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Department of Electronics & Telecommunication EngineeringC.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhuabaneswar

Batch Toppers

Rajesh Kumar Sahoo

Richa Rashmi

Prasant Kumar

Praveen Ku Choudhury

Chandrakanta Moharana

Kishan Kumar

Himanshu Singh

Kshifa Afreen

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Facts are not Science - as the Dictionary is not the Literature

Sir Chandrasekhar Venkat Raman(7 November, 1888 - 21 November, 1970)

Nobel Prize in Physics (1930) : "When light traverses a transparent material, some of the light that is deflected changes in wavelength."

Other Prizes: Knight Bachelors - 1929, Bharat Ratna- 1954, Lenin Peace Prize- 1957

Chief Editor:

Prof. Swagat Nanda

Associate Editors:

Ashish Ku. Bhoi

Shabnam Parween

Monalisa

Saswati Mishra

Soumya Mishra

Suman Pani

Monalisa Banerjee

Abhishek Rath

cvtronics@gmail.comC.V. Raman College of Engg.,

Bhuabaneswar

Sixth Edition May-2012

Sixth Edition May-2012

CONTENTS

The Wrath of a Great Leader

Analysis of the Most Disturbing Element

Moletronics: An invisible Technology

Swarm Intelligence: Natures's own Optimizations technique

Are the laws of Physics really Universal

New ways to reproduce a black hole

Table Salt: Multiple hard Disk Space six times

Aye Robot

Make your own OS in Five Minutes

The true price of Fulel

Campus Interviews: My experience

Best Articles of Creative Writing Competition

How to pursue a project in your Final year

Zero Deflect: Important Aspect to Design

Never Marry to an Engineer

Synthetic brain with the help of nano Technology

Blood batteries

Lan Based Online Examination

Stop Motion Animation

Roll Laptop for future generation

Your thoughts are things

The image of a thwart

So your not get Selected . It's not over

KAIBALYA-2012KAIBALYA-2012

Regd. No. 0801227323

Regd. No. 0801227103

Regd. No. 0801227102

Regd. No. 0901227002

Regd. No. 0901227126

Regd. No. 0901227141

Regd. No. 0901227685

Regd. No. 0901227359

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K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

If the answers to prayer are merely what God wills all along, then why pray? -Dan Barker

Mr. Sanjib Kumar RoutCHAIRMAN

C. V. Raman Group of InstitutionBhubaneswar, Odisha

C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWARC. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWARC. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWARC. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWARC. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

I am immensely glad to know that CVTRONICS Society of our Col-lege is going to publish its annual magazine “KAIBALYA” this year.

The magazine will be a window on to the Electronics and Telecom-munication Department of CVRCE. It will focus on the advancements madein the field of Electronics and will express the creative ideas of the studentsand the staff in the Department.

You can venture to pursue truth only when you dare to dream. Yourdreams may be manifested in the pages of the magazine. I hope, this maga-zine will go a long way in realizing our vision in technical education which wehave cherished all these years. I congratulate all those who have been associated with the publicationof this magazine and wish them all success.

MESSAGE

Mr. Sanjib Kumar RoutChairman, CVRGI

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Freethought is respectable. freethought is crucial. Freethought needs to be publicized. - Dan Barker

C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

Prof.(Dr.) K.C. PatraDirector, CVRCE & CVRCA

MESSAGE

I am happy to know that another volume of your Magazine“KAIBALYA” is being published shortly. Hope this issue will have educa-tive impact on the students and the teachers of Electronics & Tele Commu-nication Engg.

I wish grand success of your endeavour in publishing the magazine.

Prof. (Dr.) K.C. PatraDirector, CVRCE

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Ignorance is th emother of devotion. - Dean Henry Cole

C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

Prof. (Dr.) R. K. DasPRINCIPAL, CVRCE

MESSAGE

It is a great pleasure for me to note the publication of volume VIof Magazine titled “KAIBALYA”, the annual magazine of CVTRONICSSociety. I wish to congratulate the Department of Electronics & Tele Com-munication Engineering for this achievement and hope the magazine willenrich its readers with knowledge in recent advance in the field ofelectronics. Also I hope that the magazine has provided a platform to thecontributors for enhancing their communication skill.

I wish the society grand success in all its endeavour.

Prof. (Dr.) R. K. DasPrincipal

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If atheism is areligion, then health is a disease. - Clark Adams

Prof. (Dr.) P. KabisatpathyDean (PGP & CD) & Professor ETC

C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

MESSAGE

Learning is not compulsory, neither is survival.It is indeed a great pleasure for me to know that the CVTRONICS

Society is going to publish its annual technical magazine, “KAIBALYA, VolVI, May 2012”. The magazine has become a complete package of vision,talent and quest to reach the pinnacle of knowledge and technology.

Blending latest technical information with entertainment is a dauntingtask. But the editors of CVTRONICS society have seamlessly combinedthese in perfect way. I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate allthe editors for such a commendable job.

This magazine is not merely a pack of informatics papers but a culmi-nation of effort and team spirit as well. The plethora of information providedby various faculty members and students of CVTRONICS society will defi-nitely help the readers to nurture their technical insight.

I sincerely hope that the number of contributors would increase everyyear to take the magazine to national level.

Dr. P. KabisatpathyDean, PGP & CD

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Trying to find God is is a good deal like looking for money one has lost in a dream.

Dr. P. KanungoHead, Electronics & Telecommunication Engg.

& Associate Professor, ETC

C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

It is my pleasure to write a message for my department’s magazine “KAIBALYA”. The termMESSAGE is the bread and butter particularly for Communication Engg. students. The goal ofeach and every communication Engineer is to pre and post process transmitted and receivedmessage to avoid the interference and noise. Different messages have different information. Themessage sent by the CVTRONICS society has lots of information because all the activities areunique and new in its nature. The student members of CVTRONICS have put there hundredpercent energy to turn the society vision into reality. The students have done a commendable jobby reviving the wall magazine “RESONANCE” activity. The messages radiated by the wall maga-zine really resonances the mind with correct thinking and vision. This year is the most fruitful yearfor the CVTRONICS society because of the involvement of students in each event of the society.I congratulate the faculties & student members for successfully organizing lots of events underthe banner of CVTRONICS. I am confident that this time the magazine will have an impression onthe mind and heart of readers. I congratulate the Editorial team for their tireless effort and com-mendable job for the current year wall Magazine and the Society magazine “KAIBALYA”. I hopethis year magazine will put its step in a new horizon of thinking and creativity. I also congratulate allthe final year students for their dedication and sincerity in the teaching and learning processesduring their four year tenure, it is hard but worthy. I am confident that all our students will achievetheir dream in very short period of time and they will hold the flag of our institute at very highaltitude. In the same time I want to convey my good wishes to all the final year students.

Thank you all for being a part of CVTRONICS society directly or indirectly.

MESSAGE

Prof. (Dr.) P. KanungoHead, department of ETC

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C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

MESSAGEIt gives us immense pleasure to know that 'CVTRONICS' Society

of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering branch of our college isgoing to publish their annual magazine entitled “ KAIBALYA -2012”.

Performance of Electronics & Telecommunication branch studentshas been quite brilliant and they are also one of the most disciplinedbranches of the college. We are here to inform all the readers that thecurrent (2008-2012) batch students have the excellent placement recordsin the companies like INFOSYS, WIPRO, Capgemini, Syntel, Mphasisetc.. So it is really good experience for these students to publish thismagazine during their busy academic schedule.

We would like to thank the entire individual who are directly or indi-rectly involved in the successful publication of this magazine and hopethat this will uplift your knowledge in all the fields.

We wish best of luck to all pre-final year students for the comingcampus season and the final year students for a successful career intheir respective companies.

Mr. A. K. RoutHead Training & Placement

Mr. D. K. DuttaAsst. T & P Officer

(Mr. A.K. Rout)Head, Trainign & Placement

(Mr. D. Dutta)Dy. T & P Officer

Theology is the effort to expalian the the unknowable in terms of not worth knowing.

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C. V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

MESSAGEToday, the role of technical education is not only to pursue academic

excellence but also to motivate and empower its students to be lifelonglearners, critical thinkers and productive members of an ever-changing globalsociety. The talents, skills and abilities of each student need to be identi-fied, nurtured and encouraged so that he/she is able to reach greaterheights. Students need to be provided with a platform to think, express andexhibit their skills. It is necessary to empower them to negotiate severalissues that confront them with the teacher being a facilitator. CVTRONICStries to provide its members with an atmosphere for multifaceted develop-ment, where they are encouraged to channelize their potential in the pursuitof excellence. The results of such enhancements come in the term of theannual magazine “KAIBALYA”. As the advisor of CVTRONICS I am confi-dent that CVTRONICS always been a beacon of light guiding the destinyof its students. I would like to thank all the members of the society as thiswould not have been possible without their support and commitment.

It is through the ceaseless dedication and commitment of manypeople specially the final year student members and the chief editor forsucceeded in realizing the VI volume of ‘KAIBALYA’.

Mr. Gyanajyoti RoutrayFaculty Advisor, CVTRONICSAsst. Professor, Deptt. of ETC

Mr. Deepak Kumar RoutFaculty Advisor, Tech. Club, CVTRONICS

(Mr. G. Routray)

Nothing exists excpt atoms and empty space; everything else is opinion.

(Mr. D. K. Rout)

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Swagat Nanda

The invisible and the non-existent look very much alike. - Delo Mc Kown

MESSAGE It is yet another achievement for CVTRONICS, the society ofElectronians that its annual technical magazine “KAIBALYA, Vol VI, May2012”, is now in your hands. The publication of this magazine reminds us ofthe pool of talent that we have in our department and sends a message tothe new comers about the kind of expectations and responsibility they willbe bearing in the coming years. The revival of the wall magazine, christenedRESONANCE has gone a long way in establishing the capabilities of oursociety. The wall magazine has provided the students a platform to divulgein various extra-curricular activities and bring more accolades to the societyand department.

The articles included in this magazine not only serves to quenchthe thirst of knowledge but also gives the students hope and opportunity tobecome a multi-faceted human being in life.

I sincerely wish all the best to my final year students and wishthat they make our nation proud in the years to come.

Prof. Swagat NandaEditor-in-Chief, CVTRONICSAsst. Professor, Deptt. of ETC

Swagat Nanda

WELCOME CEREMONYan interaction with freshers .....an interaction with freshers .....

Performance by Freshersduring the Welcome ceremony

Students with Kanungo Sir after Welcome Ceremony

Students at the 2nd years Fresher Party

arranged by CVTRONICS

Welcome ceremony arranged for 1st year students

by CVTRONICS

THE LEISUREEvents Organized by CVTRONICS

Technical Quiz Contest

Farewell to our Seniors

Smruti Dash’s Odishi Danceduring the Welcome ceremony

Creative Writing Competition

MOSTRA TECHNICAThe Technical Model Exhibition

Guests interacting with partcipants

Students explaining their Project

Prof. Aswini Samantaray interacting with the participants

during the Exhibition

Certificate of Appreciation from Prof. Deepak Kumar Rout

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Workshops & Seminarsfor better understanding

Prof. Dr. G. Panda, Deputy Director, IIT, Bhubaneswar

delivering a key note speech on Artificial Intelligence

Seminar on ARM Architechture

Workshop on Autonomous Robotics organized by CVTRONICS society in

collaboration with Robotic Wares

Prof. Nila Madhab Dash presenting a seminar on web designing

Workshops & SeminarsWorkshops & Seminarsfor better understanding

Dr. G. V. Mahesh, from IISc, Bangalore giving a talk at the workshop on

PCB Design & Electronics System Packaging

Dr. Debi Prasad Das, Scientist, IMMT, Bhubaneswargiving a talk to ETC Students during a workshop organised by CVTRONICS

Dr. G.V. Mahesh, IISc, Bangalore at the Workshop on PCB design and Electronics System Packaging

CELEGANCE 2 0 1 2

Robotics Team with the Cosmobot-2012 Arena

Judges & audience during Nukad Final

The winning team of Nukkad during their performance

Emotions at its best during Nukkad

CELEGANCE 2 0 1 2

SPORTS

Judges & Audience during LEAD INDIA event Winning team during FILM-FLAM event

Sports Secretary N. Pawan Kumar in action during Annual Sports Meet-2012

Girls Champion Sneha Mohanta receiving trophy from the dignitaries

LABORATORYpractical makes us perfect

Laboratory Assistants

Mr. Chittaranjan Padhi

Mr. Priyabrata Dash

Mr. Deepak K Jena

Mr. Sanjay Mohanto

Mrs. Banita Pradhan

Mrs. Rashmita Barik

Miss Indiara Priyadarshini

Mr. NIranjan Sahoo Miss Jhuma Nayak

Mr. Sangram Tripathy

they guide & make our work easier

PCB Design Lab Microprocesssor Lab

Digital Signal Processing Lab Besic Electronics Lab

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Average leaders focus on results andthat’s it. Good leaders focus also on thebehaviors that will get the results. And greatleaders focus, in addition, on the emotions thatwill drive these behaviors.

