kaleidoscope – divided south – but unified by racism and regional identity agrarian cotton boom...
TRANSCRIPT
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KALEIDOSCOPE – DIVIDED SOUTH –BUT UNIFIED BY RACISM AND REGIONAL
IDENTITYAGRARIAN
COTTON BOOM
The Antebellum South
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Essential Questions: Was slavery profitable? How do cotton and slave holding
shape southern culture? What is the nature of white social
structure? What is the interaction between
white and slave culture like? What are the characteristics of
slave culture? What factors made the South a
“Closed” society? How does southern society contrast
with that developing in the North?
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Slavery and the Nation
“Slavery shaped the lives of all Americans, white as well as black. It helped to determine where they lived, how they worked and under what conditions they could exercise their freedoms of speech, assembly and press.
Northern merchants and manufacturers participated in the slave economy and shared in its profits. Money earned in the cotton trade helped to finance industrial development and internal improvements in the North.” Foner
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Two Souths
Upper South Agriculturally
diverseSlave trade Second Middle
Passage
Lower South Cotton Dependant Opportunity “white gold”
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King Cotton
Great profit but skewed opportunity One way to gain wealth S. remains rural & agrarian – fewer
immigrants – little for free white laborFew/no manufacturing opportunities Single crop dependant Dependant on N. for capital & marketWealthy but fears colonial status and
becoming a minority – how to protect social system = key issue
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Critics: dependence on N.
“The South Grew, But Did Not develop.”
DeBow Need for
diversification1845 – First textile
mill - Richmond
Gregg Need for
industrialization
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Slavery
Primarily a system to control & manage labor
Essential to the profitability of the large plantation
Essential to the social system of the South
25% - slave holding75% non-slave-holding 1-3% = gentry---controls political,
economic and social system
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Southern Agriculture
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18201820
18601860
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Southern Society (1850)Southern Society (1850)Southern Society (1850)Southern Society (1850)
The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]
““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”[plantation owners][plantation owners]
Black FreemenBlack Freemen
Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000
Total US Population --> Total US Population --> 23,000,00023,000,000
[9,250,000 in the South = 40%][9,250,000 in the South = 40%]
6,000,0006,000,000
250,000250,000
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Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
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White Social Structure
Planter Elite – planter = 20 slaves; 800-1000 acres Self made businessmen Chivalry & paternalism “paternal ethos” the “family” – idea “masks
and justifies the brutal reality of slavery” 316
Limited contact w/ slaves (overseers)Plantation Mistress
Isolated Many responsibilities Miscegenation Benefit from slave - holding
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White Social Structure – the plain folk
Yeomen Farmers – 80-160 acres; no slaves
Lack capital & credit Lack access to transportation and
marketing Isolated – geographically & socially Livestock, subsistence farming Limited class conflict –RACISM Ideas of liberty White supremacy
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White Social Structure:
Mountaineers- isolated; autonomous; resented any government and planters
Non-land holding tenant farmers – want land – no capital
Poor whites – virtually no economic opportunity; resent planters; hate slaves/free blacks
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Why support for slave-holding system?
Planter/cotton control of the economic, social & political system
Status anxiety - white supremacyHopes and opportunity Challenge – Helper; Yeomen hurt by
slavery, can’t compete; limits opportunity
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Interaction of the communities
Peculiar Institution = defining of the culture – OURS; superior & unifying
Separate spheres – but bondedSlaves better treatment in US due to
closed slave trade – large natural increase
Characteristics: white to black Paternalism –white supremacy Principle of fear – must control labor
sale & family division; the whip; literacy Commodification – Johnson essay Internal divisions & non-gendered work Incentives
slave codes
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A Real Georgia PlantationA Real Georgia PlantationA Real Georgia PlantationA Real Georgia Plantation
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““Hauling the Whole Week’s Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings” Brown, 1842Pickings” Brown, 1842
““Hauling the Whole Week’s Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings” Brown, 1842Pickings” Brown, 1842
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Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling Housein a Sugar-Boiling House
Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling Housein a Sugar-Boiling House
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Slave Auction Notice, 1823Slave Auction Notice, 1823Slave Auction Notice, 1823Slave Auction Notice, 1823
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The Ledger of John WhiteThe Ledger of John WhiteThe Ledger of John WhiteThe Ledger of John White
Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00
Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy
Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00
Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00
Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00
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Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements
Slave muzzleSlave Master
Brands
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Belled Slave Collar
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Slave leg irons
Slave tag, SC
Slave shoes
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Caricatures
1. “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].
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A Real Mammy & Her ChargeA Real Mammy & Her ChargeA Real Mammy & Her ChargeA Real Mammy & Her Charge
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Fears of the Planter Elite
Slave Revolts – Prosser, Vesey, TurnerLoss of the support of the Yeoman
farmers - HelperIdeas of the abolitionists (1831 –
Garrison and The Liberator) Gag rule
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Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet
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Gabriel Prosser
1800
1822
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A Horrid Massacre in Virginia
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Nat Turner’s Rebellion: A Historical MarkerYou have been commissioned by the state of Virginia Historical Trust to develop an historical marker that will be
placed along the roadside adjacent to the area to the area impacted by Nat Turner and his followers. Your task is to develop the inscription for the marker that describes your interpretation of Nat Turner and his actions. Your inscriptions should take
into account:The specific factors involved in the eventThe various reactions to Nat Turner (artistic, and other)
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Why I came to this decision (What documents most impacted your decisions and why):
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The Richmond Enquirer and Richmond Whig, 1831
Both newspapers were published in a southern city and were read widely by planters throughout the region. Tended to promote the
political views of the upper-class planters who paid to subscribe to
the paper.
