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•Ken Gilleo PhD•ET-Trends LLC

(Focus on devices)

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Nanotechnology ID Crisis

Definition: Ability to work at the molecular level, atom by atom, to create large structures with a fundamentally new molecular organization and novel and significantly improved physical, chemical, and biological properties. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

Definition: A field whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally deals with structures 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Wikipedia

Definition: a set of methods and techniques providing the fabrication of structures consisting of individual atoms, molecules or macromolecular blocks in the length scale of approximately 1 – 100 nm. It is applied to physical, chemical and biological systems in order to explore their novel and differentiating properties and functions arising at a critical length scale of matter typically under 100 nm. Source: “What is what in the Nanoworld 11-08.

* No universal definition for nanotechnology.

Chemistry: Science of the composition, structure, properties, and interactions of matter, especially atomic and molecular systems.

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•Bottom-Up-Nano (BUN) Atom-by-atom Feynman approach Erik Drexler is leading advocate AFM (microscope) is prime method Some include chemical synthesis Ultra-precise, no throughput yet

Revolutionary if and when it is done for complex systems

Top-Down vs. Bottom-up•Top-Down Nano (TDN)

Start with unshaped material

Machine, cut, etch, drill, lase, or somehow fabricate to desired structure

Lower specificity, higher throughput

Semiconductors use TDN processing

Why not use both

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Meso

Macro

Nano

Molecular

AtomicSub-atomic

Particles

Our Big World

Microbiology Physics

Chemistry

Electronics Micro

The sciences overlap

The NanoZone

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Transistors

Size Domains

Virus

Proteins

MEMS

1 mm

1 m

10 m

100 m

100 nm

10 nm

1 nm

Bacteria

Atoms

PollenCells

Mirror; 16

Chemistry

Physics

Next Gen 45nm

MitesBlood Cells

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• Nanoscale Materials; particles, parts, tubes, wires, ropes, fibers, mesh

• Nano-Optoelectronics; quantum dots/wires

• Nano-Biomedical agents• MEMS and MOEMS – not much nano yet (NEMS)

Nano-Electronics Discrete devices; e.g. transistors, sensors Nano-ICs – emerging? When? Circuits Storage Computing

Nano-Science & Technology

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Nano Building Blocks• Powders & thin films/coatings – old nano

• Small 3D molecules Bucky Balls (fullerenes) Horns Graphene Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)

• Wires & ropes

• Self-assembling entities

• Complex shapes (in future)

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Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)

Carbon Nanotubes: graphene cylinders closed at either end; new elemental form of carbon (C).

Uses: semiconductors, electrically conductive non-metals, high thermal conductors and reinforcement - strongest known fibers.

New uses are being discovered every monthly.

CC

C

CCC

CNTs are usually 1-50 nanometers in diameter and typically a few microns long.

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Nano-Wires• Definition: wires with diameter < 100nm.

• Electrically conducting, CNT, other materials.

• Formation AFM manipulation Lithography Spin/entangle Grow continuously (like polymerization)

• Filled CNT – by capillary action

• Conductivity is quantized

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Molecules as Machine Parts?

Belt Drive

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Nanoelectronics Evolution

Nano material Examples Image

Building blocks CNT, graphene, fullerene

DevicesTransistors, sensors

Circuits ICs, PCBs

Systems Computers, nanobots

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Nanocarbon Focus• Quantum Devices have been built

• Electrical: conductive/semiconductor

• Thermally ultra-conductive; 4K wm/C

• Key component for new electronics?

• On most roadmaps since 2007

• Potential is still unknown

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IBM Develops Alternative To Silicon TransistorsElectronic News -- Electronic News, 4/27/2001

Nanoelectronics Today

20052007

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Next Stage• R&D focus is CNT assembly & connections

• Need to improve present nano-transistors

• Need massively parallel processing

• Future: nano-transistor integration (IC) 5 – 10 years away, or longer

May not be CNTs or even carbon-based

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Nano-Optoelectronics• Carbon NanoTube light source

• Nanowires – new laser principle

UC-Berkeley

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Storage

Animation Demo

Thermomechanical AMF storage

IBM MillipedeTiny depressions melted by an AFM tip into a polymer medium represent stored data bits that can then be read by the same tip.

IBM RacetrackData is stored in domain walls between magnetic regions on a nanowire. No motion, no wear, extreme density, low power.

2009 Breakthrough : "baroplastics" hard, but they soften under pressure; 1 TB/in2. memory density.

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Nano-Mechanics

From S. Crucheon-Dupey, NanoInk

Nano-Pen

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BiotechnologyCombining MEMS & Nanotech

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Potential Nano-Devices

• Discretes; transistors & sensors

• Optical devices; emitters, sensors

• Integrated systems; Nano-IC

• Bio-medical (with electro/electronic)

• Nano-enhanced MEMS

• Nano-passives; including wires/PCBs

Will probably require

packaging

Maybe use as part of package

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Nanotechnology Issues

• Best Process bottom-up, top-down, “hybrid”?

• How to move from lab to fab?

• Where to focus – nanotech R&D disorganized

• Clarification and leadership needed

• Investors becoming vary; hype penalty

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Session Conclusions• Embryonic – scope and potential yet unknown

• “Nanoscale” being confused with “Nanotech”

• Nanotechnology needs to clearly define itself

• Quantum-effect nano has unknown potential

• Disruptive potential; carbon-base electronics (organic)

Investor Beware