Content Operations,
I would also like to gratefully appreciate the tremendous and valuable efforts of Mr. Manu Jauhar for excellentthoughtful editing of the book.
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and MCQs based on given according tolatest IIT pattern are also given.
Text matter has been planned giving emphasis on in a simple, clear and systematic method.
The text has been presented in an interesting style with a large number of and
Anumber of and have been given under the heading promotingproblem solving skills in students.
Large number of from I.I.T., Roorkee, M.L.N.R. and other Competitive Examinations havebeen given in Competition File.
A variety of from different competitive examinations have been added to make the bookuseful for the preparation of competitive examinations in Competition File.
Additional information about the topic is given in Key Note, Key Facts, Facts File, Learning Plus, In focus to providestimulus to find more about the subject.
All the N.C.E.R.T. Text Book exercieses are covered with hints and ensures in different Section of the chapter.
Alarge number of (Solved) are given in each chapter.
All the numerical problems of Practice Problems are completely solved in solution file at the end of each chapter.
MCQs with
Objective Questions in the form of are also given.
In NCERT file,All the textbook exercises and exemplar problems are fully solved.
At the end of each chapter, Quick Revision through Objective Questions have been added tocheck the retention power of the students.
The summary of key facts of each chapter is given at the end under the heading .
fundamental concepts
Illustrative examples Numericalproblems.
problems Short answer questions Practice Problems
Numerical Problems
Multiple Choice Questions
more than one corre
Conceptual Questions
assertion-reason type
Chapter Summary
ct answers comprehension/passage
Tough & Tricky with solutions are added to accelerate the potential of the students for.
A number of (HOTS) and with answers are included at theend of each chapter.
with Hints & Solutions are given at the end of each chapter to help the students to check theirperformance after covering the chapter. A Mock Test with solutions according to CBSE pattern is given at the end ofthe book.
PROBLEMS SOLVINGNUMERICAL PROBLEMS
UNIT PRACTICE TESTS
"Quick Memory Test"
Higher Order Thinking Skills Brain Twisting Questions
Value based questions covering all the chapters are given at the end of the book.
Salient Features of the Book
3
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Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees
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C MY K
C MY K
Actinium
Aluminium
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Hanium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Ha
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
105
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
227
26.9
243
121.75
39.94
74.92
210
137.3
247
9.01
208.98
10.81
79.90
112.40
40.02
251
12
140.12
132.90
35.45
51.99
58.93
63.54
245
162.50
254
167.26
151.96
257
18.99
223
157.25
69.72
72.59
196.99
178.48
260
4
164.93
1
114.82
126.90
192.2
55.84
83.80
138.91
257
207.19
6.93
174.97
24.31
54.93
[Rn]86 6dl 7s2
[Ne]10 3s2 3pl
[Rn]86 5f 7 7s2
[Kr]36 4d10 5s2 5p3
[Ne]10 3s2 3p6
[Ar]18 3d10 4s2 4p3
[Xe]54 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5
[Xe]54 6s2
[Rn]86 5f9 7s2
[He]2 2s2
[Xe]54 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
[He]54 2s2 2p1
[Ar]18 3d10 4s2 4p5
[Kr]36 4d10 5s2
[Ar]18 4s2
[Rn]86 5f10 7s2
[He]2 2s2 2p2
[Xe]54 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Xe]54 6s1
[Ne]10 3s2 3p5
[Ar]18 3d5 4s1
[Ar]18 3d7 4s2
[Ar]18 3d10 4s1
[Rn]86 5f7 6d1 7s2
[Xe]54 4f10 6s2
[Rn]86 5f11 7s2
[Xe]54 f12 6s2
[Xe]54 4f7 6s2
[Rn]86 5f12 7s2
