key concept 1.1: as native populations migrated and...
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KeyConceptsOutlinePeriod1:1491‐1607RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept1.1:AsnativepopulationsmigratedandsettledacrossthevastexpanseofNorthAmericaovertime,theydevelopeddistinctandincreasinglycomplexsocietiesbyadaptingtoandtransformingtheirdiverseenvironments.
MIG‐2.0:Analyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementin whatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.GEO‐1.0:Explain howgeographic andenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.
I.Differentnativesocietiesadaptedtoandtransformedtheirenvironmentsthroughinnovationsinagriculture,resourceuse,andsocialstructure.A.Thespreadofmaizecultivationfrompresent‐dayMexiconorthwardintothe
present‐dayAmericanSouthwestandbeyondsupportedeconomicdevelopment,settlement,advancedirrigation,andsocialdiversificationamongsocieties.
B.SocietiesrespondedtothearidityoftheGreatBasinandthegrasslandsofthewesternGreatPlainsbydevelopinglargelymobilelifestyles.
C.IntheNortheast,theMississippiRiverValley,andalongtheAtlanticseaboardsomesocietiesdevelopedmixedagriculturalandhunter‐gatherereconomiesthatfavoredthedevelopmentofpermanentvillages.
D.SocietiesintheNorthwestandpresent‐dayCaliforniasupportedthemselvesbyhuntingandgathering,andinsomeareasdevelopedsettledcommunitiessupportedbythevastresourcesoftheocean.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept1.2:ContactamongEuropeans,NativeAmericans,andAfricansresultedintheColumbianExchangeandsignificantsocial,cultural,andpoliticalchangesonbothsidesoftheAtlanticOcean.
WXT‐2.0:Explain howpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.
I.EuropeanexpansionintotheWesternHemispheregeneratedintensesocial,religious,political,andeconomiccompetitionandchangeswithinEuropeansocieties.A.Europeannations’effortstoexploreandconquertheNewWorldstemmedfroma
searchfornewsourcesofwealth,economicandmilitarycompetition,andadesiretospreadChristianity.
B.TheColumbianExchangebroughtnewcropstoEuropefromtheAmericas,stimulatingEuropeanpopulationgrowth,andnewsourcesofmineralwealth,whichfacilitatedtheEuropeanshiftfromfeudalismtocapitalism.
C.Improvementsinmaritimetechnologyandmoreorganizedmethodsforconductinginternationaltrade,suchasjoint‐stockcompanies,helpeddrivechangestoeconomiesinEuropeandtheAmericas.
MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.WXT‐1.0:Explain howdifferentlaborsystemsdeveloped inNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’lives andU.S.society.GEO‐1.0:Explain howgeographic andenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.
II.TheColumbianExchangeanddevelopmentoftheSpanishEmpireintheWesternHemisphereresultedinextensivedemographic,economic,andsocialchanges.A.SpanishexplorationandconquestoftheAmericaswereaccompaniedandfurthered
bywidespreaddeadlyepidemicsthatdevastatednativepopulationsandbytheintroductionofcropsandanimalsnotfoundintheAmericas.
B.Intheencomiendasystem,SpanishcolonialeconomiesmarshaledNativeAmericanlabortosupportplantation‐basedagricultureandextractpreciousmetalsandotherresources.
C.EuropeantraderspartneredwithsomeWestAfricangroupswhopracticedslaverytoforciblyextractslavelaborfortheAmericas.TheSpanishimportedenslavedAfricanstolaborinplantationagricultureandmining.
D.TheSpanishdevelopedacastesystemthatincorporated,andcarefullydefinedthestatusof,thediversepopulationofEuropeans,Africans,andNativeAmericansintheirempire.
CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasabout
III.Intheirinteractions,EuropeansandNativeAmericansasserteddivergentworldviewsregardingissuessuchasreligion,genderroles,family,landuse,andpower.
women’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.CUL‐4.0:Explain howdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.
A.MutualmisunderstandingsbetweenEuropeansandNativeAmericansoftendefinedtheearlyyearsofinteractionandtradeaseachgroupsoughttomakesenseoftheother.Overtime,EuropeansandNativeAmericansadoptedsomeusefulaspectsofeachother’sculture.
B.AsEuropeanencroachmentsonNativeAmericans’landsanddemandsontheirlaborincreased,nativepeoplessoughttodefendandmaintaintheirpoliticalsovereignty,economicprosperity,religiousbeliefs,andconceptsofgenderrelationsthroughdiplomaticnegotiationsandmilitaryresistance.
C.ExtendedcontactwithNativeAmericansandAfricansfosteredadebateamongEuropeanreligiousandpoliticalleadersabouthownon‐Europeansshouldbetreated,aswellasevolvingreligious,cultural,andracialjustificationsforthesubjugationofAfricansandNativeAmericans.
Period2:1607‐1754RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept2.1:Europeansdevelopedavarietyofcolonizationandmigrationpatterns,influencedbydifferentimperialgoals,cultures,andthevariedNorthAmericanenvironmentswheretheysettled,andtheycompetedwitheachotherandAmericanIndiansforresources.
MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.
I.Spanish,French,Dutch,andBritishcolonizershaddifferenteconomicandimperialgoalsinvolvinglandandlaborthatshapedthesocialandpoliticaldevelopmentoftheircoloniesaswellastheirrelationshipswithnativepopulations.A.Spanisheffortstoextractwealthfromthelandledthemtodevelopinstitutions
basedonsubjugatingnativepopulations,convertingthemtoChristianity,andincorporatingthem,alongwithenslavedandfreeAfricans,intotheSpanishcolonialsociety.
B.FrenchandDutchcolonialeffortsinvolvedrelativelyfewEuropeansandreliedontradealliancesandintermarriagewithAmericanIndianstobuildeconomicanddiplomaticrelationshipsandacquirefursandotherproductsforexporttoEurope.
C.EnglishcolonizationeffortsattractedacomparativelylargenumberofmaleandfemaleBritishmigrants,aswellasotherEuropeanmigrants,allofwhomsoughtsocialmobility,economicprosperity,religiousfreedom,andimprovedlivingconditions.ThesecolonistsfocusedonagricultureandsettledonlandtakenfromNativeAmericans,fromwhomtheylivedseparately.
NAT‐1.0:Explain howideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressionin thedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:Analyze causesofinternalmigrationandpatterns ofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplain howmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.GEO‐1.0:Explain howgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsand thedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.
II.Inthe17thcentury,earlyBritishcoloniesdevelopedalongtheAtlanticcoast,withregionaldifferencesthatreflectedvariousenvironmental,economic,cultural,anddemographicfactors.A.TheChesapeakeandNorthCarolinacoloniesgrewprosperousexportingtobacco—
alabor‐intensiveproductinitiallycultivatedbywhite,mostlymaleindenturedservantsandlaterbyenslavedAfricans.
B.TheNewEnglandcolonies,initiallysettledbyPuritans,developedaroundsmalltownswithfamilyfarmsandachievedathrivingmixedeconomyofagricultureandcommerce.
C.ThemiddlecoloniessupportedaflourishingexporteconomybasedoncerealcropsandattractedabroadrangeofEuropeanmigrants,leadingtosocietieswithgreatercultural,ethnic,andreligiousdiversityandtolerance.
D.ThecoloniesofthesouthernmostAtlanticcoastandtheBritishWestIndiesusedlonggrowingseasonstodevelopplantationeconomiesbasedonexportingstaplecrops.TheydependedonthelaborofenslavedAfricans,whooftenconstitutedthemajorityofthepopulationintheseareasanddevelopedtheirownformsofculturalandreligiousautonomy.
E.DistanceandBritain’sinitiallylaxattentionledtothecoloniescreatingself‐governinginstitutionsthatwereunusuallydemocraticfortheera.TheNewEnglandcoloniesbasedpowerinparticipatorytownmeetings,whichinturnelectedmemberstotheircoloniallegislatures;intheSoutherncolonies,eliteplantersexercisedlocalauthorityandalsodominatedtheelectedassemblies.
WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.CUL‐4.0:Explain howdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedand
III.CompetitionoverresourcesbetweenEuropeanrivalsandAmericanIndiansencouragedindustryandtradeandledtoconflictintheAmericas.A.AnAtlanticeconomydevelopedinwhichgoods,aswellasenslavedAfricansand
AmericanIndians,wereexchangedbetweenEurope,Africa,andtheAmericasthroughextensivetradenetworks.Europeancolonialeconomiesfocusedonacquiring,producing,andexportingcommoditiesthatwerevaluedinEuropeandgainingnewsourcesoflabor.
changedovertime.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.
B.ContinuingtradewithEuropeansincreasedtheflowofgoodsinandoutofAmericanIndiancommunities,stimulatingculturalandeconomicchangesandspreadingepidemicdiseasesthatcausedradicaldemographicshifts.
