KENNEDY AND THE KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR COLD WAR

CHAPTER 28, SECTION 1CHAPTER 28, SECTION 1

MAJOR DATESMAJOR DATES

1959: Castro seizes power in Cuba1959: Castro seizes power in Cuba 1960: Kennedy elected President1960: Kennedy elected President 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion (April) 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion (April)

Berlin Wall Constructed Berlin Wall Constructed (Oct.)(Oct.)

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct.)1962: Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct.) 1963: Limited Test Ban Treaty1963: Limited Test Ban Treaty

ELECTION OF 1960ELECTION OF 1960 Candidates?Candidates?

– Republican: Republican: Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon– Democrat: Democrat: John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy

Major Issues:Major Issues:– Was the U.S. losing the Cold War?Was the U.S. losing the Cold War?– Economic RecessionEconomic Recession– Is America “adrift”?Is America “adrift”?

What did “adrift” mean?What did “adrift” mean?

Important campaign events / traitsImportant campaign events / traits– Both candidates were youngBoth candidates were young

Nixon: 46Nixon: 46 Kennedy: 43Kennedy: 43

– Kennedy is Catholic; So what?Kennedy is Catholic; So what?

ELECTION OF 1960ELECTION OF 1960 Important events / traits (cont’d.)Important events / traits (cont’d.)

– 11stst televised presidential debate televised presidential debate, , EVEREVER

70 million viewers70 million viewers

– Civil Rights events:Civil Rights events: Martin Luther King arrested in AtlantaMartin Luther King arrested in Atlanta So What? JFK supports MLKSo What? JFK supports MLK

Result?Result?– Very Close electionVery Close election– Kennedy wins by 119,000 votesKennedy wins by 119,000 votes

Why? What helped Kennedy win?Why? What helped Kennedy win?– TVTV – Civil RightsCivil Rights– ***ANYTHING ELSE?***ANYTHING ELSE?

ELECTION OF 1960ELECTION OF 1960 JFK and LBJJFK and LBJ NIXON and NIXON and

LODGELODGE

JFK & NIXON IN STUDIOJFK & NIXON IN STUDIO

JFK & NIXONJFK & NIXON

Before TV DebateBefore TV Debate

1960 PRESIDENTIAL 1960 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONELECTION

The JFK The JFK AdministrationAdministration What were Kennedy’s goals?What were Kennedy’s goals?

– To confront / combat Soviet & To confront / combat Soviet & communist expansionismcommunist expansionism

– Re-define U.S. military policy:Re-define U.S. military policy: Result? Result? Flexible ResponseFlexible Response DefineDefine: Change U.S. military policy from : Change U.S. military policy from

nuclear-dominated to combination of nuclear-dominated to combination of nuclear and conventional / covert nuclear and conventional / covert capabilitycapability

– Effect?Effect? Increased defense spendingIncreased defense spending New warfare methods developed; New warfare methods developed;

Examples?Examples?– ““Counterinsurgency”Counterinsurgency”– Special Operations Units: Special Operations Units:

Ex. US Army Green BeretsEx. US Army Green Berets

The JFK The JFK AdministrationAdministration

Other Goals?Other Goals?– JFK wants to promote Civil RightsJFK wants to promote Civil Rights– JFK wants to attack / reduce povertyJFK wants to attack / reduce poverty

Where?Where?– IN THE U.S.IN THE U.S.– IN THE IN THE “THIRD WORLD”“THIRD WORLD”– DEFINE: THIRD WORLDDEFINE: THIRD WORLD– POSSIBLE SOLUTION: The Peace POSSIBLE SOLUTION: The Peace

CorpsCorps Why? Why?

– In U.S.: To create more equalityIn U.S.: To create more equality– In 3In 3rdrd World: To make communism less World: To make communism less

appealing to people in those nationsappealing to people in those nations

CUBACUBA Problems in Cuba:Problems in Cuba:

– 1959: Cuban Dictator, Batista, overthrown 1959: Cuban Dictator, Batista, overthrown by by Fidel CastroFidel Castro

– Castro promises democracy for CubansCastro promises democracy for Cubans– U.S. reaction: U.S. reaction:

U.S. recognizes Castro’s gov’t.U.S. recognizes Castro’s gov’t. U.S. is suspiciousU.S. is suspicious

– Why is U.S. suspicious of Castro?Why is U.S. suspicious of Castro? Castro gov’t. seizes foreign-owned businessesCastro gov’t. seizes foreign-owned businesses Examples?Examples?

– Oil RefineriesOil Refineries– Commercial farmsCommercial farms

75% of Cuban farmland had been owned by U.S. 75% of Cuban farmland had been owned by U.S. sugar companiessugar companies

– U.S. response? Put trade restrictions on U.S. response? Put trade restrictions on CubaCuba

– Cuban response? Look to Soviets for aidCuban response? Look to Soviets for aid

CUBA (cont’d.)CUBA (cont’d.) Problems (cont’d.)Problems (cont’d.)

– Cuban population divided by Castro’s Cuban population divided by Castro’s actions:actions: 90% support Castro & Revolutionaries90% support Castro & Revolutionaries 10% opposed to Castro ; go into exile*10% opposed to Castro ; go into exile* *Where do most Cuban exiles go?*Where do most Cuban exiles go?

– Cuba’s gov’t. becomes CommunistCuba’s gov’t. becomes Communist– Effect?Effect?