One emotion that shapes our behavioris anger, and Martin Luther King Jr., knew of thepower that came packed in this emotion.

King had reason enough to be provoked,time and again. He was physically threatenedand attacked by bigoted people, repeatedlyjailed by state authorities (sometimes on trivialtraffic violations), harassed by the FBI and evenvilified by fellow black leaders who preferredmore aggressive forms of resistance.

In his autobiography, King wrote aboutthis incident that occurred in 1943: “When I was14, I traveled from Atlanta to Dublin, Georgiawith a dear teacher of mine, Mrs. Bradley (to)participate in an oratorical contest. We were ona bus returning to Atlanta. Along the way, somewhite passengers boarded the bus, and thewhite driver ordered us to get up and give thewhites our seats. We didn’t move quicklyenough to suit him, so he began cursing us. Iintended to stay right in that seat, but Mrs.Bradley urged me up, saying we had to obey

the law. We stood up in the aisle for 90 miles toAtlanta.

That night will never leave my memory. Itwas the angriest I have ever been in my life.”Great leaders often have a strong capacity toexperience anger. It wakes them up and makesthem pay attention to what is wrong in theirenvironment, or in themselves. Without anger,they would not have the awareness or the driveto fix what is wrong.

But they also know the downside ofanger, and wage a firm battle to tame it withinthemselves. One such moment for King camewhen, in December 1955, he led talks with theauthorities in Montgomery, Alabama onnegotiating the end of the bus boycott that washurting both whites and African Americans. Herealized that the whites were not ready to giveup their segregation privileges, the talks wereheading for a stalemate, and, what was more,the other party was trying to portray King as thesole stumbling block to an agreement.

“That Monday I went home with a heavyheart,” he wrote in his autobiography. “I wasweighed down by a terrible sense of guilt,remembering that on two or three occasions Ihad allowed myself to become angry andindignant. I had spoken hastily and resentfully.Yet I knew that this was no way to solve aproblem. ‘You must not harbor anger,’ Iadmonished myself. ‘You must be willing to sufferthe anger of the opponent, and yet not returnanger. You must not become bitter. No matterhow emotional your opponents are, you mustbe calm.’”

How Martin Luther King, Jr. wrestled with anger andwhat you can learn from his example.

- Hitendra Wadhwa

THE WRATH OFA GREAT LEADER

Do what you wish, as long as it harms no one. that include yourself. - Wiccan Creed

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Only by taming his own anger did Kingearn the right to become a messenger ofpeaceful struggle to the people of the nation.An acid test came his way on a night in 1956when his home in Birmingham, Alabama wasbombed by white extremists. In hisautobiography, he wrote: “While I lay in that quietfront bedroom, I began to think of theviciousness of people who would bomb myhome. I could feel the anger rising when Irealized that my wife and baby could have beenkilled. I was once more on the verge of corrodinghatred. And once more I caught myself and said:‘You must not allow yourself to become bitter’.”

That night, he didn’t just quell his ownstirring for vengeance, but also that of therestless and roused masses who were outsidehis house, angered and ready to strike a blowat the establishment until they were soothed andmoved by his words: “We are not advocatingviolence. We want to love our enemies. I wantyou to love our enemies. Be good to them. Lovethem and let them know that you love them.”

But don’t get me wrong. In thesemoments, he wasn’t trying to crush his anger, orthat of his people. He was trying to channel itinto a higher purpose.

In September 1962, as King sat on thestage during an Southern Christian LeadershipConvention, a white member of the Nazi partyjumped up to the podium and punched himseveral times in the face. As the security guardsrushed to his help and pulled away the hate-filledyouth, King responded, calmly, that he would notpress charges. In response, he said in Martin

Luther King on Leadership: “The system that welive under creates people such as this youth.I am not interested in pressing charges. I’minterested in changing the kind of system thatproduces this kind of man.”

Great leaders do not ignore their anger,nor do they allow themselves to get consumedby it. Instead, they channel the emotion intoenergy, commitment, sacrifice, and purpose.They use it to step up their game. And they infusepeople around them with this form of constructiveanger so they, too, can be infused with energycommitment, sacrifice and purpose. In thewords of King in Freedomways magazine in1968, “The supreme task [of a leader] is toorganize and unite people so that their angerbecomes a transforming force.”

So now, what is your relationship with anger?Are there situations that you’re ignoring orminimizing that instead should rouse you up?For instance, when your organization is notdelivering products on time, customers aren’tbeing given the experience they should, topmanagement isn’t taking action on a festeringissue, or you’re not changing a habit that isderailing you? In such cases, how might youbenefit from getting in touch with yourfeelings of anger, frustration, ordisappointment and channeling them into ahigher purpose?Or is anger in fact a frequent visitor in yourinner home? In such situations, does angercontrol you, or do you control it?Do you sense when others around you areangry, or when anger in fact needs to beignited within them so they get all fired up for

Moral Indignation - jealously with a halo. - H.G. Knowles

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the right reasons? Do you help them channelit into positive action?

In my personal leadership class atColumbia Business School, we discuss specifictechniques all of us can use to master anger.Some of these involve behaviors such as deepbreathing or hitting the pause button in a heatedargument, while others involve reframing thesituation and challenging your own thoughts.King was a master at challenging and re-sculpting his thoughts, and he was doing exactlythat on that dark day in 1956 when his housewas bombed, “And once more I caught myselfand said: ‘You must not allow yourself to becomebitter’.”

I’ll end this column with the words ofanother great leader, the one who taught MartinLuther King, Jr. his signature technique ofpeaceful struggle, Mahatma Gandhi. “I havelearnt through bitter experience the onesupreme lesson to conserve my anger, and asheat conserved is transmuted into energy, evenso our anger controlled can be transmuted intoa power that can move the world.” (Young Indiajournal, September 1920.)

May the force of constructive anger be with you.

Source:

Almost all the technical or professionalinstitutions have a project term in the final yearor pre-final year. The aim of the project is todesign or develop a prototype system whichcould solve one of the day to day life problemsof human need. But in my years of experience Ifound that in Bhubaneswar lots of project sellingorganizations are mushrooming and they areapproaching different institutions andadvertising for B.Tech projects. The questionarises how they are carrying out the projects andwho are the persons guiding the students? Isthe student learning properly by purchasing aproject from this project selling organizations?How to create an interest among the studentsto do a good project which will serve the goal ofthe project in curriculum? How to pursue aproject with the available resources?

The project is a modification of existingsolution to increase efficiency or reliability or todevelop a new practical solution to a real worldproblem it may be a theoretical (simulated) orhardware (practical) work. Then the nextquestion arises that how would you know thatsomething is new? How will you validate thatwhat you are doing or thinking is in the line ofcorrect formulation or direction? Is a guide isnecessary or not? How much time should bespent? Is hardware project good than simulationproject? How to choose a problem to do aproject? Why project is important? What are the

Hitendra Wadhwa is a professor at Columbia BusinessSchool, where he teaches a popular class on personalleadership, and founder of the Institute for PersonalLeadership. He has also worked at McKinsey &Company, and founded Paramark, an online marketingfirm. @hitendraw

Contributed by :Dr. P. Kanungo,Head, Department of ETC,CVRCE, Bhuabneswar

HOW TO PURSUE APROJECT IN

YOUR FINAL YEAR- (Dr.) P. Kanungo

When belief in God dies, the god dies. - Harlon Ellision

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faith is often the boast of the man who is too lazy to investigate. - F.M. Knowles

parameters that affects during the evaluation?Many more questions may be in your mind whenyou come across th e pre-final year. I have triedmy best to answer these questions to my projectstudents. They have also few other questions tome i.e why are we struggling? Sir, we arestruggling but probably we could not completethe project before the deadline. Therefore itmotivates me to write an article regarding howto carry out the project in final year?

You should be happy to do a project notby compulsion, because it is mandatory incurriculum. In a more practical sense, if youfound your undergraduate classes a drag, youdidn’t enjoy the process of learning the newsubjects in your curriculum or if you found thesubjects going tough and the concepts difficultto understand, perhaps a project in the samefield is not the best thing for you. If you reallywant to enjoy doing the project, I wouldrecommend switching fields and picking up anarea that you find interesting – it should piqueyour curiosity and make you want to learn more.Once you are inspired by your curiosity probablythe question for how much time you shoulddevote for the project is an invalid question. Donot expect to complete a world class projectwithin a very short time frame. A “small” projectalso takes time even if after a constant effortand dedication.

Before doing a project, first identify theproblem in which you want to do a project. Isyour solution a different one or new than thealready available one. Let us consider a projectof a “A remote Car”. Lots of remote cars areavailable in market, then what you want to do?Is your project is better in terms of controlling or

less power consumption or low cost or one ofthe point which really interesting for user. Hencebefore doing the project you should haveknowledge about the solutions already availablefor that particular problem. To acquire knowledgeabout this you have to go through the recentliteratures, magazines, technical reports etc.When you will search the area of your interestyou will acquire knowledge in other related areawhich you have not learned in the regular coursecurriculum. These new information andknowledge domain will help you to attack theproblem in a better recent technological way.

The most difficult step during theundergraduate project work is to define asolvable problem. I mean to say that the problemthat you define should be solvable not only in aglobal sense, but in particular, it should besolvable by you within a semester (time islimited). This is where guidance from yourproject guide comes in to picture, especiallywhen you first start out on doing project (moreon this later). The supervisor usually has a broadknowledge, and can tell what problems are likelyto be interesting and solvable. If your projectarea is closely with your project guide’s area,then he or she probably also has a good ideaabout your abilities. So you would either definean interesting problem on your own, or define itwith the help of your supervisor, and then startworking on it. Hence, a guide is more useful, atleast in initial stage of the project. The mainthings a guide can bring to you would be to pointyou in a fruitful direction of completion research.However, keep in mind that what you do is notgoing to be a valid project if your guide spoon-feeds you through the process of doing project.

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I don’t really miss God but I sure miss santa Clus ! - Courtney Love

The goal for any student should be toeventually become an independent thinker andcan be able to solve the problem independently.Again choosing a hard ware or simulationproject depends on your strength i.e. thefollowing points (a) analytical/mathematicalinclination (b) ability to build things and (c) aknack for making things work.

It may happens that you may stuck at apoint and may feel that time is passing away. Inthis point first, ask yourself why you are stuck –whether it is because you don’t have enoughinformation or because the problem is basicallydifficult. If it is the former, you can try to lookaround and see if you can find a good referencethat will explain a bit more about the problemyou are looking into, and see if you can get somehints about how to solve the problem. Identifyingwhen the problem is basically difficult orunsolvable is actually not easy – you will have tomake a judgment call on it, and hope that youare right! Your project guide will also help you totake a decision at this point.