C.InteractionsbetweenEuropeanrivalsandAmericanIndianpopulationsfosteredbothaccommodationandconflict.French,Dutch,British,andSpanishcoloniesalliedwithandarmedAmericanIndiangroups,whofrequentlysoughtallianceswithEuropeansagainstotherIndiangroups.
D.ThegoalsandinterestsofEuropeanleadersandcolonistsattimesdiverged,leadingtoagrowingmistrustonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Colonists,especiallyinBritishNorthAmerica,expresseddissatisfactionoverissuesincludingterritorialsettlements,frontierdefense,self‐rule,andtrade.
E.BritishconflictswithAmericanIndiansoverland,resources,andpoliticalboundariesledtomilitaryconfrontations,suchasMetacom’sWar(KingPhilip’sWar)inNewEngland.
F.AmericanIndianresistancetoSpanishcolonizingeffortsinNorthAmerica,particularlyafterthePuebloRevolt,ledtoSpanishaccommodationofsomeaspectsofAmericanIndiancultureintheSouthwest.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept2.2:TheBritishcoloniesparticipatedinpolitical,social,cultural,andeconomicexchangeswithGreatBritainthatencouragedbothstrongerbondswithBritainandresistancetoBritain’scontrol.
NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.
I.Transatlanticcommercial,religious,philosophical,andpoliticalexchangesledresidentsoftheBritishcoloniestoevolveintheirpoliticalandculturalattitudesastheybecameincreasinglytiedtoBritainandoneanother.A.ThepresenceofdifferentEuropeanreligiousandethnicgroupscontributedtoa
significantdegreeofpluralismandintellectualexchange,whichwerelaterenhancedbythefirstGreatAwakeningandthespreadofEuropeanEnlightenmentideas.
B.TheBritishcoloniesexperiencedagradualAnglicizationovertime,developingautonomouspoliticalcommunitiesbasedonEnglishmodelswithinfluencefrominter‐colonialcommercialties,theemergenceofatrans‐Atlanticprintculture,andthespreadofProtestantevangelicalism.
C.TheBritishgovernmentincreasinglyattemptedtoincorporateitsNorthAmericancoloniesintoacoherent,hierarchical,andimperialstructureinordertopursuemercantilisteconomicaims,butconflictswithcolonistsandAmericanIndiansledtoerraticenforcementofimperialpolicies.
D.Colonists’resistancetoimperialcontroldrewonlocalexperiencesofself‐government,evolvingideasofliberty,thepoliticalthoughtoftheEnlightenment,greaterreligiousindependenceanddiversity,andanideologycriticalofperceivedcorruptionintheimperialsystem.
WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsin
II.LikeotherEuropeanempiresintheAmericasthatparticipatedintheAtlanticslavetrade,theEnglishcoloniesdevelopedasystemofslaverythatreflectedthespecificeconomic,demographic,andgeographiccharacteristicsofthosecolonies.A.AlltheBritishcoloniesparticipatedtovaryingdegreesintheAtlanticslavetrade
duetotheabundanceoflandandagrowingEuropeandemandforcolonialgoods,aswellasashortageofindenturedservants.SmallNewEnglandfarmsusedrelativelyfewenslavedlaborers,allportcitiesheldsignificantminoritiesofenslavedpeople,andtheemergingplantationsystemsoftheChesapeakeandthesouthernmostAtlanticcoasthadlargenumbersofenslavedworkers,whilethegreatmajorityofenslavedAfricansweresenttotheWestIndies.
B.Aschattelslaverybecamethedominantlaborsysteminmanysoutherncolonies,newlawscreatedastrictracialsystemthatprohibitedinterracialrelationshipsanddefinedthedescendantsofAfricanAmericanmothersasblackandenslavedinperpetuity.
C.Africansdevelopedbothovertandcovertmeanstoresistthedehumanizingaspects
Period3:1754‐1800RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept3.1:BritishattemptstoasserttightercontroloveritsNorthAmericancoloniesandthecolonialresolvetopursueself‐governmentledtoacolonialindependencemovementandtheRevolutionaryWar.
MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.
I.ThecompetitionamongtheBritish,French,andAmericanIndiansforeconomicandpoliticaladvantageinNorthAmericaculminatedintheSevenyears’War(theFrenchandIndianWar),inwhichBritaindefeatedFranceandalliedAmericanIndians.A.ColonialrivalryintensifiedbetweenBritainandFranceinthemid‐18thcentury,as
thegrowingpopulationoftheBritishcoloniesexpandedintotheinteriorofNorthAmerica,threateningFrench–IndiantradenetworksandAmericanIndianautonomy.
B.BritainachievedamajorexpansionofitsterritorialholdingsbydefeatingtheFrench,butattremendousexpense,settingthestageforimperialeffortstoraiserevenueandconsolidatecontroloverthecolonies.
C.AftertheBritishvictory,imperialofficials’attemptstopreventcolonistsfrommovingwestwardgeneratedcolonialopposition,whilenativegroupssoughttobothcontinuetradingwithEuropeansandresisttheencroachmentsofcolonistsontriballands.
NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.
II.Thedesireofmanycoloniststoassertidealsofself‐governmentinthefaceofrenewedBritishimperialeffortsledtoacolonialindependencemovementandwarwithBritain.A.Theimperialstrugglesofthemid‐18thcentury,aswellasnewBritisheffortsto
collecttaxeswithoutdirectcolonialrepresentationorconsentandtoassertimperialauthorityinthecolonies,begantounitethecolonistsagainstperceivedandrealconstraintsontheireconomicactivitiesandpoliticalrights.
B.ColonialleadersbasedtheircallsforresistancetoBritainonargumentsabouttherightsofBritishsubjects,therightsoftheindividual,localtraditionsofself‐rule,andtheideasoftheEnlightenment.
C.TheeffortforAmericanindependencewasenergizedbycolonialleaderssuchasBenjaminFranklin,aswellasbypopularmovementsthatincludedthepoliticalactivismoflaborers,artisans,andwomen.
D.InthefaceofeconomicshortagesandtheBritishmilitaryoccupationofsomeregions,menandwomenmobilizedinlargenumberstoprovidefinancialandmaterialsupporttothePatriotmovement.
E.Despiteconsiderableloyalistopposition,aswellasGreatBritain’sapparentlyoverwhelmingmilitaryandfinancialadvantages,thePatriotcausesucceededbecauseoftheactionsofcolonialmilitiasandtheContinentalArmy,GeorgeWashington’smilitaryleadership,thecolonists’ideologicalcommitmentandresilience,andassistancesentbyEuropeanallies.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept3.2:TheAmericanRevolution’sdemocraticandrepublicanidealsinspirednewexperimentswithdifferentformsofgovernment.
NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.
I.Theidealsthatinspiredtherevolutionarycausereflectednewbeliefsaboutpolitics,religion,andsocietythathadbeendevelopingoverthecourseofthe18thcentury.A.EnlightenmentideasandphilosophyinspiredmanyAmericanpoliticalthinkersto
emphasizeindividualtalentoverhereditaryprivilege,whilereligionstrengthenedAmericans’viewofthemselvesasapeopleblessedwithliberty.
B.Thecolonists’beliefinthesuperiorityofrepublicanformsofgovernmentbasedonthenaturalrightsofthepeoplefoundexpressioninThomasPaine’sCommonSenseandtheDeclarationofIndependence.TheideasinthesedocumentsresonatedthroughoutAmericanhistory,shapingAmericans’understandingoftheidealsonwhichthenationwasbased.
C.DuringandaftertheAmericanRevolution,anincreasedawarenessof
inequalitiesinsocietymotivatedsomeindividualsandgroupstocallfortheabolitionofslaveryandgreaterpoliticaldemocracyinthenewstateandnationalgovernments.
D.Inresponsetowomen’sparticipationintheAmericanRevolution,Enlightenmentideas,andwomen’sappealsforexpandedroles,anidealof“republicanmotherhood”gainedpopularity.ItcalledonwomentoteachrepublicanvalueswithinthefamilyandgrantedwomenanewimportanceinAmericanpoliticalculture.
E.TheAmericanRevolutionandtheidealssetforthintheDeclarationofIndependencereverberatedinFrance,Haiti,andLatinAmerica,inspiringfutureindependencemovements.
NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.
II.Afterdeclaringindependence,Americanpoliticalleaderscreatednewconstitutionsanddeclarationsofrightsthatarticulatedtheroleofthestateandfederalgovernmentswhileprotectingindividuallibertiesandlimitingbothcentralizedpowerandexcessivepopularinfluence.A.Manynewstateconstitutionsplacedpowerinthehandsofthelegislativebranch
andmaintainedpropertyqualificationsforvotingandcitizenship.B.TheArticlesofConfederationunifiedthenewlyindependentstates,creatinga
centralgovernmentwithlimitedpower.AftertheRevolution,difficultiesoverinternationaltrade,finances,interstatecommerce,foreignrelations,andinternalunrestledtocallsforastrongercentralgovernment.
