Kenya Rwanda Ethiopia

Djibouti Burundi Eritrea South Africa Somalia Sudan Tanzania Malawi Uganda Botswana Angola Zambia Mozambique Zimbabwe

Kenya

Symbolic of Africa The Lion King Game preserves – savanna National parks – protected wildlife

roam The great Masai warriors The Great Rift Valley

Kenya – physical characteristics

Located on the East coast of Africa Equator runs through the center Lowlands vs Highlands

SW highlands- most people live Central plateau rises to the west North – droughts common

Fertile highlands – get enough rain Great Rift Valley/ Lake Victoria

Masai vs Kikuyu – early tribes – held landPortugal, Germany claimedBritish East Africa Company

British Rule

Build a railroad from the coast (Mombasa) to Nairobi in center and to Uganda

Kenya-Uganda Railroad Problems around Tsavo

Lions were killing workers Movie – Great Lion Hunter Lions – Field Museum in Chicago

British Rule

Under British Rule

White settlers took the land from native tribes under British rule

1950s - Mau Mau Rebellion British crushed the rebellion

1963 – independence from Britain Jomo Kenyatta became president

(Kikuyu) Kikuyu regained some farm lands

Kenya under Kenyatta

Harambee (pulling together) grass-roots movement of people putting together

Solid economic growth – farmers raise cash crops coffee and tea Few minerals – depended on agriculture

Cash crop of flowers used to produce pyrethrum (pesticide)

Not growing crops to feed themselves - import People suffer from malnutrition

After Independence

Stable government 1980s population grew fast Not enough food or jobs Social and political unrest

Politics

Accused President Daniel arap Moi of corruption He refused multiparty elections, jailed

critics Supporters killed world famous scientist –

Richard Leakey 1992 - Agreed to hold elections

Western nations withheld loans Moi won elections in 1992, 1997 Defeated in 2002 – stepped aside peacefully

Kenya Today

Written a new constitution abolishes the Prime Minister – August 2010

President – Mwai Kibaki since 2002 Parliament Trying to create an uncorrupt

government Ethnic violence Not enough food

Search for Peace

Ethnic violence Not enough food Concerns about corruption in gov’t

Section 2

Other Countries of East Africa

Other Countries of East Africa

Key locations - Horn of Africa Strategic value

Valuable locations for military action On the Indian Ocean Shipping lanes Red Sea, Gulf of Aden Close to oil supplies in Middle East Midpoint between SE Asia and Europe

Djibouti

Earns income - strategic ports France pays large fees - military bases France has worked to maintain peace

Civil War 1991 Constitution followed Election in 1999 Peace in 2000 Working to repair agriculture, education,

infrastructure

Ethiopia Ancient nation -3500 BC High fertile plains

temperate climate Troubles

Drought in 1984, 1986 – famine Conflict with Somalia Civil War in Eritrea (coastal province) Government overthrown Lost the province of Eritrea – now

landlocked Torn by ethnic division

Eritrea

After independence economy suffered Government worked to create modern country Capital of Asmara – rebuilt modern capital Modern steel plant, modern housing Borrowed little from foreign powers Subsistence farming/herding – basis of economy No democracy but government is working

Somalia

Since its independence in 1960 Full-scale civil war Severe drought-1990s Border war with Ethiopia No effective national government Source of many pirates

UN sent relief Constant fighting/no supplies get to the

people UN frustrated – withdrew aid

The Sudan

Largest nation in all of Africa Climate much like Sahel Northern area mostly ergs – shifting sand dunes People divided

North – Muslim Arabs South - Different ethnic tribes (animism)(Christianity)

Southern areas called the Sudd – swampy area Continuous war since 1956 Darfur – genocide -millions have been killed

Uganda West of Kenya

High plateau – fertile land – cotton, coffee Prospered under Great Britain as a colony

1962 Independence - civil war North – people - military power struggled against South – people - economic power Military struggle ended with dictatorship

Idi Amin – ruthless dictator in power in the 1970-1979 300,000 people ‘disappeared’ - violent struggles

Mid 1990s - rebuilding Democratic election in 2001

Rwanda and Burundi

Ethnocracy – government in which one ethnic

group rules over others

Rwanda

80% Hutu 20% Tutsi (Watusi) Hutu in power for 35 years (after

1959) Overthrew Tutsi gov’t -killed 100,000

Tutsi 1994 – Civil War

2 million Rwandans driven away 100,000 Tutsi killed Currently share power -free elections Current president – 2000 -

Burundi

14% Tutsi – in power Control/use army to hold power

Mid 1993 – held its first free election Elected a Hutu president Coup overthrew him Many Hutu and Tutsi killed Violence continues

Agreed to share power in 2004 Currently President Nkurunziza – Hutu -2005 Current Vice president – Hutu - 2010

Tanzania

Ancient man inhabited Ancient slave traders – Zanzibar Germans controlled After WW I – British control Independence - 1961

Tanzania

Land has great potential wealth Fertile soils Minerals – iron ore, coal, diamonds

Varied terrain humid coastal plain cool highlands Lake Victoria and Mount Kilimanjaro dry central plains

Poor development = 2nd poorest country

Tanzania

Socialism Experiment from 1961-1985 Villagization –

Rural people forced into towns Worked on collective farms Failure

Moved back to free enterprise Farmers - back to farm land - had been idle Sold corn and cotton Paid a fair price for crops

