Kelly Lekan

Early Reefs

• First appearance of reefs around 570 million years ago.

• The first reefs formed were made of cyanobacteria. – Were found living around 3.5 billion years ago

• Reefs formed by trapping in sediment, and secreting calcium carbonate– Formed stromatolites

• Reefs were then formed by rugose and tabulate corals– Disappeared during the Devonian

Modern Day Reefs

• Coral reef building started during the Triassic period– Bivalve reefs took over, and then corals

became the dominate reef builders after the Cretaceous extinction

Coral Reefs

• ‘Rainforests of the Ocean’

• One of the most biologically diverse regions

• Huge array of species of plant and animal life

Formation Environment

• Form in tropical and semitropical areas

• Water temperatures between 16 and 30 degrees Celsius

• Exist within 30 degrees latitude north and south of the equator

• Shallow, clear water

• Normal salinity free of suspended matter

Reef Formation

• Corals and zooxanthellae algae– Work together in a symbiotic

relationship to build reefs

• Corals live in colonies– Polyps

• Secrete a hard exoskeleton of calcium carbonate which serves as a base for the reef– Reefs build by the deposition

of calcium carbonate– Upper layer is the living layer

of the polyps, and when calcium carbonate is secreted, it leaves behind another layer

Types of Reefs

• Fringing Reefs– Most common type– Project directly offshore of

islands or continents– Grow in shallower waters

• Barrier Reefs– Occur offshore– Separated by a bay or

lagoon

• Atolls– Develop when islands,

volcanic, sink and the surrounding reef remains

Fringing Reef

Barrier Reef

Atoll

Keys to the Past

• Plate tectonics

• Rise and fall of sea level

• Extinctions/Interruptive events

Plate Movement

• Plate movement can be seen through the distribution of corals throughout the world

• When one super continent existed, the Tethys Sea ran through the middle of every continent– After American split from Africa and Asia, the Atlantic

Ocean formed, and two major areas of coral reef development were formed

• Caribbean region and the Indo-West Pacific region

• The distribution of corals today fits the idea of plate tectonics and continental drift

Sea Level Rise and Fall

• Reefs only grow in warm, clear, shallow water• Sea level fluctuation can be studied by the existence or

non-existence of coral reefs• “The position of fossil reefs in geologic strata are an

accurate indicator of sea level at the time of formation of the reef, because reefs will always grow to the level of low tide” (Reef Education Network 2001)

• 17 cycles of sea level rise and fall over the last two million years

• Can interpret past environments by the formation of reefs

Extinctions and Interruptive Events

• Reef formations altered by three major extinction events– End of the Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous

• Change in global temperature and a drop in sea level that effected a decrease in reef development

• Core drilling of reefs– Can look at fossils in reefs and determine

periods of growth and decline of reefs

Significance of Reefs

• Biologic significance– Home to a huge

assortment of plant and animal life

– Contain 25% of all marine life

• Economic significance– Fishing– Tourists– $375 billion contributed to

the U.S. economy annually

• Artificial Reefs

Threats to Reefs

• Natural– Weather– Natural Disasters

• Humans– The biggest threat to reefs!– Fishing with explosives– Pollution– Global Warming

• Coral Bleaching

References• Adams, Chuck, Lindberg, Bill, Stevely, John. 2006. The Economic Benefits Associated with

Florida’s Artificial Reefs. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FE649

• Agardy, Tundi. 2004. America’s Coral Reefs: Awash with Problems. Issues in Science and Technology. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3622/is_200401/ai_n9371079/print

• Exploring the Environment: Coral Reefs. 2004. Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA supported Classroom of the Future. http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/coralreef/CRmain.html

• Reef Education Network. 2001. Life and Times: Origins. University of Sydney and Tech Talk Australia. http://www.reef.edu.au/contents/lt/fr_origins.html

• Solcomhouse. Coral Reefs. http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm• Thurman, H.V. 1993. Essentials of Oceanography. Macmillian Publishing, New York. 4th

Edition, p. 336-341. http://www.geology.iupui.edu/academics/CLASSES/g130/reefs/EO.htm• Underwater Science Program. 2002. Artificial Reefs of the Florida Keys. Indiana University.

http://www.indiana.edu/~scuba/artificial.html• United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Coral Reef Protection: About Coral

Reefs. http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/coral/about.html• United States Geological Survey. 2005. Coral Reef Facts.

http://coralreefs.wr.usgs.gov/facts1.html• Weisburd, Steve. 1986. Artificial Reefs. Science News.

http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_v130/ai_4326693/print• Wood, Rachel. 2002. Dodging mass extinctions: all around, species were dying off. But in this

Devonian reef, like went on. Why? Natural History. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_01_111/ai_95357574/print

Images• http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm image slide 1• http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/coralreef/CRcoralreefs.html image

slide 1• : www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/faq.htm image slide 3• www.cdnn.info/news/article/a020412.html image slide 4• http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm image slide 6• http://www.geology.iupui.edu/academics/CLASSES/g130/reefs/EO.

htm image slide 7

• http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm images slide 8• http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm images slide 9• www.dailycal.org/printable.php?id=3993 image slide 14• www.gasdetection.com/news2/health_news_digest... Image slide

14• www.science.uts.edu.au/.../karin_ulstrup.html image slide 15