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Thomas R. Grey, The Confessions of Nat Turner, 1831
After his capture and arrest on October 30, 1831, Nat Turner was imprisoned in the Southampton County Jail, where he was
interviewed by Thomas R. Gray, a Southern physician, failed planter and
slave owner. Grey stated that only Turner’s words were recorded but in numerous instances Grey’s words appear in the
“Confessions.”
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William S. Drewery, Slave Insurrections in Virginia, 1900
A white Virginian who grew up near the area of the rebellion and descended from a
family of planters and slave owners. He studied Nat Turner for his dissertation at Johns Hopkins. He read lots of primary
sources, interviewed whites and blacks that knew people alive in 1831. He believed that slavery was a good thing that slaves were
happy, and that slaves rarely rebelled.
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John W. Cromwell-“The Aftermath of Nat Turner’s Insurrection,” TheJournal of Negro History, 1920
Born a slave in Portsmouth, Virginia his father purchased the families freedom and sent John to a private school in Philadelphia. He became a teacher,
writer, and political activist. Was one of the first to write in what will eventually be
called African American History.
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Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts, 1943
Hated segregation and racial stereotypes, believed that slavery was exploitive and that slave rebellions occurred frequently. Was a
member of the Communist Party of the United States, and in the 1950s was blacklisted for his beliefs. A committed labor unionist, he
believed that tensions between social classes were important to understanding the past.
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Learning to Think Historically: A Tool for Attacking Historical Sources
Text: What is visible/readable--what information is provided by the source?
Context:
What was going on during the time period? What background information do you have that helps explain the information found in the source?
Subtext:
What is between the lines? Must ask questions about:
Author: Who created the source and what do we know about that person? Audience: For whom was the source created? Reason: Why was this source produced at the time it was produced?
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On the night of 21-22 August 1831, Nat Turner, a slave preacher, began an insurrection some seven miles
west with a band that grew to about 70. They moved northeast toward the Southampton County seat, Jerusalem
(now Courtland), killing about 60 Whites. After two days militiamen and
armed civilians quelled the revolt. Turner was captured on 30 October, tried and convicted, and hanged 11 November; some 30 Blacks were
hanged or expelled from Virginia. In response to the revolt, the General
Assembly passed harsher slave laws and censored abolitionists.
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Slave Rebellions Throughout the Slave Rebellions Throughout the AmericasAmericas
Slave Rebellions Throughout the Slave Rebellions Throughout the AmericasAmericas
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1831
Nat Turner’s Rebellion Garrison – abolitionist ideas – The Liberator Br – abolished slavery throughout the
empire Virginia debate Impact – stifle dissent and increase
advocacy of the pro-slavery ideology -- Southern solidarity and insularity
Lincoln – reasoning to support those who benefit
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Virginia Debate 1831-1832
Issue = gradual emancipation Last open discussion of slave holdingClosed Mind/Closed Society – stifle
dissentShows division of Upper and Lower
South Planter elite ----solidarity (Calhoun) –
creates unity and identity
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Pro-Slavery Arguments“slavery as a positive good” (change in
emphasis) creates stronger control & unity – a perfect hierarchal, orderly society – everyone knows one’s place – creates stability and success
White Supremacy = basis of unityBiblical, political, scientific, economic
and social arguments (Fitzhugh) – key to progress
Contrast w/ “wage slavery” of the NorthNo true freedom for whites w/o slavery Stifle dissent – “closed mind, closed
society”
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Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda
Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda
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Interaction of communities
Characteristics: black to white Dual socializationImpenetrable maskFree blacks
More urban areas Cities – craftsmen more autonomy More in upper South More females More mulattoes More restricted – fragile freedoms – caste Discrimination (true N & S) Negro Convention
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Slave CulturePermits community, growth and
psychological support for survivalUnique – created from African
tradition and American experienceDual socialization – folk tales Impenetrable mask
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Grounding InstitutionsReligionInvisible
institution AME Ring shoutAffirmation and Joy OWN institution spirituals
FamilyNuclear, but within
community Traditional gender
roles - slave qtrsEquality of
powerlessnessNorms w/in culture Kinship/sisterhood
“othermothers” Threats – break up
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Plantation Burial - Antrobus
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Slave Resistance
Revolts – Prosser, Vesey, TurnerEscape – URR Daily resistance; “silent sabotage” Power of community - negotiationCulture and institutions LiteracySupport from free blacks
Negro Convention
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Takaki – A Different Mirror
slave resistance“The reality for many slaves may
have been even more complex than a duality of roles. Some Sambo-like behavior may have been not so much a veil to hide inner emotions as a means of expressing them. Lying, stealing, laziness, immaturity and ignorance all contained within them an aggressive quality; they constituted, in effect, resistance to efficiency, discipline, work and productivity.”
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Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads
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Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages
Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages
The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.
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Ideas of FREEDOM
WhiteHegemonic – owning
and controlling Structured society Freedom – tied to
slave holding systemFreedom = a
privilegeObedienceThe Priestly tradition
Black The ideals of the
declaration The injustice of
slaveryFreedom = a rightConstant goal –
jubilee The ExodusThe Prophetic
tradition
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Political Impact N-S
Cultures quite similar – but defined by diverging cultures yeomen Belief in (and seeking) opportunity – for
white men Belief in democracy Socially egalitarian Evangelical Protestants
Whigs & Democrats – both can be destabilized