ken binmore [email protected] origins of fair play
TRANSCRIPT
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John Mackie’s
Inventing Right and Wrong
Metaphysical moral philosophy
is unsound. Look instead at:
Anthropology
Game theory
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Social Contracts
No bosses
Fair division
The social contracts of pure hunter-gatherer societies have two universal properties:
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Pure hunter-gatherers
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Toy games
dove
hawk
Prisoners’Dilemma
dove
hawk
Stag Hunt
Adam’s strategies
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Toy games
Prisoners’Dilemma Stag Hunt
dove hawk dove hawk
Eve’s strategies
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Toy games
dove
hawk
Prisoners’Dilemma
dove
hawk
Stag Hunt
dove hawk dove hawk
Adam’s payoffs
2 0
3 1
4 0
3 2
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Toy games
dove
hawk
Prisoners’Dilemma
dove
hawk
Stag Hunt
dove hawk dove hawk
Eve’s payoffs
2 3
0 1
4 3
0 2
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Toy games
dove
hawk
Prisoners’Dilemma
dove
hawk
Stag Hunt
dove hawk dove hawk
2 3
0 1
4 3
0 2
2 0
3 1
4 0
3 2
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Nash Equilibria
dove
hawk
Prisoners’Dilemma
dove
hawk
Stag Hunt
dove hawk dove hawk
3
3
11
44
22
22
0
0
30
03
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Coordination Games
left
right
Driving Game
box
ball
Battle of the Sexes
left right box ball
11
11
12
21
0
0
00
00
0
0
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Reciprocal Altruism
indefinitely repeated Prisoners’ Dilemma
2 3
0 12 0
3 1
2 3
0 12 0
3 1
2 3
0 1
2 0
3 1
2 3
0 1
2 0
3 1
2 3
0 1
2 0
3 1
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Reciprocal Altruism
d h
d
Grim strategy
h
2 3
0 12 0
3 1
2 3
0 12 0
3 1
2 3
0 1
2 0
3 1
2 3
0 1
2 0
3 1
2 3
0 1
2 0
3 1
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Reputation and Trust
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are needed to see this picture.Sure I trust him. You know the onesto trust in this business. The ones
who betray you, bye-bye.
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Vampire bats share blood on a reciprocal basis to insure each other against hunger.
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Folk Theorem
efficientequilibria
currentstatus quo
Eve’spayoff
Adam’spayoff
0
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Equilibrium selection
Fairness is evolution’s solution tothe equilibrium selection problem.
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Equilibrium selection
Fairness is evolution’s solution tothe equilibrium selection problem.
Fairness therefore evolved as a means of balancing power---not as a substitute for power.
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Deep structure of fairness norms
As with language, fairness has adeep structure that is universal in the human species. This deep structure is embodied in Rawls’
original position
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John Rawls’ original position
Veil of ignorance
Comparison of welfare
Enforcement
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I might be Adam and Oskar might be Eve. Or Oskar might be Adam and I might be Eve
Original Position
Adam Eve
Oskar
John
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implicit insurancecontracts
deep structure of fairness?
implicit insurancecontracts
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implicit insurancecontracts
original position
deep structure of fairness?
original position
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implicit insurancecontracts
original position
utilitarianism egalitarianism
external enforcement
self-policing
Who is right?
Harsanyi Rawls
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Modern Equity Theory
What is fair … is what is proportional. AristotleEve
Adam0
status quo
slope is ratio of the players’ context-dependent social indices
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implicit insurancecontracts
original position
utilitarianism egalitarianism
external enforcement
self-policing
standard of
interpersonal comparison
cultural evolution
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.
..
0Adam’spayoff
Eve’spayoff
Utilitarianism and Egalitarianism
The slopes are determined by the standard of interpersonal comparison.
utilitarian outcome
egalitarian outcome
state of nature
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.
..
0Adam’spayoff
Eve’spayoff
Utilitarianism and Egalitarianism
The slopes are determined by the standard of interpersonal comparison.
utilitarian outcome
egalitarian outcome
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.
.
0Adam’spayoff
Eve’spayoff
Utilitarianism and Egalitarianism
The slopes are determined by the standard of interpersonal comparison.
utilitarian outcome
egalitarian outcome
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.
.
0
Utilitarianism and Egalitarianism
The slopes are determined by the standard of interpersonal comparison.
Nash bargaining solution
€
(x1 − ξ1)(x2 − ξ 2) = c
€
x1
€
x2
€
ξ
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.
.
0
Cultural Evolution: Egalitarian Case
medium-run past
Nash bargaining solution
€
x1
€
x2
€
ξ
.
short-run present
egalitarian solution
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Analogy with language
Chomsky discovered that all languages have a deep structure which is universal in the human species, but the particular language spoken in a society is determined by its cultural history.
Fairness norms similarly have a common deepstructure, but the standard of interpersonal comparison that is necessary as an input to theoriginal position is culturally determined.
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Moral relativism
• Need• Ability• Effort• Status
Social indices always respond to these parameters in the same way, but the degree of response varies with a society’s cultural history.
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Reform?
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