The final step of the project is selling yourproject it means getting a good score duringthe evaluation. Therefore the final step is alsoequally important like the previous steps. Thefinal step is the project report, slides and yourpresentation skills in front of the projectevaluation team. Obviously your examiners willread the thesis. They will be experts in thegeneral field of your thesis but, on the exact topicof your thesis, you are the world expert. Keepthis in mind: you should write to make the topicclear to a reader who has not spent most of thelast three years thinking about it. Your projectreport may be consulted by future workers in your

laboratory who will want to know, in detail, whatyou did. More commonly project reports are nowstored in an entirely digital form. These may bestored as .pdf files on a server at your instituteLibrary. The advantage is that your thesis canbe consulted much more easily by the peopleworking in the same project around the world. Itis often helpful to have someone other than yoursupervisor read some sections of the report,particularly the introduction and conclusionchapters. It may also be appropriate to ask othermembers of staff to read some sections of thethesis which they may find relevant or of interest,as they may be able to make valuablecontributions. In either case, only give themrevised versions, so that they do not waste timecorrecting your grammar, spelling, poorconstruction or presentation.

If you use a result, observation orgeneralisation that is not your own, you mustusually state where in the scientific literature thatresult is reported. The only exceptions are caseswhere every researcher in the field alreadyknows it: dynamics equations need not befollowed by a citation of Newton, circuit analysisdoes not need a reference to Kirchoff. Theimportance of this practice in science is that itallows the reader to verify your starting position.Good referencing allows us to check thefoundations of your additions to the structure ofknowledge in the discipline, or at least to tracethem back to a level which we judge to bereliable. Good referencing also tells the readerwhich parts of the thesis are descriptions ofprevious knowledge and which parts are youradditions to that knowledge. In a thesis/ projectreport, written for the general reader who has

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K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

Many people would rather die than think; in fact most do. - Bertrand Russel

little familiarity with the literature of the field, thisshould be especially clear. It may seem temptingto leave out a reference in the hope that a readerwill think that a nice idea or a nice bit of analysisis yours. I advise against this gamble. Thereader will probably think: “What a nice idea—Iwonder if it’s original?”. The reader can probablyfind out via the net or the library.

If you are writing in the passive voice, youmust be more careful about attribution than ifyou are writing in the active voice. “The samplewas prepared by heating yttrium...” does notmake it clear whether you did this or whetherRam did it. “I prepared the sample...” is clear.Short, simple phrases and words are oftenbetter than long ones. The text must be clear.Good grammar and thoughtful writing will makethe thesis easier to read.

Writing a thesis/ project report is not asimple task. I always tell to my postgraduate andundergraduate students that: “you should telleveryone that it’s going to be unpleasant, that itwill mess up your lives”, that they will have togive up their friends and their social lives for awhile. It’s a tough period for almost everystudent.” It is certainly hard work, it will probablybe stressful and you will have to adapt yourrhythm to it. It is also an important rite of passageand the satisfaction you will feel afterwards iswonderful.

On behalf of all the faculties and staffs ofour department, I wish all final year B.Tech andM.Tech students a good luck!

I welcome you to the most unique class of

modern chemistry in this millennium. We will analyze

today the most disturbing element so disturbing that it

has not yet been placed in the periodic table. Mendeleev

found it so disturbing that he refused to acknowledge

the existence of this element. So much history, now

let’s begin with the details.

Symbol: - Bb

Atomic number: - 420

Atomic weight: - variable

CHEMICAL EQUATION:

Back chair + student - attention = back bencher

OCCURRENCE:

a) Front row in cinema hall

b) Everywhere except classroom

c) In college canteen

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

i) Tries to look like a film star

ii) Generally busy in disturbing his/her classmates

iii) Always steals nervous glances at his/her watch during

class

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

i) Sensitive to movies

ii) Teacher’s words are all Greek-n-latin to him/her

iii) Reacts with chalk to make cartoons on the

blackboard or to throw

USES:

i) Helpful to canteen owners

ii) Serves as headache to teachers

iii) Good consumer of his/her parents money

ANALYSIS OF THEMOST DISTURBING ELEMENT

- Prasanta Kumar2nd Year

15

K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

In the brain of every religious person there is a god shaped vaccum. - jeremy Konopka

A part from performance, feature, costetc. an important aspect of product is reliability.A product must be consistent in terms ofperformance and should never fail. The ageingeffect, tolerance of components as well asreasonable variation in power supply voltageand ambient temperature must be consideredto ensure consistent performance withinpermissible drift. But the failure modes ofcomponents must be understood to ensure zerofailure with appropriate design and fabrication.

Why a device fails?Sound knowledge on construction of the

device and how it works gives the answer. Thedata sheet of a device specifies its physicaldimension, performance parameters and safetylimits. Adequate knowledge of circuit analysis,failure mode, and interpretation of the datasheet and fabrication technique leads to goodengineering design.

The failure mode of components may bebroadly classified as Electrical Failure andMechanical Failure.

Electrical failure is mainly due tooverheating and over voltage. The electronicscomponents fail when exposed to operatingconditions beyond the maximum permissiblelimits as specified by the manufacturer. As athumb rule in design, actual operating conditionshould be less than half of the maximum limitspecified and we should never go for borderline design.

Mechanical failure is due to excessmechanical stress. The reason is mishandlingand improper component mounting. Also shock,vibration and expansions of components dueto heat generated during operation results invariable mechanical stress on the components.All these can be taken care of with appropriatefabrication technique.

The most common failure in the resistoris open or high value. This is due to over heatingor physical damage at the terminal junction dueto excess mechanical stress. Relating toelectrical failure, the most importantspecifications of a resistor is its resistance andpower rating. While designing a circuit, we mustestimate the worst case power dissipation bythe resistor and then choose a resistor withpower rating at least more than double of that.For example if we design LED indicator for 12V,the resistance would be 1kohm with powerdissipation 100mW. Thus a 1kohm resistor with250mW rating would be adequate.

Common failure in capacitor is bothopen as well as short. An open is basically dueto physical damage at the terminal junction.Short circuit results from burning or rupture ofthe dielectric due to over voltage. Apart from thecapacitance, an important specification of thecapacitor is WVDC, the working voltage dc. Sowe must choose a capacitor with WVDC atleast more than twice the worst case maximumoperating voltage across the capacitor.

Important specification of inductor iscurrent rating along with inductance value. Incircuit design, the worst case current throughthe inductor must be estimated and inductor withhigher current carrying must be chosen. Failure

ZERO DEFECTS:IMPORTANT ASPECT TODESIGN

- Monalisa (Final Year)

16

K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

Science without religion is lame, religion withiout science is blind. - Albert Einstein

common to inductor is open due to excesscurrent or physical damage. Often a short alsoresults because of damage in insulation.

Coming to semiconductor devices, thefirst entity is diode. It fails both in forward andreverse mode due to excess heat. Even beyondreverse breakdown voltage the diode canoperate safely if the current is limited so thatthe power rating is not exceeded. This is howzener diode works. The extreme limit of powerthat the diode can handle is indicated on boththe sides of the dynamic characteristic as “burnout” point. For general purpose diode themaximum limit in forward mode is specified interms of IFmax, and in reverse mode as PIV.

During design, it must be ensured that,the worst case forward current and reversevoltage should be well below the above limits.In case of zener diode, in reverse mode, thezener voltage and the maximum zener currentare the key specification and an appropriatecurrent limiting resistor should be chosen to limitthe zener current. Similarly, for transistorimportant maximum limits are ICmax, VCEmax,PCmax and VCBOmax(for CE mode) whichdictates that the transistor should be chosensuch that the worst case collector current, supplyvoltage, maximum collector power andmaximum collector to base reverse voltageshould respectively be well within the abovelimits.

Same principle can be extended to othersemiconductor devices. Due to excess heat andburning effect, both short and open at junctionis quite common to semiconductor devices.

PCB design is another important aspect.Holes should be made as per the componentdimension so that when mounted, thecomponent terminals are not under mechanicalstress. As a standard rule ICs and othersemiconductor devices should be mountedaway from heat generating components. Togeneralize, high voltage and high frequencycircuits should be grouped near the connectorand low voltage and low frequency circuits awayfrom them. Track width to carry desired current,sharpness to prevent arching, gap to preventcross talk and routing are other importantaspects of good PSB design. Often a hole maybe made beneath a high wattage componentto enhance air cooling.

Poor soldering is yet another cause ofproduct failure. Before advent of machinesoldering, it was estimated that, more than ninetypercent of defects were due to dry soldering.The condition is annoying when the defect isintermittent in nature because of dry solderingand it is too difficult to debug. Since machinesoldering is viable only for large scaleproduction, good soldering is still a challengefor small scale manufacturers. A concave andshining solder joint is a first indication of goodsoldering. Good solder (63% tin, 37% lead), flux,chemically clean component surface,appropriate temperature (220±20oC), wellmaintained soldering iron and solderingtechnique itself are the elements of goodsoldering.

Fabrication technique also plays a vitalrole to minimize failure. The mechanical jointsmust be robust and never loose. Simultaneouslyno component should be under mechanical

17

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When god wish to punish us, they answer our prayers. - Oscar wilde

stress. Flush mounting is advised for low powercomponents where as lifted mounting isrecommended for high wattage components.Lifted mounting helps better heat dissipation.When heat sink is used to enhance heatdissipation, heat sink paste must be used toensure adequate area of contact between thedevice and heat sink. Since mechanical shockand static voltage is highly dangerous forMOSFETs they must be handled carefully andwith anti static work stations. These are a fewof the many aspects of engineering a goodproduct. It only considers the basic steps toarrest failure and has not dealt with performancecriteria.

Even every element discussed above isa big chapter by itself and may be discussedlater with more detail. However this discussionmay be taken as a first step to explore goodengineering practices to ensure zero defects.

A s a scientific advancement, the searchfor a viable successor to silicon computertechnology has garnered considerable curiosityin the last decade. The latest idea, and one ofthe most intriguing, is known as molecularcomputers, or moletronics, in which singlemolecules serve as switches, “quantum wires”a few atoms thick serve as wiring, and thehardware is synthesized chemically from thebottom up.

The central thesis of moletronics is thatalmost any chemically stable structure that isnot specifically disallowed by the laws ofphysics can in fact be built.

An “assembler”, which is little more thana submicroscopic robotic arm can be built andbe controlled. We can use it to secure andposition compounds in order to direct theprecise location at which chemical reactionsoccur. This general approach allows theconstruction of large, atomically precise objectsby initiating a sequence of controlled chemicalreactions. James M. Tour of Rice University isworking on the construction of a molecularcomputer. Researchers at Zyvex have proposedan Exponential Assembly Process that mightimprove the creation of assemblers andproducts, before they are even simulated in thelab.

Teramac computer has the capacity toperform 1012 operations in one seconds but ithas 220,000 hardware defects and still hasperformed some tasks 100 times faster than

MOLETRONICS:An Invisible Technology

- Amit Abhisek (Final Year)

The bear was white because it was a polarbear. The only place on earth where a bear can gosouth, west and north equal distances and end upwhere it started is the North Pole.

Actually, the bear could go west 2 or 5 kmsinstead of one & it would not make any difference —the bear would be making a circle around the NorthPole. East and West you travel along parallels whichare circles equidistant from the poles. North andSouth you travel along meridians which are circlesthat cross both the north and the south poles.

Answer to Bear Puzzle:

18

K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

Somewhere, something is incredible is waiting to beknown. -Dr. Carl Sagan

single-processor. The defect-tolerant computerarchitecture and its implications for moletronicsis the latest in this technology. Such a ‘defect-tolerant’ architecturethrough moletronics could bridge the gapbetween the current generation of microchipsand the next generation of molecular-scalecomputers.

Recently, there have been somesignificant advances in the fabrication anddemonstration of individual molecular electronicwires and diode switches. Some novel designsfor several such simple molecular electronicdigital logic circuits, a complete set of threefundamental logic gates: (AND, OR, and XORgates), plus and adder function built up from thegates via the well-known combinational logicwas demonstrated. This means in coming futurethis technology could be a replacement for VLSI.However, currently, this technology is onlyavailable under lab condition. Currently,integrated circuits by etching silicon wafersusing beam of light. It’s the VLSI lithography-based technology makes mass production ofPentium III processor possible. But as the sizeof logic block goes to nano-scale, thistechnology no long available.