[He]2 2s2 2p5
[Rn]86 7s1
[Xe]54 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Ar]18 3d10 4s2 4pl
[Ar]18 3d10 4s2 4p2
[Xe]54 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe]54 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Rn]86 5f14 6d3 7s2
1s2
[Xe]54 4f11 6s2
1s1
[Kr]36 4d10 5s2 5pl
[Kr]36 4d10 5s2 5p5
[Xe]54 4f14 5d7 6s2
[Ar]18 3d6 4s2
[Ar]18 3d10 4s2 4p6
[Xe]54 5d1 6s2
[Rn]86 5f14 6d1 7s2
[Xe]54 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[He]2 1s1
[Xe]54 4f14 5d1 6s2
[Ne]10 3s2
[Ar]18 3d5 4s2
Atomic Masses (C12 = 12.00) and Electronic Configurations of Elements
Element Symbol Atomic Atomic Electronic ConfigurationNumber Mass
Electronic Configration.pmd 12/31/2016, 4:03 PM1
C MY K
C MY K
Element Symbol Atomic Atomic Electronic ConfigurationNumber Mass
MendeleviumMercuryMolybdenumMoscoviumNeodymiumNeonNeptuniumNickelNihoniumNiobiumNitrogenNobeliumOganessonOsmiumOxygenPalladiumPhosphorusPlatinumPlutoniumPoloniumPotassiumPraseodymiumPromethiumProtactiniumRadiumRadonRheniumRhodiumRubidiumRutheniumRutherfordiumSamariumScandiumSeleniumSiliconSilverSodiumStrontiumSulphurTantalumTechnetiumTelluriumTennessineTerbiumThalliumThoriumThuliumTinTitaniumTungstenUraniumVanadiumXenonYtterbiumYttriumZinc
Zirconium
MdHgMoMcNdNeNpNiNhNbNNoOgOsOPdPPtPuPoKPrPmPaRaRnReRhRbRuRfSmScSeSiAgNaSrSTaTcTeTsTbTlThTmSnTiWUVXeYbYZn
Zr
101804211560109328113417102118768461578948419596191888675453744104622134144711381673435211765819069502274922354703930
40
256200.5095.94
289144.2420.18
23758.71
28692.9014
254294190.215.99
106.430.97
195.0924421039.102
140.907145231226222186.2102.9085.47
101.07257150.3544.9578.9628.08
107.8722.9887.6232.06
180.9499
127.60294158.92204.37232.03168.93118.6947.90
183.85238.0250.94
131.04173.0488.9063.37
91.22
[Rn]86 5f13 7s2
[Xe]54 4f14 5d10 6s2
[Kr]36 4d5 5s1
[Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3
[Xe]54 4f4 6s2
[He]2 2s2 2p6
[Rn]86 5f4 6d1 7s2
[Ar]18 3d8 4s2
[Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1
[Kr]36 4d4 5s1
[He]2 2s2 2p3
[Rn]56 5f14 7s2
[Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6
[Xe]54 4f14 5d6 6s2
[He]2 2s2 2p4
[Kr]36 4d10
[Ne]10 3s2 3p3
[Xe]54 4f14 5d9 6s1
[Rn]86 5f6 7s2
[Xe]54 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Ar]18 4s1
[Xe]54 4f3 6s2
[Xe]54 4f5 6s2
[Rn]86 5f2 6d1 7s2
[Rn]86 7s2
[Xe]54 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6
[Xe]54 4f14 5d5 6s2
[Kr]36 4d8 5s1
[Kr]36 5s1
[Kr]36 4d7 5s1
[Rn]86 5f14 6d2 7s2
[Xe]54 4f6 6s2
[Ar]18 3d1 4s2
[Ar]18 3d10 4s2 4p4
[Ne]10 3s2 3p2
[Kr]22 4d10 5s1
[Ne]10 3s1
[Kr]36 5s2
[Ne]10 3s2 3p4
[Xe]54 4f14 5d 3 6s2
[Kr]36 4d5 5s2
[Kr]36 4d10 5s2 5p4
[Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5
[Xe]54 4f9 6s2
[Xe]54 4f14 5d10 6s2 6 p1
[Rn]86 6d2 7s2
[Xe]54 4f13 6s2
[Kr]36 4d10 5s2 5p2
[Ar]18 3d2 4s2
[Xe]54 4f14 5d4 6s2
[Rn]86 5f2 6d1 7s2
[Ar]18 3d3 4s2
[Kr]36 4d10 5s2 5p6
[Xe]54 4f14 6s2
[Kr]36 4d1 5s2
[Ar]18 3d10 4s2
[Kr]36 4d2 5s2
Electronic Configration.pmd 12/31/2016, 4:03 PM2
Award of ExcellenceAward of ExcellenceModern’s abc+ of Chemistry (XI & XII) was awarded
FIRST PRIZE FOR EXCELLENCETHE FEDERATION OF INDIAN PUBLISHERSBY
Award for
Excellence
in Book
Production
FIRST PRIZEFIRST PRIZE
8
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Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees
The present book has been prepared to provide a single book for students preparing for different Boards’
Examinations and Competitive Examinations for Entrance to Medical, Engineering and other Professional
Colleges. Each chapter is divided into two parts. The first part of each chapter provides complete discussion
of all the basic principles, definitions, terms and mathematical relations. The aim of the book is to make the
basic concepts strong with Practice Problems and Conceptual Questions.