C.DelegatesfromthestatesparticipatedinaConstitutionalConventionandthroughnegotiation,collaboration,andcompromiseproposedaconstitutionthatcreatedalimitedbutdynamiccentralgovernmentembodyingfederalismandprovidingforaseparationofpowersbetweenitsthreebranches.
D.TheConstitutionalConventioncompromisedovertherepresentationofslavestatesinCongressandtheroleofthefederalgovernmentinregulatingbothslaveryandtheslavetrade,allowingtheprohibitionoftheinternationalslavetradeafter1808.
E.InthedebateoverratifyingtheConstitution,Anti‐FederalistsopposingratificationbattledwithFederalists,whoseprincipleswerearticulatedintheFederalistPapers(primarilywrittenbyAlexanderHamiltonandJamesMadison).FederalistsensuredtheratificationoftheConstitutionbypromisingtheadditionofaBillofRightsthatenumeratedindividualrightsandexplicitlyrestrictedthepowersofthefederalgovernment.
NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.
III.NewformsofnationalcultureandpoliticalinstitutionsdevelopedintheUnitedStatesalongsidecontinuedregionalvariationsanddifferencesovereconomic,political,social,andforeignpolicyissues.A.DuringthepresidentialadministrationsofGeorgeWashingtonandJohnAdams,
politicalleaderscreatedinstitutionsandprecedentsthatputtheprinciplesoftheConstitutionintopractice.
B.Politicalleadersinthe1790stookavarietyofpositionsonissuessuchastherelationshipbetweenthenationalgovernmentandthestates,economicpolicy,foreignpolicy,andthebalancebetweenlibertyandorder.Thisledtotheformationofpoliticalparties—mostsignificantlytheFederalists,ledbyAlexanderHamilton,andtheDemocratic‐RepublicanParty,ledbyThomasJeffersonandJamesMadison.
C.TheexpansionofslaveryinthedeepSouthandadjacentwesternlandsandrisingantislaverysentimentbegantocreatedistinctiveregionalattitudestowardtheinstitution.
D.Ideasaboutnationalidentityincreasinglyfoundexpressioninworksofart,literature,andarchitecture.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept3.3:MigrationwithinNorthAmericaandcompetitionoverresources,boundaries,andtradeintensifiedconflictsamongpeoplesandnations.
MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.
I.InthedecadesafterAmericanindependence,interactionsamongdifferentgroupsresultedincompetitionforresources,shiftingalliances,andculturalblending.A.VariousAmericanIndiangroupsrepeatedlyevaluatedandadjustedtheiralliances
withEuropeans,othertribes,andtheU.S.,seekingtolimitmigrationofwhitesettlersandmaintaincontroloftriballandsandnaturalresources.BritishallianceswithAmericanIndianscontributedtotensionsbetweentheU.S.andBritain.
B.AsincreasingnumbersofmigrantsfromNorthAmericaandotherpartsoftheworldcontinuedtomovewestward,frontierculturesthathademergedinthecolonialperiodcontinuedtogrow,fuelingsocial,political,andethnictensions.
C.Assettlersmovedwestwardduringthe1780s,CongressenactedtheNorthwestordinanceforadmittingnewstates;theordinancepromotedpubliceducation,theprotectionofprivateproperty,andabanonslaveryintheNorthwestTerritory.
D.AnambiguousrelationshipbetweenthefederalgovernmentandAmericanIndiantribescontributedtoproblemsregardingtreatiesandAmericanIndianlegalclaimsrelatingtotheseizureoftheirlands.
E.TheSpanish,supportedbythebondedlaborofthelocalAmericanIndians,expandedtheirmissionsettlementsintoCalifornia;theseprovidedopportunitiesforsocialmobilityamongsoldiersandledtonewculturalblending.
NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
II.ThecontinuedpresenceofEuropeanpowersinNorthAmericachallengedtheUnitedStatestofindwaystosafeguarditsborders,maintainneutraltradingrights,andpromoteitseconomicinterests.A.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentforgeddiplomaticinitiativesaimedatdealingwith
thecontinuedBritishandSpanishpresenceinNorthAmerica,asU.S.settlersmigratedbeyondtheAppalachiansandsoughtfreenavigationoftheMississippiRiver.
B.WarbetweenFranceandBritainresultingfromtheFrenchRevolutionpresentedchallengestotheUnitedStatesoverissuesoffreetradeandforeignpolicyandfosteredpoliticaldisagreement.
C.GeorgeWashington’sFarewellAddressencouragednationalunity,ashecautionedagainstpoliticalfactionsandwarnedaboutthedangerofpermanentforeignalliances.
Period4:1800‐1848RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept4.1:TheUnitedStatesbegantodevelopamoderndemocracyandcelebratedanewnationalculture,whileAmericanssoughttodefinethenation’sdemocraticidealsandchangetheirsocietyandinstitutionstomatchthem.
NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.
I.Thenation’stransitiontoamoreparticipatorydemocracywasachievedbyexpandingsuffragefromasystembasedonpropertyownershiptoonebasedonvotingbyalladultwhitemen,anditwasaccompaniedbythegrowthofpoliticalparties.A.Intheearly1800s,nationalpoliticalpartiescontinuedtodebateissuessuchasthe
tariff,powersofthefederalgovernment,andrelationswithEuropeanpowers.
B.SupremeCourtdecisionsestablishedtheprimacyofthejudiciaryindeterminingthemeaningoftheConstitutionandassertedthatfederallawstookprecedenceoverstatelaws.
C.Bythe1820sand1830s,newpoliticalpartiesarose—theDemocrats,led,byAndrewJackson,andtheWhigs,ledbyHenryClay—thatdisagreedabouttheroleandpowersofthefederalgovernmentandissuessuchasthenationalbank,tariffs,andfederallyfundedinternalimprovements.
D.Regionalinterestsoftentrumpednationalconcernsasthebasisformanypoliticalleaders’positionsonslaveryandeconomicpolicy.
NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.
II.WhileAmericansembracedanewnationalculture,variousgroupsdevelopeddistinctiveculturesoftheirown.A.Theriseofdemocraticandindividualisticbeliefs,aresponsetorationalism,and
changestosocietycausedbythemarketrevolution,alongwithgreatersocialandgeographicalmobility,contributedtoaSecondGreatAwakeningamongProtestantsthatinfluencedmoralandsocialreformsandinspiredutopianandotherreligiousmovements.
B.AnewnationalcultureemergedthatcombinedAmericanelements,Europeaninfluences,andregionalculturalsensibilities.
C.LiberalsocialideasfromabroadandRomanticbeliefsinhumanperfectibilityinfluencedliterature,art,philosophy,andarchitecture.
D.EnslavedblacksandfreeAfricanAmericanscreatedcommunitiesandstrategiestoprotecttheirdignityandfamilystructures,andtheyjoinedpoliticaleffortsaimedatchangingtheirstatus.
NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.
III.IncreasingnumbersofAmericans,manyinspiredbynewreligiousandintellectualmovements,workedprimarilyoutsideofgovernmentinstitutionstoadvancetheirideals.A.Americansformednewvoluntaryorganizationsthataimedtochangeindividual
behaviorsandimprovesocietythroughtemperanceandotherreformefforts.
B.AbolitionistandantislaverymovementsgraduallyachievedemancipationintheNorth,contributingtothegrowthofthefreeAfricanAmericanpopulation,evenasmanystategovernmentsrestrictedAfricanAmericans’rights.AntislaveryeffortsintheSouthwerelargelylimitedtounsuccessfulslaverebellions.
C.Awomen’srightsmovementsoughttocreategreaterequalityandopportunitiesforwomen,expressingitsidealsattheSenecaFallsConvention.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept4.2:Innovationsintechnology,agriculture,andcommercepowerfullyacceleratedtheAmericaneconomy,precipitatingprofoundchangestoU.S.societyand
tonationalandregionalidentities.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.
I.Newtransportationsystemsandtechnologiesdramaticallyexpandedmanufacturingandagriculturalproduction.A.Entrepreneurshelpedtocreateamarketrevolutioninproductionandcommerce,
inwhichmarketrelationshipsbetweenproducersandconsumerscametoprevailasthemanufactureofgoodsbecamemoreorganized.
B.Innovationsincludingtextilemachinery,steamengines,interchangeableparts,thetelegraph,andagriculturalinventionsincreasedtheefficiencyofproductionmethods.