One possibility is to synthesize complexmolecules whose arms can be separatelycontacted to provide the same electrical input/output of conventional logic gates. Anotherpossibility is to create a programmableinterconnected network of nanoparticles andmolecular entities (“nanocells”).

Moletronic circuit—QCA basicsWe discuss an approach to computing

with quantum dots, Quantum-dot CellularAutomata (QCA), which is based on encodingbinary information in the charge configuration

of quantum-dot cells. The interaction betweencells is Coulombic, and provides the necessarycomputing power. No current flows betweencells and no power or information is deliveredto individual internal cells. Localinterconnections between cells are provided bythe physics of cell-cell interaction.Fundamental Aspects of QCA

A QCA cell consists of 4 quantum dotspositioned at the vertices of a square andcontains 2 extra electrons. The configuration ofthese electrons is used to encode binaryinformation. The 2 electrons sitting on diagonalsites of the square from left to right and right toleft are used to represent the binary “1” and “0”states respectively. For an isolated cell these 2states will have the same energy. However foran array of cells, the state of each cell isdetermined by its interaction with neighboringcells through the Coulomb interaction.

If the barriers between cells aresufficiently high, the electrons will be welllocalized on individual dots. The Coulombrepulsion between the electrons will tend tomake them occupy antipodal sites in the squareas shown in figure above. For an isolated cellthere are two energetically equivalentarrangements of the extra electrons which wedenote as a cell polarization P = +1 and P = -1. The term “cell polarization” refers only tothis arrangement of charge and does not implya dipole moment for the cell. The cellpolarization is used to encode binary informationP = +1 represents a binary 1 and P = -1represents a binary 0.

The two polarization states of the cell willnot be energetically equivalent if other cells arenearby. Consider two cells close to one anotheras shown in the inset of Fig. The figure insetillustrates the case when cell 2 has a polarization

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K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

Science is organised knowledge, wisdom is organised life. - Immanuel Kant.

of +1. It is clear that in that case the ground-state configuration of cell 1 is also a +1polarization. Similarly ifcell 2 is in the P = -1state, the ground stateof cell 1 will match it.The figure shows thenonlinear response ofthe cell-cell interaction.Interconnection: nanotube

Today, one way to pack transistors moredensely on a chip is to make the alreadymicroscopic wires smaller and thinner. But thewires are approaching the thickness of a fewhundred atoms. Once wires get down to onlyseveral atoms thick, says IBM researcherPhaedon Avouris, they blow up when you try tosend electrical signals through them. Nanotubesdon’t. A carbon nanotube is a tubular form ofcarbon with a diameter as smaller as 1 nm. Thelength can be from a few nanometers to severalmicrons. It is made of only carbon atoms. Tounderstand the CNT’s structure, it helps toimagine folding a two-dimensional graphenesheet. Depending on the dimensions of thesheet and how it is folded, several variations ofnanotubes can arise.

These cylindrical carbon molecules haveunusual properties, which are valuable fornanotechnology, electronics, optics and otherfields of materials science and technology. Inparticular, owing to their extraordinary thermalconductivity and mechanical and electricalproperties, carbon nanotubes may findapplications as additives to various structuralmaterials.

Their name is derived from their long,hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon called graphene.These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete

(“chiral”) angles, and the combination of therolling angle and radius decides the nanotubeproperties; for example, whether the individualnanotube shell is a metal or semiconductor.

Most single-walled nanotubes (SWNT)have a diameter of close to 1 nanometer, witha tube length that can be many millions of timeslonger. Thestructure of a SWNTcan beconceptualized bywrapping a one-atom-thick layer ofgraphite calledgraphene into aseamless cylinder. The way the graphene sheetis wrapped is represented by a pair of indices(n,m) called the chiral vector. The integer’s nand m denote the number of unit vectors alongtwo directions in the honeycomb crystal latticeof graphene.

If m = 0, the nanotubes are called zigzagnanotubes, and if n = m, the nanotubes arecalled armchair nanotubes. Otherwise, they arecalled chiral.

Double-walled carbon nanotubes(DWNT) form a special class of nanotubesbecause their morphology and properties aresimilar to those of SWNT but their resistanceto chemicals is significantly improved. This isespecially important when functionalization isrequired (this means grafting of chemicalfunctions at the surface of the nanotubes) toadd new properties to the CNT. In the case ofSWNT, covalent functionalization will breaksome C=C double bonds, leaving “holes” inthe structure on the nanotube and, thus,modifying both its mechanical and electricalproperties. In the case of DWNT, only the outerwall is modified.

20

K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

Men love to wonder, and that is the seed of science. - Ralph Waldo Emerson

Advantages and Disadvantages ofMoletronics

Currently Transistors cannot be stacked,which makes them quite inefficient Moleculartechnology will be able to add a 3rd dimension.

It requires femtoseconds switchingtimes. So it is very fast. It has a very smallersize and it has fault tolerance capability.Molecular electronics must still be integratedwith Silicon.Among the important issues is thedetermination of the resistance of a singlemolecule (both theoretical and experimental).

It is difficult to perform directcharacterization since imaging at the molecularscale is often impossible in many experimentaldevices.

Conclusion

But irrespective of these problems a‘defect-tolerant’ architecture through moletronicscould bridge the gap between the currentgeneration of microchips and the nextgeneration of molecular-scale computers.

The field of molecular electronics seeksto use individual molecules to perform functionsin electronic circuitry now performed bysemiconductor devices. Individual moleculesare hundreds of times smaller than the smallestfeatures conceivably attainable bysemiconductor technology. Because of the areataken up by each electronic element thatmatters, electronic devices constructed frommolecules will be hundreds of times smaller thantheir semiconductor-based counterparts.Moreover, individual molecules are easily madeexactly the same by the billions and trillions.

He : Hi dear, I am logged in. She : Have you brought a sari.He : bad command or file name.She : But I told U about it in the morningHe : Erroneous syntax, retry cancelShe : Forget it! Where is your salary?He : File in use, read only, try laterShe : At least give me your credit card.

I can do some shoppingHe : Sharing violation, access deniedShe : I made a mistake marrying youHe : Data type mismatch.She : you are useless.He : By default. She : Who was there with U in d car this morningHe : System unstable,

press < ctrl >, <alt > ,< del > to rebootShe : Would you like to have some snacks.He : Hard disk full.She : what is the relation between U and your receptionist?He : The only user with write permission.She : Of what value is my presence in ur life?He : Unknown virus detected.She : You love me or your computer.He : Too many parameters.She : I will go to my dad’s house.He : Program performed illegal operation,

it will close.She : I will leave you forever.He : Close all programs & logout for anotherShe : It is worthless talking to you.He : Shut down the computer.She : I am going.He : It’s now safe to turn off your computer.

Never marry toa Software Engineer

- Suraj Kumar (2nd Year)

21

K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

Men are probably nearer the central truth in their science. henry david Thoreau

Swarm intelligence, which can beconsidered as a branch of Artificial Intelligencetechniques has attracted much attention ofresearchers, and has been applied successfullyto solve a variety of problems. A swarm canbe viewed as a group of agents cooperatingwith certain behavioural pattern to achievesome goal. There are a number of differentmodels of swarm intelligence that have beenproposed and investigated, and among themost commonly used swarm intelligencemodels include Ant Colony Optimization(ACO),Particle Swarm Optimization,Honey BeeSwarming and Bacterial foraging.

In general, swarm intelligence deals withmodelling of the collective behaviours of simpleagents interacting locally among themselves,and their environment, which leads to theemergence of a coherent functional globalpattern. These models are inspired by thesocial behaviour of insects and other animals.From the computational point of view, swarmintelligence models are computing algorithmsthat are useful for undertaking distributedoptimization problems. The fundamentalprinciple of swarm intelligence hinges onprobabilistic-based search algorithms. Allswarm intelligence models exhibit a number ofgeneral properties.

Each entity of the swarm is made of asimple agent. Communication among agents isgenerally indirect and short. Cooperationamong agents is realised in a distributedmanner without a centralised controlmechanism. These properties make swarmintelligence models easy to be realised andextended, such that a high degree of robustnesscan be achieved. In other words, the entireswarm intelligence model is simple in nature.However, the collective colony-level behaviourof the swarm that emerges out of theInteractions are useful in achieving complexgoals.

The basic principles:

Proximity:The ability to perform simple computation oftime and space so as to respond toenvironmental stimuli.

Quality:The ability to respond to quality factors,e.g. foodand safety.

Diverse Response: The ability to distributeresources and to safeguard againstenvironmental changes.

Stability: The ability to maintain the groupbehaviour against every fluctuation in theenvironment.

Adaptability: The ability to change the groupbehaviour that leads to better adaptation to theenvironment.

Swarm Inteligence:Nature’s ownOptimisation Technique

- Sabnam Parween (FinalYear)

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K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

Science is the cementary of dead ideas. - Miguel de Unamuno

Three commonly used swarm intelligencemodels are described as follows:

Ant Colony Optimization:Ant colony optimization was proposed

by Dorigo.It was inspired by the socialbehaviour and routing technique of ants insearch of food. Ants are able to establish theshortest path from their colony to their foodsources and back. When searching for food,ants first wander around their environmentrandomly. Upon finding food, they return to theircolony while laying a trail of chemical substancecalled pheromone along their path. Other antswill detect the trail of pheromone and follow thepath. In the process, more pheromone isdeposited along the path. The richer the trail ofpheromone alonga path, the more likely otherants will detect and follow the path. In otherwords, ants tend to choose the paths markedby the strongest pheromone concentration. Thepheromone along a shorter path will bereinforced quicker because when other antsfollow the path. They keep adding theirpheromone and making the pheromone depositstronger before it evaporates. As a result, theshortest path between the ant colony and thefood source will emerge eventually.

Particle Swarm OptimizationInspired by the social behaviour of bird

flocking and fish schooling, particle swarmoptimization is an evolutionary computationmodel that has its roots in artificial life.It wasfirst proposed by Eberhart and Kennedy. Unlike

the genetic algorithm, particle swarmoptimization does not utilise filtering operatorssuch as crossover and mutation in searchingfor solutions. Instead, it utilizes a population ofparticles that”fly” through a multi-dimensionalsearch space with given velocities. Eachparticle encodes a single intersection of allsearch dimensions. The associated positionand velocity of each particle are randomlygenerated. At each generation, the velocity ofthe particle is stochastically adjusted accordingto the historical best position for the particleitself and the neighbourhood best position. Thisis accomplished by using some fitnessevaluation function. The movement of eachparticle evolves to an optimal or near-optimalsolution.

Bee Colony Optimization:A behavioural model of self-organization

for a colony of honey bees was proposed bySeeley. It was inspired by the foragingbehaviours of bees. Foraging bees are sent outfrom their colony to search for promising foodsources (flower patches). Upon finding a goodfood source, a foraging bee returns to the hiveand informs its hive mates via a waggle dance.The mystery of bee waggle dances wasdecoded by Von Frisch. In essence, the waggledance is a communication tool with other bees.The foraging bee conveys three pieces ofimportant information to other bees through thewaggle dance, i.e., the distance, the direction,and the quality of the food source. In particular,the foraging bee uses this waggle dance as a

23

K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

means to convince other bees to be followersand to go back to the food source. It is believedthat the recruitment of bees is a function of thequality of the food source. As a result, morebees are attracted to more promising foodsources. Such a strategy is deployed by the beecolony to obtain quality food in a fast and efficientmanner.

Application and Implementation of SwarmIntelligence:

Ant colony optimization and its variantshave been applied to tackle variousoptimization problems. Application areas of antcolony optimization based models includetravelling salesman problem, network routing,graph colouring, shortest common supersequence, quadratic assignment, machinescheduling, vehicle routing, multiple knapsack,frequency assignment, as well as sequentialordering.

In the power systems area, particleswarm optimization has been applied to tacklea wide variety of problems, such as reactivepower and voltage control, economic dispatch,power system reliability and security, generationexpansion problem, state estimation, load flowand optimal power flow, and power systemidentification and control.