Geography of S Africa

Mostly high, dry plateau Surrounded by escarpment to a

coastal plain Plateau has some areas with good

rain Grow corn, wheat and variety of

fruits

South Africa

Country is divided by race 76% population is black 13% white 9% mixed race 3% Asian White minority ruled over a

century

Movement into African Lands

1600s settled by Dutch, Germans, French Over time – groups became Africaners or

Boers Own language – African – combination of

Dutch, French, German White, wealthy Pushed natives inland, claiming land by

treaty or force

British Takeover

British settlers arrived pushed Africaners inland kept pushing to assert British control Boer War – 3 years – 1899-1902

Boer War

Africaners accepted British rule

Result - British colony Africaners/British settlers Black Africans

driven to reserves put to work on white-owned plantations

or factories

Independence

S Africa became independent in 1961 Blacks - move out of reserves Blacks - began to rebel Many were jailed

Leader - Nelson Mandela

1950-1980

Fastest growing economy in world Abundant coal = inexpensive energy Money to invest Excellent connection with Britain and

Europe provided technology, skills, knowledge

Blacks provided large pool of cheap labor

Minority Rule

Whites controlled government Whites controlled 2/3 land and best

farmland Whites controlled gold mines Whites controlled diamond mines Whites controlled mines of 70 other

minerals Whites controlled thriving industries Whites controlled the wealth

Government control

White government afraid of blacks To control them the gov’t created

arbitrary regions called homelands – 75% people forced to live on 13% land

Everyone has to stay in their assigned homeland unless they were given a pass to live somewhere else

Became know as Apartheid

Apartheid

Means apartness Black Africans were segregated

from the whites Separate public facilities – schools Facilities were never as good Any rebels were jailed

International Backlash

1986 Europe, US placed economic sanctions on South Africa End apartheid Prohibited Americans from investing Banned imports Pressure from within through protests Banned from the Olympics Cost S Africa $2 billion

Change

F.W. de Klerk – new prime minister in 1989 Released prominent activist Nelson Mandela

who had been in prison – 27 years Leader of African National Congress –

negotiated with white government 1990-1991 – apartheid laws were repealed Transition of power to Black majority

1994 – free elections – Mandela 1st president

Mandela/deKlerk

South Africa Today

1996 – new constitution Guaranteed equality in housing, health

care, water, food, and education Still some economic and social

problems Model government has kept peace

Mandela’s party still in power President Jacob Zuma – May 2009

Section 4 Other Countries of Southern Africa

All these countries are affected by the wealth and power of South Africa

Enclaves – country that is completely surrounded by a larger country Lesotho Swaziland

Malawi

Landlocked Located on the western shore of Lake Nyasa in the Great Rift Valley Migrant workers under labor

contracts to South Africa Fertile lands, good water supply Crowded nation Resources are stretched to meet

needs

Botswana

Landlocked Less dependent on S Africa – wealthier Arid country, sparsely populated Raises millions of beef cattle – feeds

itself Mineral wealth – diamonds, copper, coal Stable government

Angola

Western coast of Africa Former Portuguese colony

fought a tough war for its independence Portugal pulled out, Portuguese left taking their wealth and

chaos ensued “White flight” – departure of trained

white administrators and technicians

Angola

Reaction to problems of colonialism Government committed to communism Outraged the democratic neighbor - SA

Rebel group known as UNITA waged war Stress of civil war hurt economy 100,000 killed, disease and malnutrition 1 in 4 children died before the age of 4 Couldn’t feed itself

Angola

South Africa ended military presence

1992 - first free election Pope just visited in 2010

Mass to over a million people Hopeful it will soon feed itself Trying to keep a stable government

Mozambique – East Coast

Portuguese colony –similar to Angola Civil wars forced refugees into cities and camps Civil war ended -Rebels and government

worked things out Outlook is promising

Huge labor force, Excellent port Reserves of coal, Hydroelectric plant on Zambezi River

Still world’s poorest nation

Namibia

West coast – South of Angola Almost a colony of South Africa Had its own version of apartheid Now has a stable government Archeologists finding sunken ship

offshore Brad and Angelina

Zambia

Independence in 1964 President Kenneth Kaunda Counted on copper reserves for money to

buy food Let agricultural economy decline

1970s and 1980s Copper market fell – economy fell Kaunda defeated/ new leader tried to

improve agriculture and business

Zambia

Could not get enough money to feed its people Kauna tried the structural

readjustment program – caused riots Elected new president in 1991 who

returned to the program Slowly progressed Economic recovery is far off

Zimbabwe

British colony of Rhodesia landlocked 1965 independence White minority government Britain and UN demanded respect of

the rights of the black majority Years of conflict – some whites stayed 1979 first free election – Robert

Mugabe

Zimbabwe under Mugabe

White farmers stayed – corn, tobacco, cotton

Land Redistribution – give land to poor Gov’t set slow schedule Allowed time to build infrastructure 2000 Mugabe seized farms – violence Jailed opposition White farmers fled Economy suffered – 80% unemployment Mugabe defeated in 2008 – refused to leave

– finally allowed Tsvangivai to take office in Feb. 2009