C.Legislationandjudicialsystemssupportedthedevelopmentofroads,canals,andrailroads,whichextendedandenlargedmarketsandhelpedfosterregionalinterdependence.TransportationnetworkslinkedtheNorthandMidwestmorecloselythaneitherwaslinkedtotheSouth.
WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.
II.ThechangescausedbythemarketrevolutionhadsignificanteffectsonU.S.society,workers’lives,andgenderandfamilyrelations.A.IncreasingnumbersofAmericans,especiallywomenandmenworkinginfactories,
nolongerreliedonsemi‐subsistenceagriculture;insteadtheysupportedthemselvesproducinggoodsfordistantmarkets.
B.Thegrowthofmanufacturingdroveasignificantincreaseinprosperityandstandardsoflivingforsome;thisledtotheemergenceofalargermiddleclassandasmallbutwealthybusinesselitebutalsotoalargeandgrowingpopulationoflaboringpoor.
C.Genderandfamilyroleschangedinresponsetothemarketrevolution,particularlywiththegrowthofdefinitionsofdomesticidealsthatemphasizedtheseparationofpublicandprivatespheres.
POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.
III.Economicdevelopmentshapedsettlementandtradepatterns,helpingtounifythenationwhilealsoencouragingthegrowthofdifferentregions.A.Largenumbersofinternationalmigrantsmovedtoindustrializingnortherncities,
whilemanyAmericansmovedwestoftheAppalachians,developingthrivingnewcommunitiesalongtheOhioandMississippirivers.
B.IncreasingSoutherncottonproductionandtherelatedgrowthofNorthernmanufacturing,banking,andshippingindustriespromotedthedevelopmentofnationalandinternationalcommercialties.
C.Southernbusinessleaderscontinuedtorelyontheproductionandexportoftraditionalagriculturalstaples,contributingtothegrowthofadistinctiveSouthernregionalidentity.
D.PlanstofurtherunifytheU.S.economy,suchastheAmericanSystem,generateddebatesoverwhethersuchpolicieswouldbenefitagricultureorindustry,potentiallyfavoringdifferentsectionsofthecountry.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept4.3:TheU.S.interestinincreasingforeigntradeandexpandingitsnationalbordersshapedthenation’sforeignpolicyandspurredgovernmentandprivateinitiatives.
MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsin
I.Strugglingtocreateanindependentglobalpresence,theUnitedStatessoughttoclaimterritorythroughouttheNorthAmericancontinentandpromoteforeigntrade.A.FollowingtheLouisianaPurchase,theUnitedStatesgovernmentsoughtinfluence
andcontroloverNorthAmericaandtheWesternHemispherethroughavarietyofmeans,includingexploration,militaryactions,AmericanIndianremoval,anddiplomaticeffortssuchastheMonroeDoctrine.
B.Frontiersettlerstendedtochampionexpansionefforts,whileAmericanIndianresistanceledtoasequenceofwarsandfederaleffortstocontrolandrelocateAmericanIndianpopulations.
NorthAmerica.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.
II.TheUnitedStates’acquisitionoflandsintheWestgaverisetocontestsovertheextensionofslaveryintonewterritories.A.Asover‐cultivationdepletedarablelandintheSoutheast,slaveholdersbegan
relocatingtheirplantationstomorefertilelandswestoftheAppalachians,wheretheinstitutionofslaverycontinuedtogrow.
B.AntislaveryeffortsincreasedintheNorth,whileintheSouth,althoughthemajorityofSouthernersownednoslaves,mostleadersarguedthatslaverywaspartoftheSouthernwayoflife.
C.Congressionalattemptsatpoliticalcompromise,suchastheMissouriCompromise,onlytemporarilystemmedgrowingtensionsbetweenopponentsanddefendersofslavery.
Period5:1844‐1877RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept5.1:TheUnitedStatesbecamemoreconnectedwiththeworld,pursuedanexpansionistforeignpolicyintheWesternHemisphere,andemergedasthedestinationformanymigrantsfromothercountries.
NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
I.PopularenthusiasmforU.S.expansion,bolsteredbyeconomicandsecurityinterests,resultedintheacquisitionofnewterritories,substantialmigrationwestward,andnewoverseasinitiatives.A.Thedesireforaccesstonaturalandmineralresourcesandthehopeofmany
settlersforeconomicopportunitiesorreligiousrefugeledtoanincreasedmigrationtoandsettlementintheWest.
B.AdvocatesofannexingwesternlandsarguedthatManifestDestinyandthesuperiorityofAmericaninstitutionscompelledtheUnitedStatestoexpanditsborderswestwardtothePacificocean.
C.TheU.S.addedlargeterritoriesintheWestthroughvictoryintheMexican–AmericanWaranddiplomaticnegotiations,raisingquestionsaboutthestatusofslavery,AmericanIndians,andMexicansinthenewlyacquiredlands.
D.WestwardmigrationwasboostedduringandaftertheCivilWarbythepassageofnewlegislationpromotingWesterntransportationandeconomicdevelopment.
E.U.S.interestinexpandingtradeledtoeconomic,diplomatic,andculturalinitiativestocreatemoretieswithAsia.
NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.
II.Inthe1840sand1850s,AmericanscontinuedtodebatequestionsaboutrightsandcitizenshipforvariousgroupsofU.S.inhabitants.A.SubstantialnumbersofinternationalmigrantscontinuedtoarriveintheUnited
StatesfromEuropeandAsia,mainlyfromIrelandandGermany,oftensettlinginethniccommunitieswheretheycouldpreserveelementsoftheirlanguagesandcustoms.
B.Astronglyanti‐Catholicnativistmovementarosethatwasaimedatlimitingnewimmigrants’politicalpowerandculturalinfluence.
C.U.S.governmentinteractionandconflictwithMexicanAmericansandAmericanIndiansincreasedinregionsnewlytakenfromAmericanIndiansandMexico,alteringthesegroups’economicself‐sufficiencyandcultures.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept5.2:Intensifiedbyexpansionanddeepeningregionaldivisions,debatesoverslaveryandothereconomic,cultural,andpoliticalissuesledthenationintocivilwar.
NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.
I.IdeologicalandeconomicdifferencesoverslaveryproducedanarrayofdivergingresponsesfromAmericansintheNorthandtheSouth.A.TheNorth’sexpandingmanufacturingeconomyreliedonfreelaborincontrastto
theSoutherneconomy’sdependenceonslavelabor.SomeNorthernersdidnotobjecttoslaveryonprinciplebutclaimedthatslaverywouldunderminethefreelabormarket.Asaresult,afree‐soilmovementarosethatportrayedtheexpansionofslaveryasincompatiblewithfreelabor.
B.AfricanAmericanandwhiteabolitionists,althoughaminorityintheNorth,
WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.
mountedahighlyvisiblecampaignagainstslavery,presentingmoralargumentsagainsttheinstitution,assistingslaves’escapes,andsometimesexpressingawillingnesstouseviolencetoachievetheirgoals.
C.Defendersofslaverybasedtheirargumentsonracialdoctrines,theviewthatslaverywasapositivesocialgood,andthebeliefthatslaveryandstates’rightswereprotectedbytheConstitution.
NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.
II.Debatesoverslaverycametodominatepoliticaldiscussioninthe1850s,culminatinginthebitterelectionof1860andthesecessionofSouthernstates.A.TheMexicanCessionledtoheatedcontroversiesoverwhethertoallowslaveryin
thenewlyacquiredterritories.B.Thecourtsandnationalleadersmadeavarietyofattemptstoresolvetheissueof
slaveryintheterritories,includingtheCompromiseof1850,theKansas–NebraskaAct,andtheDredScottdecision,buttheseultimatelyfailedtoreduceconflict.
C.TheSecondPartySystemendedwhentheissuesofslaveryandanti‐immigrantnativismweakenedloyaltiestothetwomajorpartiesandfosteredtheemergenceofsectionalparties,mostnotablytheRepublicanPartyintheNorth.
D.AbrahamLincoln’svictoryontheRepublicans’free‐soilplatforminthepresidentialelectionof1860wasaccomplishedwithoutanySouthernelectoralvotes.Afteraseriesofcontesteddebatesaboutsecession,mostslavestatesvotedtosecedefromtheUnion,precipitatingtheCivilWar.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept5.3:TheUnionvictoryintheCivilWarandthecontestedreconstructionoftheSouthsettledtheissuesofslaveryandsecession,butleftunresolvedmanyquestionsaboutthepowerofthefederalgovernmentandcitizenshiprights.
NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
I.TheNorth’sgreatermanpowerandindustrialresources,theleadershipofAbrahamLincolnandothers,andthedecisiontoemancipateslaveseventuallyledtotheUnionmilitaryvictoryovertheConfederacyinthedevastatingCivilWar.A.BoththeUnionandtheConfederacymobilizedtheireconomiesandsocietiesto
wagethewarevenwhilefacingconsiderablehomefrontopposition.B.LincolnandmostUnionsupportersbegantheCivilWartopreservetheUnion,but
Lincoln’sdecisiontoissuetheEmancipationProclamationreframedthepurposeofthewarandhelpedpreventtheConfederacyfromgainingfulldiplomaticsupportfromEuropeanpowers.ManyAfricanAmericansfledsouthernplantationsandenlistedintheUnionArmy,helpingtounderminetheConfederacy.
C.LincolnsoughttoreunifythecountryandusedspeechessuchastheGettysburgAddresstoportraythestruggleagainstslaveryasthefulfillmentofAmerica’sfoundingdemocraticideals.
D.AlthoughtheConfederacyshowedmilitaryinitiativeanddaringearlyinthewar,theUnionultimatelysucceededduetoimprovementsinleadershipandstrategy,keyvictories,greaterresources,andthewartimedestructionoftheSouth’sinfrastructure.
NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐1.0:Explainhowdifferentlabor
II.ReconstructionandtheCivilWarendedslavery,alteredrelationshipsbetweenthestatesandthefederalgovernment,andledtodebatesovernewdefinitionsofcitizenship,particularlyregardingtherightsofAfricanAmericans,women,andotherminorities.A.The13thAmendmentabolishedslavery,whilethe14thand15thamendments
grantedAfricanAmericanscitizenship,equalprotectionunderthelaws,andvotingrights.
B.Thewomen’srightsmovementwasbothemboldenedanddividedoverthe14thand15thamendmentstotheConstitution.
C.EffortsbyradicalandmoderateRepublicanstochangethebalanceofpower
systemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.
betweenCongressandthepresidencyandtoreorderracerelationsinthedefeatedSouthyieldedsomeshort‐termsuccesses.Reconstructionopeneduppoliticalopportunitiesandotherleadershiprolestoformerslaves,butitultimatelyfailed,duebothtodeterminedSouthernresistanceandtheNorth’swaningresolve.
D.Southernplantationownerscontinuedtoownthemajorityoftheregion’slandevenafterReconstruction.Formerslavessoughtlandownershipbutgenerallyfellshortofself‐sufficiency,asanexploitativeandsoil‐intensivesharecroppingsystemlimitedblacks’andpoorwhites’accesstolandintheSouth.
E.Segregation,violence,SupremeCourtdecisions,andlocalpoliticaltacticsprogressivelystrippedawayAfricanAmericanrights,butthe14thand15thamendmentseventuallybecamethebasisforcourtdecisionsupholdingcivilrightsinthe20thcentury.
Period6:1865‐1898RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept6.1:Technologicaladvances,large‐scaleproductionmethods,andtheopeningofnewmarketsencouragedtheriseofindustrialcapitalismintheUnitedStates.
WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
I.Large‐scaleindustrialproduction—accompaniedbymassivetechnologicalchange,expandinginternationalcommunicationnetworks,andpro‐growthgovernmentpolicies—generatedrapideconomicdevelopmentandbusinessconsolidation.A.FollowingtheCivilWar,governmentsubsidiesfortransportationand
communicationsystemshelpedopennewmarketsinNorthAmerica.B.Businessesmadeuseoftechnologicalinnovations,greateraccesstonatural
resources,redesignedfinancialandmanagementstructures,advancesinmarketing,andagrowinglaborforcetodramaticallyincreasetheproductionofgoods.
C.Asthepriceofmanygoodsdecreased,workers’realwagesincreased,providingnewaccesstoavarietyofgoodsandservices;manyAmericans’standardsoflivingimproved,whilethegapbetweenrichandpoorgrew.
D.Manybusinessleaderssoughtincreasedprofitsbyconsolidatingcorporationsintolargetrustsandholdingcompanies,whichfurtherconcentratedwealth.
E.BusinessesandforeignpolicymakersincreasinglylookedoutsideU.S.bordersinanefforttogaingreaterinfluenceandcontrolovermarketsandnaturalresourcesinthePacificRim,Asia,andLatinAmerica.
WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.
II.Avarietyofperspectivesontheeconomyandlabordevelopedduringatimeoffinancialpanicsanddownturns.A.Somearguedthatlaissez‐fairepoliciesandcompetitionpromotedeconomicgrowth
inthelongrun,andtheyopposedgovernmentinterventionduringeconomicdownturns.
B.Theindustrialworkforceexpandedandbecamemorediversethroughinternalandinternationalmigration;childlaboralsoincreased.
C.Laborandmanagementbattledoverwagesandworkingconditions,withworkersorganizinglocalandnationalunionsand/ordirectlyconfrontingbusinessleaders.
D.DespitetheindustrializationofsomesegmentsoftheSoutherneconomy—achangepromotedbySouthernleaderswhocalledfora“NewSouth”—agriculturebasedonsharecroppingandtenantfarmingcontinuedtobetheprimaryeconomicactivityintheSouth.
POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.
III.Newsystemsofproductionandtransportationenabledconsolidationwithinagriculture,which,alongwithperiodsofinstability,spurredavarietyofresponsesfromfarmers.A.Improvementsinmechanizationhelpedagriculturalproductionincrease
substantiallyandcontributedtodeclinesinfoodprices.B.Manyfarmersrespondedtotheincreasingconsolidationinagriculturalmarkets
andtheirdependenceontheevolvingrailroadsystembycreatinglocalandregionalcooperativeorganizations.
C.EconomicinstabilityinspiredagrarianactiviststocreatethePeople’s(Populist)Party,whichcalledforastrongergovernmentalroleinregulatingtheAmericaneconomicsystem.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept6.2:ThemigrationsthataccompaniedindustrializationtransformedbothurbanandruralareasoftheUnitedStatesandcauseddramaticsocialandculturalchange.
NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.
I.Internationalandinternalmigrationincreasedurbanpopulationsandfosteredthegrowthofanewurbanculture.
nationalidentity.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.
A.Ascitiesbecameareasofeconomicgrowthfeaturingnewfactoriesandbusinesses,theyattractedimmigrantsfromAsiaandfromsouthernandeasternEurope,aswellasAfricanAmericanmigrantswithinandoutoftheSouth.Manymigrantsmovedtoescapepoverty,religiouspersecution,andlimitedopportunitiesforsocialmobilityintheirhomecountriesorregions.
B.Urbanneighborhoodsbasedonparticularethnicities,races,andclassesprovidednewculturalopportunitiesforcitydwellers.
C.IncreasingpublicdebatesoverassimilationandAmericanizationaccompaniedthegrowthofinternationalmigration.ManyimmigrantsnegotiatedcompromisesbetweentheculturestheybroughtandtheculturetheyfoundintheUnitedStates.
D.Inanurbanatmospherewheretheaccesstopowerwasunequallydistributed,politicalmachinesthrived,inpartbyprovidingimmigrantsandthepoorwithsocialservices.
E.Corporations’needformanagersandformaleandfemaleclericalworkersaswellasincreasedaccesstoeducationalinstitutions,fosteredthegrowthofadistinctivemiddleclass.Agrowingamountofleisuretimealsohelpedexpandconsumerculture.
NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐1.0:Explainhowculturalinteraction,cooperation,competition,andconflictbetweenempires,nations,andpeopleshaveinfluencedpolitical,economic,andsocialdevelopmentsinNorthAmerica.
II.LargernumbersofmigrantsmovedtotheWestinsearchoflandandeconomicopportunity,frequentlyprovokingcompetitionandviolentconflict.A.Thebuildingoftranscontinentalrailroads,thediscoveryofmineralresources,and
governmentpoliciespromotedeconomicgrowthandcreatednewcommunitiesandcentersofcommercialactivity.
B.Inhopesofachievingidealsofself‐sufficiencyandindependence,migrantsmovedtobothruralandboomtownareasoftheWestforopportunities,suchasbuildingtherailroads,mining,farming,andranching.
C.AsmigrantpopulationsincreasedinnumberandtheAmericanbisonpopulationwasdecimated,competitionforlandandresourcesintheWestamongwhitesettlers,AmericanIndians,andMexicanAmericansledtoanincreaseinviolentconflict.
D.TheU.S.governmentviolatedtreatieswithAmericanIndiansandrespondedtoresistancewithmilitaryforce,eventuallyconfiningAmericanIndianstoreservationsanddenyingtribalsovereignty.
E.ManyAmericanIndianspreservedtheirculturesandtribalidentitiesdespitegovernmentpoliciespromotingassimilation,andtheyattemptedtodevelopself‐sustainingeconomicpractices.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept6.3:TheGildedAgeproducednewculturalandintellectualmovements,publicreformefforts,andpoliticaldebatesovereconomicandsocialpolicies.
CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.
I.NewculturalandintellectualmovementsbothbuttressedandchallengedthesocialorderoftheGildedAge.A.SocialcommentatorsadvocatedtheorieslaterdescribedasSocialDarwinismto
justifythesuccessofthoseatthetopofthesocioeconomicstructureasbothappropriateandinevitable.
B.Somebusinessleadersarguedthatthewealthyhadamoralobligationtohelpthelessfortunateandimprovesociety,asarticulatedintheideaknownastheGospelofWealth,andtheymadephilanthropiccontributionsthatenhancededucationalopportunitiesandurbanenvironments.
C.Anumberofartistsandcritics,includingagrarians,utopians,socialists,andadvocatesoftheSocialGospel,championedalternativevisionsfortheeconomyandU.S.society.
NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.
II.Dramaticsocialchangesintheperiodinspiredpoliticaldebatesovercitizenship,corruption,andtheproperrelationshipbetweenbusinessandgovernment.A.ThemajorpoliticalpartiesappealedtolingeringdivisionsfromtheCivilWarand
contendedovertariffsandcurrencyissues,evenasreformersarguedthateconomicgreedandself‐interesthadcorruptedalllevelsofgovernment.
B.Manywomensoughtgreaterequalitywithmen,oftenjoiningvoluntaryorganizations,goingtocollege,promotingsocialandpoliticalreform,and,likeJaneAddams,workinginsettlementhousestohelpimmigrantsadapttoU.S.languageandcustoms.
C.TheSupremeCourtdecisioninPlessyv.FergusonthatupheldracialsegregationhelpedtomarktheendofmostofthepoliticalgainsAfricanAmericansmadeduringReconstruction.Facingincreasedviolence,discrimination,andscientifictheoriesofrace,AfricanAmericanreformerscontinuedtofightforpoliticalandsocialequality.
Period7:1890‐1945RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept7.1:Growthexpandedopportunity,whileeconomicinstabilityledtoneweffortstoreformU.S.societyanditseconomicsystem.
WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.
I.TheUnitedStatescontinueditstransitionfromarural,agriculturaleconomytoanurban,industrialeconomyledbylargecompanies.A.NewtechnologiesandmanufacturingtechniqueshelpedfocustheU.S.economyon
theproductionofconsumergoods,contributingtoimprovedstandardsofliving,greaterpersonalmobility,andbettercommunicationssystems.
B.By1920,amajorityoftheU.S.populationlivedinurbancenters,whichofferedneweconomicopportunitiesforwomen,internationalmigrants,andinternalmigrants.
C.Episodesofcreditandmarketinstabilityintheearly20thcentury,inparticulartheGreatDepression,ledtocallsforastrongerfinancialregulatorysystem.
POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.
II.IntheProgressiveEraoftheearly20thcentury,Progressivesrespondedtopoliticalcorruption,economicinstability,andsocialconcernsbycallingforgreatergovernmentactionandotherpoliticalandsocialmeasures.A.SomeProgressiveErajournalistsattackedwhattheysawaspoliticalcorruption,
socialinjustice,andeconomicinequality,whilereformers,oftenfromthemiddleandupperclassesandincludingmanywomen,workedtoeffectsocialchangesincitiesandamongimmigrantpopulations.
B.Onthenationallevel,Progressivessoughtfederallegislationthattheybelievedwouldeffectivelyregulatetheeconomy,expanddemocracy,andgeneratemoralreform.ProgressiveamendmentstotheConstitutiondealtwithissuessuchasprohibitionandwomansuffrage.
C.Preservationistsandconservationistsbothsupportedtheestablishmentofnationalparkswhileadvocatingdifferentgovernmentresponsestotheoveruseofnaturalresources.
D.TheProgressivesweredividedovermanyissues.SomeProgressivessupportedSouthernsegregation,whileothersignoreditspresence.SomeProgressivesadvocatedexpandingpopularparticipationingovernment,whileotherscalledforgreaterrelianceonprofessionalandtechnicalexpertstomakegovernmentmoreefficient.Progressivesalsodisagreedaboutimmigrationrestriction.
POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.
III.Duringthe1930s,policymakersrespondedtothemassunemploymentandsocialupheavalsoftheGreatDepressionbytransformingtheU.S.intoalimitedwelfarestate,redefiningthegoalsandideasofmodernAmericanliberalism.A.FranklinRoosevelt’sNewDealattemptedtoendtheGreatDepressionbyusing
governmentpowertoproviderelieftothepoor,stimulaterecovery,andreformtheAmericaneconomy.
B.Radical,union,andpopulistmovementspushedRoosevelttowardmoreextensiveeffortstochangetheAmericaneconomicsystem,whileconservativesinCongressandtheSupremeCourtsoughttolimittheNewDeal’sscope.
C.AlthoughtheNewDealdidnotendtheDepression,itleftalegacyofreformsandregulatoryagenciesandfosteredalong‐termpoliticalrealignmentinwhichmanyethnicgroups,AfricanAmericans,andworking‐classcommunitiesidentifiedwiththeDemocraticParty.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept7.2:Innovationsincommunicationsandtechnologycontributedtothe
growthofmassculture,whilesignificantchangesoccurredininternalandinternationalmigrationpatterns.
NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.
I.PopularculturegrewininfluenceinU.S.society,evenasdebatesincreasedovertheeffectsofcultureonpublicvalues,morals,andAmericannationalidentity.A.Newformsofmassmedia,suchasradioandcinema,contributedtothespreadof
nationalcultureaswellasgreaterawarenessofregionalcultures.B.Migrationgaverisetonewformsofartandliteraturethatexpressedethnicand
regionalidentities,suchtheHarlemRenaissancemovement.C.OfficialrestrictionsonfreedomofspeechgrewduringWorldWarI,asincreased
anxietyaboutradicalismledtoaRedScareandattacksonlaboractivismandimmigrantculture.
D.Inthe1920s,culturalandpoliticalcontroversiesemergedasAmericansdebatedgenderroles,modernism,science,religion,andissuesrelatedtoraceandimmigration.
CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.
II.Economicpressures,globalevents,andpoliticaldevelopmentscausedsharpvariationsinthenumbers,sources,andexperiencesofbothinternationalandinternalmigrants.A.ImmigrationfromEuropereacheditspeakintheyearsbeforeWorldWarI.During
andafterWorldWarI,nativistcampaignsagainstsomeethnicgroupsledtothepassageofquotasthatrestrictedimmigration,particularlyfromsouthernandeasternEurope,andincreasedbarrierstoAsianimmigration.
B.TheincreaseddemandforwarproductionandlaborduringWorldWarIandWorldWarIIandtheeconomicdifficultiesofthe1930sledmanyAmericanstomigratetourbancentersinsearchofeconomicopportunities.
C.InaGreatMigrationduringandafterWorldWarI,AfricanAmericansescapingsegregation,racialviolence,andlimitedeconomicopportunityintheSouthmovedtotheNorthandWest,wheretheyfoundnewopportunitiesbutstillencountereddiscrimination.
D.MigrationtotheUnitedStatesfromMexicoandelsewhereintheWesternHemisphereincreased,inspiteofcontradictorygovernmentpoliciestowardMexicanimmigration.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept7.3:ParticipationinaseriesofglobalconflictspropelledtheUnitedStatesintoapositionofinternationalpowerwhilerenewingdomesticdebatesoverthenation’sproperroleintheworld.
NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
I.Inthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury,newU.S.territorialambitionsandacquisitionsintheWesternHemisphereandthePacificaccompaniedheightenedpublicdebatesoverAmerica’sroleintheworld.A.Imperialistscitedeconomicopportunities,racialtheories,competitionwith
Europeanempires,andtheperceptioninthe1890sthattheWesternfrontierwas“closed”toarguethatAmericansweredestinedtoexpandtheircultureandinstitutionstopeoplesaroundtheglobe.
B.Anti‐imperialistscitedprinciplesofself‐determinationandinvokedbothracialtheoriesandtheU.S.foreignpolicytraditionofisolationismtoarguethattheU.S.shouldnotextenditsterritoryoverseas.
C.TheAmericanvictoryintheSpanish–AmericanWarledtotheU.S.acquisitionofislandterritoriesintheCaribbeanandthePacific,anincreaseininvolvementinAsia,andthesuppressionofanationalistmovementinthePhilippines.
NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualism
II.WorldWarIanditsaftermathintensifiedongoingdebatesaboutthenation’sroleintheworldandhowbesttoachievenationalsecurityandpursueAmericaninterests.
foundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
A.AfterinitialneutralityinWorldWarI,thenationenteredtheconflict,departing
fromtheU.S.foreignpolicytraditionofnoninvolvementinEuropeanaffairs,inresponsetoWoodrowWilson’scallforthedefenseofhumanitariananddemocraticprinciples.