The ACO and PSO techniques are usefulfor undertaking a variety of problems inbioinformatics, e.g. clustering of geneexpression data, molecular docking problem,

multiple sequence alignment problems,construction of phylogenetic trees, RNAsecondary structure prediction, proteinsecondary structure prediction and fragmentassembly problem.

Bee colony optimization has been usedto undertake complex transportation tasks,e.g.,the Ride-Matching problem, data mining,vehicle routing, telecommunication networkrouting, water resources managementproblems, economic power dispatch etc.

Conclusion:These optimisation techniques are highly

efficient and can be used to several optimisationproblems faced in real time systems.Nevertheless, challenges that relate to onlinerealization, robustness, generalization, as wellas the disaster problem due to increasingcomplexity of optimization problems need to beaddressed in future implementation

Solution to Locker Puzzle:

Only the lockers numbered

1, 4, 9, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169,196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484,529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961will be open.

These are the square numbers, and only thosewill be open at the end. You can check.

So, there will be 31 lockers open finally.

Science is what you know. Phylosophy is what you don’t know. - B. russel

24

K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

On the soft bed of luxury most kingdoms have expired. Robert Frost

There are many ongoing researchers allover the world with the purpose of creating asynthetic (artificial) brain, and one of the mostpromising scientific researches comes fromthe University of Southern California wherescientists managed to create a carbonnanotube synapse circuit whose behavior intests was able to reproduce the function of aneuron, the building block of the brain thattransmits information via synapses. Carbonnanotubes, the extremely small molecularstructures of carbon have so far showed bigpotential in several different scientific fields andnow the scientists have showed that they canbe also used to create a synapse, which is animportant step towards the creation of syntheticbrain.

Of course we are talking here about thevery early stage of development, and sciencewill certainly need lot more researches beforebeing able to successfully create synthetic brainsimply because our brain has more than 100

billion neurons. Professor Alice Parker said that“the actual development of a synthetic brain,even a functional brain area is decades away,and she believes that the first hurdle that scienceneeds to overcome is to create solution forreproducing the brain plasticity in thecircuits.The scientific challenge in creating thesynthetic brain almost looks impossible from thecurrent point of view because the human braincontinually produces new neurons, makes newconnections and adapts throughout life. In otherwords, complexity at its very best!

Nanotechnology might be an answer tothis complexity but such major discovery is atleast couple of decades away. The creation ofsynthetic brain could have an extremely largespan of usefulness from healing the traumaticbrain injuries to developing intelligent cars thatwould maximally protect driver.

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Synthetic Brain with thehelp of Nano-Technology

- Parag Somani (2nd Year)

25

K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

Shallow men believe in luck, strong men believe in cause and effect. -Emerson

I’ve always believed that laws of physicsare absolute. Is it possible that physics aredifferent in another part of the universe? I can’tdefinitively say no, but my belief is that the trueanswer is No... We are constantly learning newthings about reality and physics. That doesn’tchange the nature of reality; it just changes ourunderstanding or perception of reality.

New evidences support the idea that welive in a part of the universe that is “just right” forour existence. But the controversial findingcomes from an observation that constants ofnature appears to be different in different partsof the cosmos. If correct, this result standsagainst Einstein’s equivalence principle, whichstates that the laws of physics are the sameeverywhere. “This finding was a real surprise toeveryone.” according to John Webb, aresearcher at the University of New South Walesin Sydney Australia.

Even more surprising is the fact that thechange in the constant appears to have anorientation, creating a “preferred direction”, oraxis, across the cosmos. That idea wasdismissed more than 100 years ago with thecreation of Einstein’s special theory of relativity.

SECTIONS OF SKY:The centre of the new study is the fine

structure constant, also known as alpha. Thisconstant determines the strength of interactionsbetween light and matter.

A decade ago, Webb used observationsfrom the Keck telescope in Hawaii to analysethe light from distant galaxies called quasars.The data suggested that the value of alpha wasslightly smaller when the quasar light wasemitted 12 billion years ago than it appears inlaboratories on Earth today.

Now Webb’s colleague Julian King, alsoof the University of New South Wales, hasanalysed data from the Very Large Telescope(VLT) in Chile, which looks at a different regionof the sky. The VLT data suggests that the valueof alpha elsewhere in the universe is very slightlylarger than on Earth.

The difference in both cases is around amillionth of the value alpha has in our region ofspace, and suggests that alpha varies in spacerather than time.

BAR MAGNET:Moreover, the team’s analysis of around 300measurements of alpha in light coming fromvarious points in the sky suggests the variationis not random but structured, like a bar magnet.The universe seems to have a large alpha onone side and a smaller alpha on the other.

Are the laws of Physicsreally Universal?

- Deepak Kumar Sahoo (FinalYear)

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Change is the strongest sun of life. - George Meredith

This “dipole” alignment nearly matchesthat of a stream of galaxies mysteriously movingtowards the edge of the universe. It does not,however, line up with another unexplained dipole,dubbed the axis of evil, in the afterglow of thebig bang.

Earth sits somewhere in the middle ofthe extremes for alpha. If correct, the result wouldexplain why alpha seems to have the finely tunedvalue that allows chemistry – and thus life – tooccur. It is very interesting to know that if weincrease alpha by 4 per cent, for instance, andthe stars would be unable to produce carbon,making our biochemistry impossible.” This wasa real shock, isn’t it?”

EXTRAORDINARY CLAIM:Even if the result is accepted for publication, itis going to be hard to convince other scientiststhat the laws of physics might need a rewrite. Aspatial variation in According to LennoixCowie,who works at the Institute for Astronomy inHawaii, the fine-structure constant would be“truly transformative”. However, somethingextraordinary requires extraordinary evidence.

CRITICISM:“The statistical significance of the newobservations is too small to prove that alpha ischanging and that’s way beyond what we havehere”. If the interpretation of the light is correct,it is “a huge deal”, agrees Craig Hoigan, headof the Fermilab Centre for Particle Astrophysicsin Batavia, Illinois. But like Cowie, he suspects

there is a flaw somewhere in the analysis.According to him “the result are not real”.

Another author on the paper, MichaelMorphy of Swinburne University in Australia,understands the caution. But he says theevidence for changing constants is piling up.According to him “We just report what we find,and no one has been able to explain away theseresults in a decade of trying,”. “The fundamentalconstants being constant are an assumption.We’re here to test physics, not to assume it.”

CONCLUSION:The laws of physics don’t somehow “pre-exist”in a blank space and then get applied to objects.The laws of physics are simply emergentproperties of those systems. When the systemsself-organize differently we would then havedifferent laws of physics, and we have no wayof determining how many ways systems mayself-organize.

The Bear Puzzle:

A bear walks south for one kilometer, thenit walks west for one kilometer, then it walksnorth for one kilometer and ends up at thesame point from which it started.

What color was the bear?

Solution @ page- 17

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I never think of future. It comes soon enough. - Albert Einstein

Batteries are very essential things in ourday today life. But, can you imagine that thesebatteries can be made from blood. Yes, a groupof scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute(RPI) claims they have created such a batterywhich uses electrolytes naturally found in bodilyfluids. These results of the research,detailed inthe Aug 13’2007 issue of the Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences are namedas “bio-batteries” that run from bodily fluids orother organic compounds.

The batteries are not only as thin aspaper; they are essentially a paper. At least 90% of the batteries are made from cellulosewhich makes up traditional paper and otherpaper products. Aligned carbon nanotubesmake up the other 10%, give the paper itsconductive ability and also make it black. As ourblood contains huge amount of sugar andcellulose it acts as a good electrolytic source.The nanotubes are imprinted in the very fabricof the paper creating what’s called ananocomposite paper. Nanotechnology makesthe battery’s size small, flexible and replenishingelectrolyte source. When using the battery awayfrom the human body, scientists soaked thepaper in an ionic fluid (a salt in liquid form) whichprovides the electrolytes.

ADVANTAGES:Because the ionic liquid doesn’t freeze

or evaporate like water, the battery could beemployed at a wide range of temperature(from-100 degrees Fahrenheit up to 300 degreeFahrenheit). Its temperature resistance and lightweight is good for manufacturers of automobilesand airplanes both of which requires light,durable materials. The battery, which isconsidered environmentally friendly because itlack chemicals and high cellulose content. Soa blood battery may become the best alternativeto Lithium and Neon batteries in recent future.

In this era of scientific discoveries many of theresearchers are interested to explore new thingsabout space. However, the inability to reachouter space limits the amount of research in thisfield. Hence, we have to simulate the outerenvironment in the labs for further studyregarding space science. The proposed articlegives some of the means to reproduce blackholes in the laboratory.

The new method to create a tiny quantumsized black hole would allow researchers tobetter understand what physicist is. StephenHawking proposed more than 35 years ago:

BLOOD BATTERIES- Rupali Mirdha

(3rd Year)

New Ways to Reproducea Black Hole

- Debasish Dwibedi (Final Year)

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The winds and waves are always on the side of the ablest navigators. - Edward Gibbon.

black holes are not totally void of activity; theyemit photons, which is now known as Hawkingradiation.

“Hawking famously showed that blackholes radiate energy according to a thermalspectrum,” said Paul Nation, an author on thepaper and a graduate student at Dartmouth. “Hiscalculations relied on assumptions about thephysics of ultra-high energies and quantumgravity. Because we can’t yet takemeasurements from real black holes, we needa way to recreate this phenomenon in the lab inorder to study it, to validate it.”

The researchers showed that a magneticfield-pulsed microwave transmission linecontaining an array of superconducting quantuminterference devices, or SQUIDs, not onlyreproduces physics analogous to that of aradiating black hole, but does so in a systemwhere the high energy and quantum mechanicalproperties are well understood and can bedirectly controlled in the laboratory. So, “Thus,in principle, this setup enables the explorationof analogue quantum gravitational effects.”

“We can also manipulate the strength ofthe applied magnetic field so that the SQUIDarray can be used to probe black hole radiationbeyond what was considered by Hawking,” saidMiles Blencowe, a professor of physics andastronomy at Dartmouth.This is not the first proposed imitation blackhole, says Nation. Other proposed analogue

schemes have considered using supersonicfluid flows, ultracold bose-einstein condensatesand nonlinear fiber optic cables. However, thepredicted Hawking radiation in these schemesis incredibly weak or otherwise masked bycommonplace radiation due to unavoidableheating of the device, making the Hawkingradiation very difficult to detect. “In addition tobeing able to study analogue quantum gravityeffects, the new, SQUID-based proposal maybe a more straightforward method to detect theHawking radiation,” says Blencowe.

Einstein imagined, “If I were to put my hand on a hotstove for a minute, it would seem like an hour. But ifI were to sit with a pretty girl for an hour, it wouldseem like a minute. By Jove, I think time is relative.”Explanation: According to special relativity, the notionof time is relative in the sense that it depends on themotion of the observer.

Two atoms were walking across a road when one ofthem said, “I think I lost an electron!” “Really!” theother replied, “Are you sure?” “Yes, I ‘m absolutelypositive.”

Heisenberg went for a drive and got stopped by atraffic cop. The cop asked, “Do you know how fastyou were going?” Heisenberg replied, “No, but I knowwhere I am.”

A chemistry professor couldn’t resist interjecting alittle philosophy into a class lecture. He interruptedhis discussion on balancing chemical equations,saying, “Remember, if you’re not part of the solution,you’re part of the precipitate!”

SCIENCE & SCIENTISTthinking differently ...

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The LAN-based online examinations arebeing conducted in various schools, collegesand various institutions for students using somespecific programs and software. The questionsare randomly generated from bank of questionsstored in a database maintained by theadministrator. The software has the facility tostore many chapters under one particularsubject. The question paper is made up of somequestions taken from every topics/chapters. Theadministrator can only change the contents byadding new topics or chapters. The student can answer each questionby clicking a radio button, so from four possibleanswers only one answer is selected. Afteranswering all the questions, the student needto click on the submit button at the bottom. Thenall the answers are stored in the computersystem.

Softwareused for programming:The program used for online test is

developed using J2SE software developmentkit (JDK1.6)and MS access application on awindows XP machine. It is designed on a client-server architecture which operates only whenthe server provides services to the client. Thequestion database is stored in the server end.The client accesses the database from the

server machine and displays the contents in themonitor screen.

