Karl-Erik TillmannMiina Härma Gümnaasium,

Tartu, Estonia

The human enduced CO2 affect both the atmosphere and sea.

Cold water more readily absorbs CO2. Seas become more acid. Effect on phytoplanktons.

◦ Foundation of the aquatic food web

Overfishing occurs when fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level.

About 80% of all fish stocks are already overfished today.

Only 1,2 % of the oceans are protected today.

Over 500 million people depending on the fishing industry.

• Convention of Biological Diversity was established in 1993 and signed by 193 states with aims:

To protect biodiversity. Sustainable use of its components. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from

genetic resources• 2010 - "International Year of Biodiversity" • Nagoya Biodiversity Summit in 18-19 October 2010.

Took place in 18-19 Oct 2010.

Aims:◦ To restore at least 15 % of degraded areas.

◦ To stop and reverse the loss of biodiversity.

◦ To protect 17 % of inland water areas and 10 % of marine-coastal areas.

Aim 1: To restore at least 15 % of degraded areas.

The percentage of land covered by forests has risen from 50.6 % in 2011 to 53.9 % in 2020.400 ha more trees have been planted.Organic farming has risen 12 % since 2011.The number of birds

◦ Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) has increased from 40-50 pairs in 2011 to 100 pairs in 2020.

◦ Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) has increased from 150 pairs in 2011 to 250 pairs in 2020.

Aim 2: To stop and reverse the loss of biodiversity.

The amount of mosses in Lahemaa, a national park of Estonia has increased by 12 %.Three new species of mosses have been discovered.

These are good indicators of the purity of our air.The gut microflora of Estonian infants consists of more different species of microbes.

This protects against allergy – an increasing problem in Western societies.

Aim 3a: To protect 17 % of inland water areas.

The stock of Vendace (Coregonus albula), a very special fish living only in Lake Peipsi, has risen three times since 2011.

The stock of Perch (Perca fluviatilis) in Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärve has risen two times.

Aim 3b: To protect 10% of marine and coastal areas.

The stock of Cod increased until 2018 but then...DISASTER in 21 May, 2018

◦ Nord Stream gas pipeline near Saaremaa exploded and 2.3 billion cubic metres of natural gas leaked in the Baltic Sea.

◦ The sea has still not recovered from this The Cod percentage drops 50 %. Huge amounts of seaweed died. Thousands of seabirds died.

Each country should implement its own national plan to follow the recommendation of the Nagoya convention.

However we are not protected against catastrophies and therefore international collaboration is necessary to prevent and overcome them.