B.AlthoughtheAmericanExpeditionaryForcesplayedarelativelylimitedroleincombat,theU.S.’sentryhelpedtotipthebalanceoftheconflictinfavoroftheAllies.
C.DespiteWilson’sdeepinvolvementinpostwarnegotiations,theU.S.SenaterefusedtoratifytheTreatyofVersaillesorjointheLeagueofNations.
D.IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarI,theUnitedStatespursuedaunilateralforeignpolicythatusedinternationalinvestment,peacetreaties,andselectmilitaryinterventiontopromoteavisionofinternationalorder,evenwhilemaintainingU.S.isolationism.
E.Inthe1930s,whilemanyAmericanswereconcernedabouttheriseoffascismandtotalitarianism,mostopposedtakingmilitaryactionagainsttheaggressionofNaziGermanyandJapanuntiltheJapaneseattackonPearlHarbordrewtheUnitedStatesintoWorldWarII.
NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
III.U.S.participationinWorldWarIItransformedAmericansociety,whilethevictoryoftheUnitedStatesanditsalliesovertheAxispowersvaultedtheU.S.intoapositionofglobal,political,andmilitaryleadership.A.Americansviewedthewarasafightforthesurvivaloffreedomanddemocracy
againstfascistandmilitaristideologies.ThisperspectivewaslaterreinforcedbyrevelationsaboutJapanesewartimeatrocities,Naziconcentrationcamps,andtheHolocaust.
B.ThemassmobilizationofAmericansocietyhelpedendtheGreatDepression,andthecountry’sstrongindustrialbaseplayedapivotalroleinwinningthewarbyequippingandprovisioningalliesandmillionsofU.S.troops.
C.Mobilizationandmilitaryserviceprovidedopportunitiesforwomenandminoritiestoimprovetheirsocioeconomicpositionsforthewar’sduration,whilealsoleadingtodebatesoverracialsegregation.Wartimeexperiencesalsogeneratedchallengestocivilliberties,suchastheinternmentofJapaneseAmericans.
D.TheUnitedStatesanditsalliesachievedmilitaryvictorythroughAlliedcooperation,technologicalandscientificadvances,thecontributionsofservicemenandwomen,andcampaignssuchasPacific“island‐hopping”andtheD‐Dayinvasion.Theuseofatomicbombshastenedtheendofthewarandsparkeddebatesaboutthemoralityofusingatomicweapons.
E.Thewar‐ravagedconditionofAsiaandEurope,andthedominantU.S.roleintheAlliedvictoryandpostwarpeacesettlements,allowedtheUnitedStatestoemergefromthewarasthemostpowerfulnationonearth.
Period8:1945‐1980RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept8.1:TheUnitedStatesrespondedtoanuncertainandunstablepostwarworldbyassertingandworkingtomaintainapositionofgloballeadership,withfar‐reachingdomesticandinternationalconsequences.
WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
I.UnitedStatespolicymakersengagedinaColdWarwiththeauthoritarianSovietUnion,seekingtolimitthegrowthofCommunistmilitarypowerandideologicalinfluence,createafree‐marketglobaleconomy,andbuildaninternationalsecuritysystem.A.AspostwartensionsdissolvedthewartimealliancebetweenWesterndemocracies
andtheSovietUnion,theUnitedStatesdevelopedaforeignpolicybasedoncollectivesecurity,internationalaid,andeconomicinstitutionsthatbolsterednon‐Communistnations.
B.ConcernedbyexpansionistCommunistideologyandSovietrepression,theUnitedStatessoughttocontaincommunismthroughavarietyofmeasures,includingmajormilitaryengagementsinKoreaandVietnam.
C.TheColdWarfluctuatedbetweenperiodsofdirectandindirectmilitaryconfrontationandperiodsofmutualcoexistence(ordétente).
D.PostwardecolonizationandtheemergenceofpowerfulnationalistmovementsinAsia,Africa,andtheMiddleEastledbothsidesintheColdWartoseekalliesamongnewnations,manyofwhichremainednonaligned.
E.ColdWarcompetitionextendedtoLatinAmerica,wheretheU.S.supportednon‐Communistregimesthathadvaryinglevelsofcommitmenttodemocracy.
NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
II.ColdWarpoliciesledtopublicdebatesoverthepowerofthefederalgovernmentandacceptablemeansforpursuinginternationalanddomesticgoalswhileprotectingcivilliberties.A.Americansdebatedpoliciesandmethodsdesignedtoexposesuspectedcommunists
withintheUnitedStatesevenasbothpartiessupportedthebroaderstrategyofcontainingcommunism.
B.Althoughanticommunistforeignpolicyfacedlittledomesticoppositioninpreviousyears,theVietnamWarinspiredsizableandpassionateantiwarproteststhatbecamemorenumerousasthewarescalated,andsometimesledtoviolence.
C.Americansdebatedthemeritsofalargenucleararsenal,themilitary‐industrialcomplex,andtheappropriatepoweroftheexecutivebranchinconductingforeignandmilitarypolicy.
D.Ideological,military,andeconomicconcernsshapedU.S.involvementintheMiddleEast,withseveraloilcrisesintheregioneventuallysparkingattemptsatcreatinganationalenergypolicy.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept8.2:Newmovementsforcivilrightsandliberaleffortstoexpandtheroleofgovernmentgeneratedarangeofpoliticalandculturalresponses.
NAT‐1.0:Explainhowideasaboutdemocracy,freedom,andindividualismfoundexpressioninthedevelopmentofculturalvalues,politicalinstitutions,andAmericanidentity.NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.
I.SeekingtofulfillReconstruction‐erapromises,civilrightsactivistsandpoliticalleadersachievedsomelegalandpoliticalsuccessesinendingsegregation,althoughprogresstowardracialequalitywasslow.A.DuringandafterWorldWarII,civilrightsactivistsandleaders,mostnotably
MartinLutherKingJr.,combattedracialdiscriminationutilizingavarietyofstrategies,includinglegalchallenges,directaction,andnonviolentprotesttactics.
B.Thethreebranchesofthefederalgovernmentusedmeasuresincludingdesegregationofthearmedservices,Brownv.BoardofEducation,andtheCivilRightsActof1964topromotegreaterracialequality.
C.Continuingresistanceslowedeffortsatdesegregation,sparkingsocialandpoliticalunrestacrossthenation.Debatesamongcivilrightsactivistsovertheefficacyofnonviolenceincreasedafter1965.
nationalidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.CUL‐4.0:Explainhowdifferentgroupidentities,includingracial,ethnic,class,andregionalidentities,haveemergedandchangedovertime.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.
II.RespondingtosocialconditionsandtheAfricanAmericancivilrightsmovement,avarietyofmovementsemergedthatfocusedonissuesofidentity,socialjustice,andtheenvironment.A.Feministandgayandlesbianactivistsmobilizedbehindclaimsforlegal,economic,
andsocialequality.B.Latino,AmericanIndian,andAsianAmericanmovementscontinuedtodemand
socialandeconomicequalityandaredressofpastinjustices.C.DespiteanoverallaffluenceinpostwarAmerica,advocatesraisedconcernsabout
theprevalenceandpersistenceofpovertyasanationalproblem.D.Environmentalproblemsandaccidentsledtoagrowingenvironmentalmovement
thataimedtouselegislativeandpubliceffortstocombatpollutionandprotectnaturalresources.Thefederalgovernmentestablishednewenvironmentalprogramsandregulations.
POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.
III.Liberalisminfluencedpostwarpoliticsandcourtdecisions,butitcameunderincreasingattackfromtheleftaswellasfromaresurgentconservativemovement.A.Liberalism,basedonanticommunismabroadandafirmbeliefintheefficacyof
governmentpowertoachievesocialgoalsathome,reachedahighpointofpoliticalinfluencebythemid‐1960s.
B.LiberalideasfoundexpressioninLyndonJohnson’sGreatSociety,whichattemptedtousefederallegislationandprogramstoendracialdiscrimination,eliminatepoverty,andaddressothersocialissues.AseriesofSupremeCourtdecisionsexpandedcivilrightsandindividualliberties.
C.Inthe1960s,conservativeschallengedliberallawsandcourtdecisionsandperceivedmoralandculturaldecline,seekingtolimittheroleofthefederalgovernmentandenactmoreassertiveforeignpolicies.
D.Somegroupsontheleftalsorejectedliberalpolicies,arguingthatpoliticalleadersdidtoolittletotransformtheracialandeconomicstatusquoathomeandpursuedimmoralpoliciesabroad.
E.Publicconfidenceandtrustingovernment’sabilitytosolvesocialandeconomicproblemsdeclinedinthe1970sinthewakeofeconomicchallenges,politicalscandals,andforeignpolicycrises.