This project includes three JAVA sourcecode files: ServerOnline. java, ConnectDatabase1.java and Client Online java. TheOnlineExams .mdb Microsoft Access databasefile contains the list of questions and answers.The detailed questions are served in GraphicInterchange Format.

Operation of program:As soon as the client program is started, a javaapplet page loaded into the outputscreen. Herethe student can select his class and subject forwhich he wants to give the exam. As soon asthe radio button corresponding to the particularsubject is selected using mouse, the clientmachine needs to connect to the databasestored in the server machine. So “connect to thedatabase” button is clicked to start the test.

Then the instruction page is loaded. Thisdisplays the instructions to be followed by thestudents during the examination. Then continuebutton is clicked for the next page to bedisplayed. After that questions are on thescreen. The questions are generated randomlyfrom the data base stored in server machine.You can select the respective radio button foryour choice of answer.As soon as the submitbutton is clicked for one question current pagemove to next page for next question.Afteranswering all questions if you need to check theanswers then click on “View answer”, it will showyou all the answers given by you previously.

LAN BasedOnline Examination

- Pragyan Paramita Das (Final Year)

Don’t kill the dreams. Execute it.

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Steps to run the program on a PC:Using a single pc, server and client

programs can be run at the same time. Herethe server program is under control of theadministrator and the client program isaccessed by the student. To achieve that, firstthe server program is made run, followed bythe client program. It is as follows:

1. Download ‘java SE Development Kit(JDK) 6’ from ‘http://java.sun.com/javase/download/index.jsp’webside.

2. Install JDK in your machine. By default itis installed under ’c:\programfiles\java\jdk1.6.0\bin’ directory.

3. Install MS Access application andconfigure the data source for accessingMS Access database from java asfollows:

· Open administrative tools from controlpanel.

· Now open data sources and click addbutton.

· Locate Microsoft Access Driver and clickfinish.

· Type Data source name as OnlineExams while observing case sensitivity.

· Assume that all the relevant programs ofthis project are stored under’D:\pra’folder locate the database in’D:\pra’ by using select button of thesame window. Click ‘ok’ to completethe configurations.

4. Run the serverprogram. All the questionsare stored in ‘questions and answers’ fileof ‘pra’ folder. Open the commandprompt from ‘start\run…’ option and type‘cmd’ from the key board. Open ‘pra’folder from ‘D’ drive. Then type the pathagainst the prompt as below: “path = c:\ program files\ java\jdk1.6.0\bin”

5. Now type command ‘javacServerOnline.javaprogram’.If you haveset the path correctly, you will find theclass files under ‘D:\pra’ else error willbe shown.

6. Then next type ‘java ServerOnline’ on firstcommand prompt to execute thesoftware. There will be a indication of“Server Started”.

7. Minimize the window and then go to thenext step to run the client program.

8. Then type’ClientOnline.java’ on thecommand.If the Client Onlineprogram is runsuccessfully, you will get thecorresponding pages on the monitor.

Collected from” Electronics for You”

It is not the Symbol of VAIOlogo. It shows Analog to Digitalconversioon.

E N G I N E E R I N Gthoughts in a different way

Is it possible ?

Love is the silent saying of a single name. - Mc Laughlin

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Love of money is the root cause of an evil. - Testament

Uncanny as it may seem, table salthappens to find a place apart from the kitchen!!The scientists in Singapore claim to havedeveloped a surprising use for table salt whichthey say could help deal with the increasinglyquantities of data that companies andindividuals are creating and storing.

A team, led by the Agency for ScienceTechnology and Research, the NationalUniversity of Singapore, and the Data StorageInstitute, has developed a process that canincrease the data recording density to 3.3Terabits per square inch, six times the recordingdensity of current models. This newmanufacturing process involves sodium chloride–the chemical grade of regular table salt.

The addition of sodium chloride to themanufacturing process meant the pattern ofbits-units of information-on the surface of eachmagnetic disk was neater, allowing more to becrammed in. The salt improves the resolutionof the electron beam used to “print” the bits.This process also reduces the number ofprocessing steps thereby the bits to bepatterned more densely.

According to the team, this processwould be commercialised by 2016.

Definition:Stop motion (also known as stop-action

or frame-by-frame) is an animation techniqueto make a physically manipulated object appearto move on its own. The object is moved in smallincrements between individually photographedframes creating the illusion of movement whenthe series of frames are played as a continuoussequence.

Equipment required for this are:Firstly, we need a digital camera and change itto its lowest resolution settings.Secondly, a tripod stand to fix the camera.Thirdly, a movie making software e.g;WindowsMovie Maker, Aftereffects.Proper light source and music as required.

Procedure:We need to take snaps of the object,

moving it slightly after each snap. For exampleif we want to make a socks move along the floorof its own or a piece of paper that crumples itselfup. Using a tripod and only moving our objectwill make it appear as though our object ismoving through our frame. Keeping the objectin the same general area in each frame bymoving the camera along with it will make itappear as if we are traveling with the object.

Table Salt:Multiplies Hard Disk

Space Six Times- Pragyan Paramita Das

(Final Year)

Stop Motion Animation- Susmisarita Sahoo

(Final Year)

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Friends are kisses blown to us by angels.

The difference between a stop motioncamera movement and normal feature filmcamera movement is that, we will be animatingthe camera movements frame by frame at thesame time the puppets are animated. Cameramovements can be done by computer motioncontrol or the old fashioned way of just manuallymoving the camera a frame at a time.

Windows Movie Maker Method:Open up windows movie maker.

Import the pictures.

Click “Tools”, then “Options”.

Do this before placing the pictures intothe timeline.

Click the “Advanced” tab.

Change the picture duration to 0.125seconds a frame (the lowest setting).

This is found under “Picture Options”.

Ensure that the pictures are in the correct order.

Load the pictures into the storyboard.

Add titles and credits if desired.

Go to “Finish Movie” and click whicheveroption is suitable.

History:Stop-motion has a rich heritage of its

own. It started with the famous Gumby shortsin the 50s and 60s,and then the Gumby cameback in the mid-90s and won the best TV seriesin 1995.

A list of movies:Rudolph-The Red Nosed Reindeer(1964)The Incredible Adventure of Wallace and Gromit(1993)The Brother’s Quay Collection (2000)The Night before Christmas (2001)The Chicken Run (2003)The Incredible Adventure of Wallace &GromitwonOscars for the best animated movie in theyear 1993.

Applications:

Art:Animation relies on stylized representationof form and movement. Animation provides aunique way to enhance skills gained in visualart training, combining them with other subjectareas.

English:Animation is commonly used to tell astory; creative writing skills are used to developplots and stories for short animations.

Science: Stop Motion includes a time-lapsefunction that can be used for practical scienceexperiments. These include plants growing,cloud formations and human movement.

Technology:Stop Motion works on a computer.While the interface is easy to learn it offersdepth for senior students, integrating computersinto different subject areas. Stop Motion is astandard tool for the animation industry.Students will be exposed to the latest tools forcreating stop motion animation.

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Tears are the silent language of grief. - Voltaire

Media Studies:Stop Motion is often used withvideo or digital still cameras. Skills in camerawork; lighting, editing and sound recording canall be incorporated into classroom activities.Astronomy: Stop motion photography is usedto observe diurnal motion.

Stop-motion animation has ruled the world withits magical capabilities; it’s now time for us torule over stop-motion animation.

One of the greatest contributions ofscience fiction to the English language is theword “robot.” Czech playwright Karel Capekcoined the term in his 1921 play R.U.R., orRossum’s Universal Robots (“robot” comes fromthe Czech word robota, meaning “forced labor.”)The climax of the play depicts a revolt bysynthetic workers in which humanity isdestroyed.

From the very beginning, our view ofrobots (in which I include computers), has oftenbeen one of suspicion and foreboding. Mostscience fiction movies depict robots and AI’s(artificial intelligences) as ambiguous entitiesat best (like Robbie from Forbidden Planet) anddownright evil at worst (like The Terminator).

For decades, scientists have been tryingto make machines that can do our hard laborand our hard thinking (I would include computersas “thinking robots”). One of the biggest puzzlesfacing society is what to do if and when robotsbecome as intelligent as humans. Sciencefiction has dealt with this for decades, but themajor breakthrough came when Isaac Asimovpenned the famous Laws of Robotics in his1951 novel I, Robot. His idea was that robotscould be hard-wired with a failsafe which wouldprevent them from threatening humanity.

The Laws of Robotics are as follows:A robot may not injure a human being,

or through inaction allow a human being to cometo harm.

A robot must obey the orders given it byhuman beings, except where such orders wouldconflict with the First Law.

A robot must protect its own existenceas long as such protection does not conflictwith the First or Second Law.

Thus we have a “out” whereby robots caneffectively be neutered in the event they becomeas intelligent as humans. Naturally, we are faraway from having to worry about these laws, butscience fiction has already been exploring howthis might work (and how problems might arisewithin the implementation of these laws). 2001:A Space Odyssey is a good example, where inthe computer HAL9000 is pushed from Innocentto Murderer because of conflicts in hisprogramming.

AYE ROBOT- Sikruti Parija

(3rd Year)

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Every man has his own price. - Sir Robert Walpole

So, where does technology stand todaywith respect to robots? Heavy industry andspace exploration have used sophisticated andspecialized robots for years. But billions ofdollars have been spent to create robots thatboth think and look like humans. Despite thepredictions of such movies as 200, It appearswe are many decades away from creating trulyself-aware machines (never mind that no onecan create a universally accepted definition ofself-awareness). The science of robotics hasmade great advances in industrial and medicalapplications, but still no single machine existsthat can perform all the physical capabilities ofeven an average person. Honda (yes, thesame guys who make cars) has invested inthe Humanoid Robot project, the purpose ofwhich is to develop “intelligence” and “mobility”in a human-like machine. The culmination ofthe project to-date is the P3 (which looks moreor less like a man in a spacesuit), an amazingmachine which can walk nearly as well as ahuman, and has shown a wide range of flexibilitywith its hands. For a survey of other humanoidrobot projects, check out AndroidWorld.

Need a pal? Then check out AIBO, thedog-like companion robot that learns andadapts to your everyday habits. If they evermake AIBO fuzzy and cuddly, you can throwaway your pooper-scooper!

If you want a companion who’s a littlemore useful, there are a number of availableproducts, from little guys who wander around

the house and remind you when you have email,to highly specialized gizmos that can onlyvacuum your floor! Check out Home-Robot.com.

The bottom line is this: the day will come- whether it be 20 years or 200 years - whenrobots will look like us and (so far as we cantell) think like us. Hopefully we will be ready tolive with them.

Laptops of the future have arrivedcarrying shapes and designs as were neverconceived before.

You would be pretty shocked if someonecame out and said that a laptop is cylindrical ortube shaped and that it rolls up like a scroll. Itmight even cross your mind that they werecompletely mad or some alien creature fromanother planet.That just isn’t an image themasses are likely to have in mind at all whenyou mention a laptop and yet that is exactly thedesign that computer scientist and designerHaoHua has come up with.

Ok so it’s still at the conceptual stageand not a reality yet but what an exciting idea.According to HaoHua the digital roll as he callsit is “the next generation laptop design”.Personally, I can’t wait.

Roll Laptop: Laptop ofFuture Generation

- Sikruti Parija (3rd Year)

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Delay of justice is injustice. - W. S. LAnder

No longer is it necessary for laptops to carrythe traditional flat and slightly rectangular shape.In some time, it would be passé and almostunfashionable to be seen carrying a laptop ofsuch an ancient design.

Though many cool designs have beenoffered for the laptops of the future, most areeither unrealistic or two far away in terms ofproduction. Some have awesome designs butfall flat when it comes to practicality. The D-Roll laptop concept wins on all accounts.Designed by HaoHua, the D-Roll or DigitalRoll laptop is intended to be the nextgeneration laptop design and completelydeviates from the traditional look of today’slaptops. Designed like an artist’s scroll, theD-Roll laptop has an OLED screen which canbe rolled up and includes straps at the sidefor easy portability. The straps also work asplaces for USB plug-ins. The D-Roll laptopcomes with a detachable webcam which canbe worn on the body.