Cuba pulled into Cold WarCuba pulled into Cold War U.S. – Soviet confrontation over Cuba U.S. – Soviet confrontation over Cuba

is likelyis likely

Fidel Castro & Fidel Castro & Che GuevaraChe Guevara

CASTRO ON CASTRO ON LIFELIFE MAGAZINE MAGAZINE COVER, JANUARY, COVER, JANUARY, 19591959

CheChe

Guevara,Guevara,

19601960

CHE CHE GUEVARA, GUEVARA, TIMETIME MAGAZINE MAGAZINE COVER, 1963COVER, 1963

MAD MAD MAGAZINEMAGAZINE, , OCTOBER, OCTOBER, 19631963

THE BAY OF PIGSTHE BAY OF PIGS When? April, 1961When? April, 1961 Where? CubaWhere? Cuba What?What?

– CIA operation to overthrow CastroCIA operation to overthrow Castro– 1400 Anti-Castro exiles trained by CIA to 1400 Anti-Castro exiles trained by CIA to

invade & overthrow Castroinvade & overthrow Castro– JFK approved planJFK approved plan

Did What?Did What?– Invasion force is not given U.S. military Invasion force is not given U.S. military

supportsupport– Invasion is a complete failureInvasion is a complete failure

Effect?Effect?– Castro & his gov’t. appear stronger to Castro & his gov’t. appear stronger to

worldworld– U.S. & JFK appear weak / incompetent / U.S. & JFK appear weak / incompetent /

untrustworthy to worlduntrustworthy to world What does this make the Soviets think?What does this make the Soviets think?

THE BAY OF PIGS,THE BAY OF PIGS,

CUBA, 1961CUBA, 1961

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISISTHE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS When? October, 1962When? October, 1962 What?What?

– Confrontation / standoff between Confrontation / standoff between communists (USSR & Cuba) and U.S.communists (USSR & Cuba) and U.S.

– Use of nuclear weapons was threatened by Use of nuclear weapons was threatened by both sidesboth sides

Causes?Causes?– 1962: Soviets lend / place nuclear missiles 1962: Soviets lend / place nuclear missiles

in Cuba in Cuba – Missiles discovered by U-2 flightsMissiles discovered by U-2 flights– Most major U.S. cities w/in 15 min. attack Most major U.S. cities w/in 15 min. attack

rangerange– JFK announces U.S. response:JFK announces U.S. response:

U.S. will retaliate w/ nuclear weapons if Cuban U.S. will retaliate w/ nuclear weapons if Cuban missiles usedmissiles used

U.S. will not allow more Soviet weapons into U.S. will not allow more Soviet weapons into Cuba Cuba

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISISTHE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS U.S. Actions:U.S. Actions:

– U.S. prepares invasion force for possible U.S. prepares invasion force for possible assault on Cubaassault on Cuba

– U.S. Navy U.S. Navy BLOCKADESBLOCKADES Cuba Cuba Nothing gets in, or out, of CubaNothing gets in, or out, of Cuba

Problem? Problem? What will happen if the What will happen if the Soviets try to break through the Soviets try to break through the blockadeblockade??

What was going on here? What was going on here? BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship What happens?What happens?

– Soviet ships approach CubaSoviet ships approach Cuba– U.S. Navy is waitingU.S. Navy is waiting– Soviet ships stop - turn around: Soviet ships stop - turn around: war is war is

avoidedavoided– ““We were eyeball to eyeball, and the We were eyeball to eyeball, and the

other fellow just blinked.”other fellow just blinked.” DEAN RUSK, SECRETARY OF STATEDEAN RUSK, SECRETARY OF STATE

U.S. Land-Based Missile, U.S. Land-Based Missile, 19621962

Life MagazineLife Magazine

Nov., 1962Nov., 1962

AFTERMATHAFTERMATH Results of Cuban Missile CrisisResults of Cuban Missile Crisis::

– Soviets agree to remove missiles from Soviets agree to remove missiles from CubaCuba

– U.S. agrees to remove U.S. missiles U.S. agrees to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey (near Soviet border)from Turkey (near Soviet border)

– U.S. guarantees not to invade CubaU.S. guarantees not to invade Cuba– Kruschev is criticized for being too softKruschev is criticized for being too soft– JFK criticized for missing opportunity JFK criticized for missing opportunity

to get rid of Castroto get rid of Castro Who won the Cuban Missile Who won the Cuban Missile

Crisis?Crisis? Why do you think so?Why do you think so?

BERLIN (Again)BERLIN (Again) Problem? Problem?

– Large numbers of people Large numbers of people defectdefect from East from East to West Berlinto West Berlin

– DEFINE: DEFINE: ““DEFECTDEFECT””– Embarrassment to SovietsEmbarrassment to Soviets

What Happens?What Happens?– Soviets threatens to blockade Berlin (again)Soviets threatens to blockade Berlin (again)– Soviets & E. Germans build Berlin WallSoviets & E. Germans build Berlin Wall– U.S. has superior airpower, so Soviets can’t U.S. has superior airpower, so Soviets can’t

blockade Berlinblockade Berlin– Wall becomes symbol of communist Wall becomes symbol of communist

oppressionoppression Results?Results?

– JFK & Kruschev establish JFK & Kruschev establish ““Hot LineHot Line”” – US & Soviets sign Limited Test Ban TreatyUS & Soviets sign Limited Test Ban Treaty

BERLIN WALL PLANBERLIN WALL PLAN

BERLIN WALL BERLIN WALL CROSSINGSCROSSINGS

Berlin Wall,Berlin Wall,

19611961

Berlin Wall,Berlin Wall,

19911991