The second part of each chapter under the heading Competition File is planned with a target of Competitive
Examinations. This provides additional useful information (not covered in the chapter). This also includes
Objective Questions in the form of multiple choice type, comprehension type, matching type, matrix-match
type, integer answer type and assertion reason type. Hints & Answers to almost all MCQs have been given.
A NOTE TO THE STUDENTS
PLEASE SEE THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE BOOK IN THE MARGINS
WHICH MAKE IT NUMBER 1.
First Prize
IN ADDITION : EACH UNIT HAS
•
•
•
•
•
AISB Qs. and State Boards’ Qs.
highlighted in Revision Exercises
Quick Memory Test
HOTS & Brain Twisting
Questions.
AIPMT, JEE (main),
JEE (advance) given separately.
Unit Practice Test with
Hints & Solutions.
Nytra: a first augmented reality app for K-12 Education in India.
To help the students to visualize the concepts more easily and enhance understanding – a digital revolution:
Watch chemistry come alive.
ABOVE ALL : A NEW FEATURE
Awardof
Excellence
Awardof
Excellence
COMPETITION PLUS
Advanced level matter to explore
more about the topic for competitive
examinations with reference at the
appropriate place in the text and
detail in competition file.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Provides definitions of new terms,
laws, name reactions in organic
chemistry, important facts to
remember and
mathematical relations.
Main contents are given in the
beginning to make the book Target
Oriented. For Boards Examinations
& Competitive Examinations,
students can eaisly search the relevent
material without wasting time
IN THIS UNIT
A very large number of solved
numerical problems of different
levels of difficulty and practice
problems promoting problem
solving skills in students.
SOLVED EXAMPLES &
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Thought provoking questions during
understanding of the text with
answers to satisfy your curiosity.
R U CURIOUS....
To accelerate the potential of students
for solving numerical problems.
TOUGH & TRICKY PROBLEMS
With Answers are given in each unit.
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
9
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A N
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E T
O T
HE
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A Note to The Students
CMYK
MBD
CMYK
MBD
The present book has been prepared to provide a single book for
students preparing for different Boards’ Examinations and
Competitive Examinations for Entrance to Medical, Engineering and
other Professional Colleges. Each chapter is divided into two parts.
The first part of each chapter provides complete discussion of all the
basic principles, definitions, terms and mathematical relations. The
aim is to make the basic concepts strong with Practice Problems and
Conceptual Questions.
The second part of each chapter under the heading Competition File
is planned with a target of Competitive Examinations. This provides
additional useful information (not covered in the chapter). This part
also includes Objective Questions in the form of Multiple Choice
Questions, Comprehension type, Matching type, Matric Match type,
Integrer answer type and Assertion Reason type. Hints & Answers to
almost all MCQs have been given. The previous years' MCQs from
AIPMT, JEE(Main), JEE Advance and other Competitive Examinations
of different State Education Boards have been included.
The Study of the book will induce confidence among the students
to face the challenges in the examination and achieve their target.
A N
OT
E T
O T
HE
ST
UD
EN
TS
above all : a new featureNytra: a first augmented reality app for K-12Education in India. To help the students to visualize theconcepts more easily and enhance understanding – adigital revolution: Watch chemistry come alive.