The keyboard slides out and the laptopincludes a mouse as well. The D-Roll laptopmay be a concept currently but the design isinspiring and would definitely catch the eyesof other designers wishing to create a betterlooking and practical laptop. If this hits themarket, it would be swept off the shelves inno time.

Welcome programmers. Here is a goodnews for you. You can make your own operatingsystem within five minutes with your customoperations and functions.

Here are the steps.1: Create a folder named “OS” on your desktop2: Now go to the start menu and upon thenotepad.Now write the followings:@echo offcolor 0a:usernameclsset /p input=Username:if %input%==admin goto passwordgoto passwordcls:passwordclsset /p input=password:if %input%==admin goto menugoto passwordcls:menufindstr /v “kabgjsbnvhabkabk” menu.txtset /p input=/if %input%==1 editif %input%==2 ipconfig pauseif %input%==3 exit

Make your own OS inFive Minutes

- Amit Abhisek (Final Year)

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If god is not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. - Voltaire

goto menucls3:Save it as a “OS.bat” inside the “OS” folder4:Then open another notepad. Write thefollowing:

notepad 1ip2exit3

5:Save it as “menu.txt” in the “OS” folder6: Now double click on the OS.bat file .7:Give username as “admin”Password as “admin”8: Then provide the choice either 1 ,2 or 3 andpress enter.SEE WHAT HAPPENS……

You can also increase your functionality byincreasing your options in both “menu.txt” and“OS.bat” files.Like,..you can add….if %input%==4 shutdown/sin “OS.bat” fileandShutdown 4In in “menu” file.

Enjoy……………

The whole universe is magnetic andeverything in it has a frequency attached to it.There is a frequency in the trees, the flowers,the people and anything and everything elsethat we can see around us. Our feelings andthoughts are also magnetic things. Our thoughtsare both the words we hear in our head and thewords we speak out loud. And our thoughtsbecome our actions!

It is our thoughts that determine whetherour actions will be positive or negative. Whenwe are thinking good thoughts, it means weare on a positive frequency and equivalentlywhen we are thinking negative thoughts ourmind is on a negative frequency. Thinking goodthoughts attracts enthusiastic people, situationsand other good events into our life, whilenegative thoughts attract just the opposite..theybring fear, uncertainty and other negativesituations.

But we can change the way we arefeeling about our life right now, by just changingthe frequency of our thoughts to positivethoughts. Because, “A change of feeling is achange of destiny.” Easier said than done yousay??

Well, there is a golden key to this secret,and that key is gratitude. Being grateful foreverything that we have today, and the way ourlife is today, is the only way to stay happy.

Your Thoughts are Things- Soumya Mishra

(3rd Year)

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In examination, the foolish ask questions, the wise cannot answer. - Oscar Wilde

Because, gratitude costs us nothing, butit gives us much more than we can ever think of.Anything we want can be ours if we can just thinkabout it and feel that we are already inpossession of it. And feeling that almostinevitably brings those things into our life. Wemust remember that the ultimate power tomanifest our dreams lies within us.

And, last of all I would like to end this article witha noteworthy quote by Jerry Spinelli..

“Live today.Not yesterday. Not tomorrow.Just inhabit your moments.Don’t rent them out to tomorrow!”

Thank you.

It seems to that every time we turn on theTV or listen to the radio we are bombarded withthe next rise in fuel prices.

Is this a true supply and demandquestion? Well it is true that the boomingChinese economy is consuming vast amountsof natural resources including oil, but the UnitedStates is still the world’s largest consumer ofoil and related products.

The peak of oil consumption in the US isin winter, with oil being used for heating and inrecent years there have been big surges in theprice of oil at this time.

As supply is limited by OPEC(Organization of the Petroleum ExportingCountries) the price can be somewhat governedby the amount of oil they let onto the market. Asoil is a limited resource we might be inclined tobelieve that that oil will run dry in the near futurebut the reality is, as the price of crude increases,the cost of recovering oil from remote,inhospitable places become more and moreviable.

There are masses of such types of oilreserves all over the world that are only nowbeing seriously looked at as a viable resource.

In Alaska, for instance, there are vastoil fields that are deposited in sand under theground. This oil, once considered worthless isnow starting to be extracted from the sand andwill be a resource that will last well into themillennium.

As a result of our overwhelming needfor oil we are now facing the world’s biggestproblem in history, Global Warming.

Caused by excessively high levels ofgreenhouse gases in the atmosphere, globalwarming is a direct result of the burning of fossilfuels such as oil. As the levels of gases buildthe heat that the sun produces is trapped in theworlds atmosphere rather than being able todissipate back into space. Hence the name isgreenhouse effect.

The greenhouse effect can be seen onanother planet, Venus. Venus can reach 480Cas a result of greenhouse gases and of courselife at these temperatures for humans is notpossible. Unless we can curb our consumption

The True Price of Fuel- Mohammed Jawad

(2nd Year)

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The rots of educaton are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. - Aristotle

and reliance on oil, coal and other fossil fuelswe run the risk of heating our planet to a levelwhere the sea levels will rise as a result ofmelting the polar ice caps which will displacehundreds of millions of people.

Even worse than this we could becreating the demise of the entire human raceby making the planet uninhabitable.

So the true price of oil is not what wepay at the pump or the bowser but the price islife itself.

Governments around the globe arestarting to take notice but unless the majorconsumers start to reduce their consumptionthe efforts of countries who have been workingtowards World greenhouse gas reduction willfail.

There are steps that you can take as anindividual also. Try taking public transport toyour sports game or local bingo hall or betterstill watch the game on television or play bingoonline.

What you do matters and if enoughpeople start to think about the effect we haveon the planet and on our children’s future wecan force Politian’s to take notice and act.

Mankind came together once before tostop the production and use of CFC whichdeplete our UV protecting layer of theatmosphere ozone, so there is no reason wecan’t beat this global problem.

Here I do present the image of a thwart,Returns who to the home with the same heavypant..Throws he himself to his rejected bed,After returning from work with a tensed head....

Twelve hours a day he works,Twice an hour, his forehead, he smacks..What mildews him is the cruel job’s burden,Wants he relief from this dejection all of asudden....

Rest he needs in the solacing solarium,But the incomplete work keeps him in a state ofglum.. The “eau-de-cologne” too can’t refreshhis mind, Thus turn splentic, the people of hiskind....

Sundays too he doesn’t get the leisure time,It is for him that “Resting is a horrendous crime”..Often tries he hard to express his creativity,But lack of time ever keeps him in mentalambiguity....

At eve, the jubilant soiree, he can’t attend,At night, to sleep in peace, he can’t pretend..“QUIT HIS JOB”!!He is not that mettlesome,Finally, Its constant frustration that adds to histroublesome sum...

The Image of a Thwart

- Abhisek Rath (3rd Year)

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Life without liberty is like a body without spirit. - Kahili Gibran

Hello friends, while joining engineeringcourse instead of other traditional courses likeBA,BSc or B com, all must have a dream to geta good job after 4 years. Even I too had such adream.3 years of my b tech course finished withregular classes,various training courses and alot of fun . In the 3rd year, college SSEPLprovided us pre placement training in order tocrack the campus written exam and interview.Itincluded aptitude and reasoning along with softskill development classes.

In the starting of 7th Sem,we were givenmails by Dutta sir (T & P officer) that INFOSYSand WIPRO both are coming on the 1st day ofthe campus interview. We were excited and abit worried too thinking of the fact how to crackthis as for the 1st time we were going to sit in acompany test. At last the day came. It was 12th

September and INFOSYS came to our collegefor campus drive. After the introductory talk,wesat at various rooms and it was time for writtentest. There were two sections in it. Paper 1-quantitative and reasoning (30 qns in 35minutes) Paper 2-english section(40 qns in 30minutes).The paper-1 was a bit easy ,butEnglish section was really tough as it consistedof 2 long paragraphs, 5 small paragraphs,arranging jumbled sentences and sharpknowledge of grammar was necessary and thetime limit was less. In both the sections therewere no negative marks.

After 2 hours, the result came.There wereindividual cutoffs for both sections. Out of 412students only 185 students qualified written testand I was in that list.Then personal interviews ofindividual students were conducted. Now I amsharing my PI experience here. When my turncame, I entered the room with a smile in my faceand my resume in my hand. The interviewer wasa person aging around 55 year. After exchanginggreetings he asked me about my extra-curricular activities. I told him about being jointcultural secretary of my branch society for last 1year and about the events I have organized, Itold him about the arrangements of fresher partyfor 1st years. Suddenly next question was aboutthe problems I faced and how I resolved them.I told him about the clash of ideas among us. Tothat question my answer was to distribute worksamong various students. At last final questionwas whether I met the deadline for that eventand to it my answer was yes.Then he thankedme, we shook hand and said me to leave. MyINFOSYS PI was over and I waited for the result.

The next day WIPRO came to our college.Ithad three sections: #1-written test,#2-technicalinterview,#3-HR interview. Its written examconsisted of 50 questions and time was 60minutes, there were no negative marking. Theportions included quantitative aptitude andverbal-non verbal reasoning.out of 504 studentsonly 145 cleared written. Then it was time fortechnical interview. Everyone was panicked andnervous. Now I am describing my technical PIexperience.

The interviewer was around 40 yrs old. His1stqn was “tell me about yourself?” I wasprepared for this.While telling about my hobby

Campus Intervews:My Experience

- Nihar Ranjan rath (Final Year)

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All glory comes from daring to begin. - Eugene F. Ware

(which was writing Odia poems),he said me torecite a poem for him.which I said it was inOdia,sir said,”no problem, continue”. My poemwas:

Hearing this poem he laughed out loudlyand appreciated my talent. Then asked somesimple questions regarding DBMS,datastructure,tree,stack,latch,flip flop,logicgates,circuit diagram using gates etc. when Icould not answer a question regarding mybranch topic,he was a bit angry and told me tostudy all my branch papers very well.Notconvincing enough, he sent me to anotherpanel,where I met another interviewer oftechnical section.He was around 30. He askedme regarding my name,where I stay etc. andonly few technical questions. Then he passedme the technical round wishing me good luckfor HR interview. The technical interview wasaround 25 minutes.

HR interview was on the nextmorning.There were two interviewer agingaround 45 -50.One of them asked me variousquestions and the other person was onlymarking my facial expression,body languageetc.

My 1st question was to show them someacting skills as I had mentioned in my

CV(curriculum vitae) that I had won two prizesin acting. I took their permission to do it in Odiaand he allowed. Then I acted for 3 minutes as achief minister. Both of them appreciated mytalent and were highly impressed. Next questionwas why I opted for Wipro,I answered itwell.Then some questions about familybackground, homesickness, my strength,weakness,” When u become impatient?” ‘Will udo a task which is inferior according to yourqualification?’ Etc. Once they confused me withsome tricky questions.But still I could managethat situation.

What I observed from that interview that theymark our nervousness,communicationskills,facial expression,body language verymuch. So friends, my opinion is whatever yousay,must say confidently. Be cool (though it isvery difficult at that time). Still at that time onesentence was giving me inner strength andhelped me not to be nervous. That was “Godalways does good to us, so whatever the resultof this interview may be,I should do my bestnow.”

In this way, my Infosys and Wiprocampus interviews were over .The next daywas result announcement day. All of us wereexcited about it. Thanks a lot to the Almighty; Iwas selected in both companies. So friends,Ihope all my experiences mentioned here willhelp you getting a good job in future.

I wish you all the very best.

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K A I B A L Y A - 2 0 1 2

Men often applaud an imitation and hiss the real thing. - Aesop

So you attended all the pre-placementclasses, finished the aptitude and reasoningpapers, done with all your research about thecompany and you too virtually imagined yourselfsitting in your office cubicle, in short you werewell prepared, but when the day came and youdidn’t get your name in “selected candidates”list at the end of the day, who else canunderstand what it feels like better than me.