F.The1970ssawgrowingclashesbetweenconservativesandliberalsoversocialandculturalissues,thepowerofthefederalgovernment,race,andmovementsforgreaterindividualrights.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept8.3:Postwareconomicanddemographicchangeshadfar‐reachingconsequencesforAmericansociety,politics,andculture.
WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmerica
I.RapideconomicandsocialchangesinAmericansocietyfosteredasenseofoptimisminthepostwaryears.A.Aburgeoningprivatesector,federalspending,thebabyboom,andtechnological
developmentshelpedspureconomicgrowth.
and,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.
B.Ashighereducationopportunitiesandnewtechnologiesrapidlyexpanded,increasingsocialmobilityencouragedthemigrationofthemiddleclasstothesuburbsandofmanyAmericanstotheSouthandWest.TheSunBeltregionemergedasasignificantpoliticalandeconomicforce.
C.Immigrantsfromaroundtheworldsoughtaccesstothepolitical,social,andeconomicopportunitiesintheUnitedStates,especiallyafterthepassageofnewimmigrationlawsin1965.
POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐1.0:ExplainhowreligiousgroupsandideashaveaffectedAmericansocietyandpoliticallife.CUL‐2.0:Explainhowartistic,philosophical,andscientificideashavedevelopedandshapedsocietyandinstitutions.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.
II.Newdemographicandsocialdevelopments,alongwithanxietiesovertheColdWar,changedU.S.cultureandledtosignificantpoliticalandmoraldebatesthatsharplydividedthenation.A.Massculturebecameincreasinglyhomogeneousinthepostwaryears,inspiring
challengestoconformitybyartists,intellectuals,andrebelliousyouth.B.Feministsandyoungpeoplewhoparticipatedinthecountercultureofthe1960s
rejectedmanyofthesocial,economic,andpoliticalvaluesoftheirparents’generation,introducedgreaterinformalityintoU.S.culture,andadvocatedchangesinsexualnorms.
C.TherapidandsubstantialgrowthofevangelicalChristianchurchesandorganizationswasaccompaniedbygreaterpoliticalandsocialactivismonthepartofreligiousconservatives.
Period9:1980‐presentRelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept9.1:Anewlyascendantconservativemovementachievedseveralpoliticalandpolicygoalsduringthe1980sandcontinuedtostronglyinfluencepublicdiscourseinthefollowingdecades.
POL‐1.0:Explainhowandwhypoliticalideas,beliefs,institutions,partysystems,andalignmentshavedevelopedandchanged.POL‐2.0:Explainhowpopularmovements,reformefforts,andactivistgroupshavesoughttochangeAmericansocietyandinstitutions.POL‐3.0:Explainhowdifferentbeliefsaboutthefederalgovernment’sroleinU.S.socialandeconomiclifehaveaffectedpoliticaldebatesandpolicies.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.
I.ConservativebeliefsregardingtheneedfortraditionalsocialvaluesandareducedroleforgovernmentadvancedinU.S.politicsafter1980.A.RonaldReagan’svictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1980representedan
importantmilestone,allowingconservativestoenactsignificanttaxcutsandcontinuethederegulationofmanyindustries.
B.Conservativesarguedthatliberalprogramswerecounterproductiveinfightingpovertyandstimulatingeconomicgrowth.Someoftheireffortstoreducethesizeandscopeofgovernmentmetwithinertiaandliberalopposition,asmanyprogramsremainedpopularwithvoters.
C.Policydebatescontinuedoverfree‐tradeagreements,thescopeofthegovernmentsocialsafetynet,andcallstoreformtheU.S.financialsystem.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept9.2:Movingintothe21stcentury,thenationexperiencedsignificanttechnological,economic,anddemographicchanges.
WXT‐1.0:ExplainhowdifferentlaborsystemsdevelopedinNorthAmericaandtheUnitedStates,andexplaintheireffectsonworkers’livesandU.S.society.WXT‐2.0:Explainhowpatternsofexchange,markets,andprivateenterprisehavedeveloped,andanalyzewaysthatgovernmentshaverespondedtoeconomicissues.WXT‐3.0:Analyzehowtechnologicalinnovationhasaffectedeconomicdevelopmentandsociety.
I.Newdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyenhancedtheeconomyandtransformedsociety,whilemanufacturingdecreased.A.Economicproductivityincreasedasimprovementsindigitalcommunications
enabledincreasedAmericanparticipationinworldwideeconomicopportunities.
B.Technologicalinnovationsincomputing,digitalmobiletechnology,andtheInternettransformeddailylife,increasedaccesstoinformation,andledtonewsocialbehaviorsandnetworks.
C.Employmentincreasedinservicesectorsanddecreasedinmanufacturing,andunionmembershipdeclined.
D.Realwagesstagnatedfortheworkingandmiddleclassamidgrowingeconomicinequality.
NAT‐4.0:Analyzerelationshipsamongdifferentregional,social,ethnic,andracialgroups,andexplainhowthesegroups’experienceshaverelatedtoU.S.nationalidentity.CUL‐3.0:Explainhowideasaboutwomen’srightsandgenderroleshaveaffectedsocietyandpolitics.MIG‐1.0:ExplainthecausesofmigrationtocolonialNorthAmericaand,later,theUnitedStates,andanalyzeimmigration’seffectsonU.S.society.MIG‐2.0:AnalyzecausesofinternalmigrationandpatternsofsettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates,andexplainhowmigrationhasaffectedAmericanlife.
II.TheU.S.populationcontinuedtoundergodemographicshiftsthathadsignificantculturalandpoliticalconsequences.A.After1980,thepolitical,economic,andculturalinfluenceoftheAmericanSouthand
Westcontinuedtoincreaseaspopulationshiftedtothoseareas.B.InternationalmigrationfromLatinAmericaandAsiaincreaseddramatically.The
newimmigrantsaffectedU.S.cultureinmanywaysandsuppliedtheeconomywithanimportantlaborforce.
C.Intensepoliticalandculturaldebatescontinuedoverissuessuchasimmigrationpolicy,diversity,genderroles,andfamilystructures.
RelatedThematicLearningObjectives(FocusofExamQuestions)
KeyConcept9.3:TheendoftheColdWarandnewchallengestoU.S.leadershipforcedthenationtoredefineitsforeignpolicyandroleintheworld.
WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
I.TheReaganadministrationpromotedaninterventionistforeignpolicythatcontinuedinlateradministrations,evenaftertheendoftheColdWar.A.ReaganassertedU.S.oppositiontocommunismthroughspeeches,diplomaticefforts,limitedmilitaryinterventions,andabuildupofnuclearandconventionalweapons.B.IncreasedU.S.militaryspending,Reagan’sdiplomaticinitiatives,andpoliticalchangesandeconomicproblemsinEasternEuropeandtheSovietUnionwereallimportantinendingtheColdWar.C.TheendoftheColdWarledtonewdiplomaticrelationshipsbutalsonewU.S.militaryandpeacekeepinginterventions,aswellascontinueddebatesovertheappropriateuseofAmericanpowerintheworld.
NAT‐2.0:ExplainhowinterpretationsoftheConstitutionanddebatesoverrights,liberties,anddefinitionsofcitizenshiphaveaffectedAmericanvalues,politics,andsociety.NAT‐3.0:AnalyzehowideasaboutnationalidentitychangedinresponsetoU.S.involvementininternationalconflictsandthegrowthoftheUnitedStates.GEO‐1.0:Explainhowgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapedthedevelopmentofvariouscommunities,andanalyzehowcompetitionforanddebatesovernaturalresourceshaveaffectedbothinteractionsamongdifferentgroupsandthedevelopmentofgovernmentpolicies.WOR‐2.0:Analyzethereasonsfor,andresultsof,U.S.diplomatic,economic,andmilitaryinitiativesinNorthAmericaandoverseas.
II.FollowingtheattacksofSeptember11,2001,U.S.foreignpolicyeffortsfocusedonfightingterrorismaroundtheworld.A.InthewakeofattacksontheWorldTradeCenterandthePentagon,theUnited
Stateslaunchedmilitaryeffortsagainstterrorismandlengthy,controversialconflictsinAfghanistanandIraq.
B.ThewaronterrorismsoughttoimprovesecuritywithintheUnitedStatesbutalsoraisedquestionsabouttheprotectionofcivillibertiesandhumanrights.
C.ConflictsintheMiddleEastandconcernsaboutclimatechangeledtodebatesoverU.S.dependenceonfossilfuelsandtheimpactofeconomicconsumptionontheenvironment.
D.Despiteeconomicandforeignpolicychallenges,theUnitedStatescontinuedastheworld’sleadingsuperpowerinthe21stcentury.