10
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C M YK
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CHEMISTRY–XI Total Periods (Theory 160 + Practical 60)Time : 3 Hours Total Marks : 70
Unit No. Title No. of Periods Marks
Unit I Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1211
Unit II Structure of Atom 14
Unit III Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 08 04
Unit IV Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 14
Unit V States of Matter : Gases and Liquids 12
Unit VI Chemical Thermodynamics 16 21
Unit VII Equilibrium 14
Unit VIII Redox Reactions 06
Unit IX Hydrogen 08
Unit X s-Block Elements 10 16
Unit XI Some p-Block Elements 14
Unit XII Organic Chemistry : Some Basic Principles and Techniques 14
Unit XIII Hydrocarbons 12 18
Unit XIV Environmental Chemistry 06
Total 160 70
Unit I : Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry (Periods 12)
General Introduction : Importance and scope of chemistry.
Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory : concept of elements,
atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition, empirical
and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on
stoichiometry.
Unit II : Structure of Atom (Periods 14)
Discovery of electron, Proton and Neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson’s
model and its limitations, Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations,
concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship,
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p, and d
orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and
Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.
Unit III : Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties (Periods 08)
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern periodic
law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements – atomic
radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity,
valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.
Unit IV : Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (Periods 14)
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character
of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of
covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and
shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules
(qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.
⎫⎬⎭
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Unit V : States of Matter : Gases and Liquids (Periods 12)
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points,
role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s
law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro’s number,
ideal gas equation. Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.
Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea).
Liquid State – Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no
mathematical derivations).
Unit VI : Chemical Thermodynamics (Periods 16)
Concepts of systems and types of Systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and
intensive properties, state functions.
First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat,
measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond
dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition ionization,
solution and dilution.
Second law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).
Introduction of entropy as a state function. Gibb’s energy change for spontaneous and non-
spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium.
Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).
Unit VII:Equilibrium (Periods 14)
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action,
equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium –
ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of poly
basic acids, acid strength, concept of pH. Henderson equation, hydrolysis of salts (elementary
idea), buffer solutions, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).
Unit VIII : Redox Reactions (Periods 06)
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions
in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number, applications of redox
reactions.
Unit IX : Hydrogen (Periods 08)
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of
hydrogen; hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water,
heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, structure and use; hydrogen as a fuel.
Unit X : s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals) (Periods 10)
Group 1 and Group 2 elements :
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first
element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as
ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water,
hydrogen and halogens; uses.
Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds
Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate,
biological importance of sodium and potassium.
Calcium Oxide and Calcium Carbonate and their industrial uses, biological importance of
Magnesium and Calcium.
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Unit XI : Some p-Block Elements (Periods 14)
General Introduction to p-Block Elements
Group 13 Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of
properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of
the group; Boron : physical and chemical properties, some important compounds, borax,
boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium : reactions with acids and alkalies, uses.
Group 14 Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of
properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first elements.
Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important
compounds: oxides. Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride,
silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.
Unit XII : Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques (Periods 14)
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification
and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent
bond : inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Homolytic and
heterolytic fission of a covalent bond : free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and
nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
Unit XIII : Hydrocarbons (Periods 12)
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical
reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkenes – Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical
properties, methods of preparation; chemical reactions : addition of hydrogen, halogen, water,
hydrogen halides (Markownikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation,
mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of
preparation, chemical reactions : acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction with–hydrogen,
halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic hydrocarbons – Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; benzene : resonance, aromaticity;
chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution, nitration sulphonation, halogenation,
Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of a functional group in mono-
substituted benzene. Carcinogenicity and toxicity.
Unit XIV : Environmental Chemistry (Periods 06)
Environmental pollution – air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smog,
major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone
layer, greenhouse effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry
as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategies for control of environmental pollution.
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1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1 – 140
2. Structure of Atom 141 – 269
3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 270 – 340
4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 341 – 454
5. States of Matter : Gases and Liquids 455 – 562
6. Thermodynamics 563 – 694
7. Equilibrium 695 – 866
Value Based Questions 867 — 870
MOCK TEST – 1 871 — 873
Solution File (Unit Practice Tests and Mock Test) 874 — 878
Appendices 879 — 884
Logarithm & Antilogarithm Tables (i) — (v)
CONTENTS
PART–I
12
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Modern's abc Plus Of Chemistry Forclass XI Part-1
Publisher : MBD GroupPublishers
ISBN : 9789351841210Author : SP Jauhar, ShennuJauhar, Saru Malhotra AndRita Batra
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