Needless to say, you felt crest fallenwondering what went wrong. I don’t know aboutothers but I felt like an abandoned puppy, wherealmost everyone around you was updating theirstatus with similes, you were still struggling toaccept the fact that you have not been selected.Rejection is never easy to accept, but thereare ways to handle it. That’s easier said thandone, Of course; but just have a look at yourself,your heart is still pumping blood, your grey cellsare not damaged, your kidney is still functioning,and to your surprise your limbs and senses arestill with you, that means you are still Alive!!!So just stand up and get prepared to hit thebull’s eye next time, but this time all set to hit ithard.

So let’s start with some disaster managementthing.Now I am going to share certain thingswhich actually worked for me.

· So my first advice for you will be just windup your crying and cursing session in atmost two days (I know it’s not easy, butyou have to).

· Now next thing you need to do is to settleyour brain down and rewind your memoryand find out where you actually lagged,and do make a list of it.

· Have a look over it and pick the mostminor one to begin with (as it boost yourconfidence a lot when you are done withit). Now work on each one of them withsame enthusiasm.

During this time psychologically andemotionally distance yourself from whateverdampens your spirits and hinders your efforts.And never ever ( I mean never ever) let anyoneto sympathise with you during this time.

To make your spirits up go through thosemotivational quotes and videos ( it seriouslyhelps). I used to watch those Shiv Khera one’sand reread my all-time favourite “TheAlchemist”.

Stay in contact with your mentors andpeople who encourage you. Take full advantageof their insight and experiences. For me thewhole E&TC department have been reallysupportive during that time. I can rememberOur Humble HOD Mr P. Kanungo Sir reassuringme by saying that:

“May be this company was not suitablefor you” and “Our life is probabilistic Systemand we may not get always what we want, butthat doesn’t mean we are inefficient”.

So You Did Not GetSelected

..... It’s not over- Shabnam Parween

(Final Year)

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All glory comes from daring to begin. - E.F. Ware

By all means, don’t forget family andclose friends. Whether they are nearby orgeographically distant, they can offer valuablesupport during moments of discouragement. Just to know that they are “in your corner” iscomforting and reassuring whenever youexperience setbacks in your life.

Keep your eyes and ears open aboutthe next opportunity in line. Stay in contact withyour placement department and prepareaccording to it.

And when you get to know about the nextdrive,give your bestest best this time. And gofor it with the same enthusiasm as you had forthe first one. As to my experience my whole nextcampus drive experience was very good. It wasCapgemini and my confidence level was higherthan the previous one and finally I was one ofthe 14 selected students, which was anoverwhelming experience.

Most Important thing is to have a positiveattitude as “Positive attitude doesn’t give youSuccess but positive attitude with effortsincreases your probability of success”. I hopeall this will help you somewhere in your life. Sojust let yourself go with the stream of life and allthe very best. Now me signing off with thethought:

“There is only one way to learn,” thealchemist answered. “It’s through action.Everything you need to know you have learnedthrough your journey.”

-The Alchemist

(There was a Creating Writing Competiton as a part ofannual event organised by CVTRONICS The winningentries of that competition are placed here.)

Rashmita Panda 2nd Year, Regd. No.- 1001227414

“‘A’… for ‘Apple’… ‘B’ for Boy… Anapple a day keeps the doctor away.”

How simple the world was…or appearedto be when I was an infant! The very firstphrase… ‘A’ for ‘apple’ was what I rehearsed athousand times. The second phrase “An applea day…” was enchanted around me when I usedto fall ill! But the fact which makes me fall intodilemma is that…How come there existthousands of Medical Colleges in India insteadof growing more and more apple trees!! Mightbe the proverb has been framed by an‘ENGINEER’ who hates ‘DOCTORS’, as thereis no proverb saying “An apple a day keeps anETC engineer away!”

Next thought which comes into my mindis APPY Fizz... a drink made out of apple pulpwhich seems to be more of a ‘WINE’ whenpoured into a glass. So what’s your take onGRAPPY Fizz?? Simple… GRAPPY Fizz fromGRAPES and APPY Fizz from APES!!

A I entered the school and my studiesbecame tougher and tougher, especiallyPHYSICS, the heap of curse on NEWTON had

CREATIVE WRITING

APPLE

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a steep rise…In every physics class before theteacher asked any question, the doubt whichpopped up in my mind was and still remains is…Why the “GOOD PERSON” sat beneath theAPPLE TREE? Why that fall would give rise toGRAVITATIONAL FORCE?? Why didn’t theweight of the apple be large enough to BANGHIS HEAD? Why ‘g’ was introduced in Physics?Why the value had to be remembered? (Which Icould never remember and scored very less inPHYSICS)

But in 2011, if A BITTEN APPLE is sitedin front of someone, the very first thought of anengineer or a businessman is A LAPTOP, ANIPOD and a I-PHONE! Sound interesting…thisremarks advancement in technology.If sold by weight, then its Rs 80/Kg. But if sold byName, then it it’s in THOUSANDS & LAKHS!Which one would you choose??

- A REAL APPLE or A BITTEN ONE!!

Swati Mohanty 2nd Year, ETC

‘Happiness is the way of life’. Happinessis a mood of human beings which suggest thatwe are satisfied, content or delighted with thepresent scenario. Generally we are happy whenour wishes come true, our dreams get fulfilled,we achieve what we aimed at and we are lovedand cared by someone. Happiness increasesby sharing and spreading it among others. Whenthings go our way, life takes the turn we wish to,it makes us feel the happiest person ever. But!That’s not all. Many of us find joy and satisfactionin some other ways too. A nature lover finds thebest part of his time in the lap of nature. He enjoys

the creation and beauty of nature. As it is said,”A thing of beauty is joy forever.” Similarly a booklover enjoys the company of books, a motheris happy simply when she gets a look of herchild, a soldier is happy to return home safelyafter the war is over.

On the other hand it makes us think, ifthe world is so beautiful with joy and happinessall around, why there is a thing called sorrow!Well, as the old proverb goes “Every coin hastwo sides.” Everything in life has got ups anddowns. In the same way at times we aredepressed, disheartened or unhappy due tosome reason or the other. Definitely the thingsthat makes us happy, when taken away fromus or altered in any other way, makes usunhappy. We tend to lose all hope, feelneglected, disheartened in life. In the meantimewe forget that life is still a long way to go. Thespirit lives when we stand up strive to makeour lives worthwhile. Apart from this the realhappiness lies in enjoying life in the way it hasbeen gifted to us and making others happy.

Happiness is not about only striving tofulfill our dreams and wishes but about enjoyingthe fruit of life. In the rat-race of life we oftenforget to look around and see what we reallyhave with us. We are busy with acquiring whatis missing. Real happiness comes when wetry to live our live to the fullest. Moreover whenwe make others happy even we inculcate a bitof happiness in ourselves. Life is full of goodthings around us to enjoy. The pursuit ofhappiness lies in just clearing the fog away tomake things clear. If we start living our lives withsuch optimism then happiness will surely kissour feet.

The pursuit of Happiness

Greta thoughts reduced to practice become great acts. - - William Hazlitt

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iness.

PLACEMENTPLACEMENTPLACEMENTPLACEMENTPLACEMENT(2008-2012 Batch)

ABINASH DASH

AMIT ABHISEK

AMIT KUMAR GUPTA

ASHISH KUMAR BHOI

ASISH KUMAR SAMANTARAY

BADRINARAYAN SAHOO

BANDANA PRIYADARSHINI

BHABANI SHANKAR PANDA

BIMAL KUMAR PANIGRAHI

BISWA BANDANA NAYAK

BISWAJIT PANY

CHANDRAKANTA MOHARANA

CHITRASEN BEHERA

DEBABRATA SWAIN

DEBASHIS DWIBEDY

DEBI PRASAD MISHRA

DEEPAK KUMAR SAHOO

GYANA RANJAN PATRA

HIMANSHU SHEKHAR JHA

JASMINE ARA KHAN

K. SAROJ KUMAR PATRA

MANISH KUMAR

MONALISA

NANDINI PRIYADARSHINI

NIHAR RANJAN RATH

NILIMA DASH

NIRUPAMA KUMBHAR

PARAMJEET ROUT

PIYUSH KUMAR KEDIA

PRAGYAN PARAMITA DASH

PRAKASH CHANDRA SARDAR

PRAVEEN SHANKAR

PRIYA RANJAN DASH

PRIYADARSHI AJITAV JENA

PRIYANKA JENA

PULAK KUMAR SWAIN

RAJESH KUMAR SAHOO

RANJAN KUMAR SAHA

RAUSHAN K PARTHASARATHY

RAVI RAMAN

ROSHAN KUMAR PANDA

SANJIT SANJU

SASWAT SAGAR MISHRA

SATIKANTA PADHI

SAURAV BURMAN

SHABANA PRARVEEN KHAN

SHABNAM PARWEEN

SHEETAL BEHERA

SHEKHAR KUMAR PANDEY

SHRADHA SAMANTARAY

SIDHANT PRATIK

SMRUTIREKHA DHALL

SNEHA MOHANTA

SOHAN KUMAR MOHANTY

SOUMYA SARASWATA DASH

SOURAV DUTTA

SRITTAM KUMAR SWAIN

SUBHRANSU KU DASH

SUBRAT KUMAR JENA

SUMIT YADAV

SURENDRA SAHOO

SURYASNATA TRIPATHY

SUSMISARITA SAHOO

SWAGATIKA BISWAL

TRISHNA RAO DORA

ZEBA ZABIN (BC)

: [ Wipro, Infosys ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys, VLSI ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys, VLSI ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Capgemini ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro, VLSI ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Capgemini ]

: [ Syntel ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Capgemini ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys ]

: [ Meditab ]

: [ Wipro, VLSI ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys, VLSI ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Syntel ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Syntel ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys ]

: [ Exilant ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Capgemini ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys, VLSI ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Capgemini ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Syntel ]

: [ Syntel ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Syntel ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys ]

: [ Wipro ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys ]

: [ Infosys ]

: [ Wipro, Infosys, VLSI ]

Congratulation

Congratulation

Congratulation

Congratulation

Congratulation

Fear is pain arising from the anticipation of evil. - Aristotle

CVTRONICS MEMBERSCVTRONICS MEMBERS

Prof. (Dr.) P. Kanungo

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Ashish K Bhoi Shabnam Parween Monalisa Saswati Mishra Soumya Mishra Suman Pani Monalisa Banerjee Abhishek Rath

Tech Club Technical Society

ChairmanChairman

Prof. (Dr.) R.K.Das

KAIBALYA6th Edition

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhuabaneswar

The CVTRONICS society started in the year 2003. This is the first technical society of our institute. It has provided multidimensional platform to the young minds so as to make them feel like home in the ver expanding technical world. Since its inception the society has organized many workshops, seminars and technical events to nurture the students of our institute. The Robotics club trains the students on manual and automatic robot building skills. Different technical events are also being organized by this society for betterment of students.

Events Organized in Academic Session 2011-12 :

Organization of a seminar on “Analog and Mixed signal Sub-systems for implementing an thEmbedded system” in S.C. Bhadra Auditorium on 26 April 2012. The speaker for this

seminar Mr. Shakti Rath, Member of Group Technical Staffs at Texas Instruments, which was highly appreciated by the faculties and the students.

th"MostraTechnica”- a model exhibition cum competition was organized on 19 May 2012 in which around 200 students participated.

st rdA Workshop on “Web Designing” was organized on 31 March 2012. The 3 year students attended the workshop and learned how to design the webpages.

A Robotics Workshop on autonomous robots “Bot- Sumo” was organized in collaboration thwith Roboticwares during 24-25 March 2012 in which around 150 students participated.

The CVTRONICS Society organized the competition “Sit and Compose” for nurturing the ndthinking and expressing capability of the students on 22 Oct 2011.

thA technical quiz was held on 26 Nov 2011 and around 100 students participated.

Seminar on “Role of Electronics Engineering in Industry and R&D” by Dr. Debi Prasad Das, rdScientist, IMMT Bhubaneswar was organized on 3 Dec 2011.