Clifton M. Hasegawa President and CEO

Clifton M. Hasegawa & Associates, LLC 1322 Lower Main Street A5

Wailuku, Maui 96793 Telephone: (808) 244-5425

Email: clifhasegawa@gmail.com LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/cliftonhasegawa

Via Linkedin Slideshare, Face Book, Twitter

March 6, 2018

The Honorable David Y. IgeGovernor, State Of Hawai`i

The Honorable Doug ChinLieutenant Governor, State Of Hawai`i

The Honorable Ronald D. KouchiSenate President

The Honorable Scott SaikiHouse Speaker

The Honorable Members of The Hawaii Senate

The Honorable Members of The Hawaii House of Representatives

Re: Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission

Dear Governor Ige, Lieutenant Governor Chin, Senate President Kouchi, House Speaker Saiki, Members of the Senate and House of Representatives,

The fate of the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission and the continuation of projects of remediation, restoration and sustainable development requires immediate action. Specifically.

HB620 HD1 SD2KAHO`OLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION

Report Title : Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission; Appropriation ($)

Description : Appropriates funds to support the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission. Takes effect 7/1/2050 (SD2)

11/30/2017 Carried over to 2018 Regular Session

1/17/2018 Senate. Senate Conferees discharged. Senator Maile Shimabukuro, Chair; Senator J. Kalani English, Co-Chair;

Senator Brickwood Galuteria, Member

1/17/2018 House. Received notice of all Senate conferees being discharged House Conference Committee Co-Chairs: Representative Kaniela Ing, Representative Ryan I. Yamane and Representative Ty J.K. Cullen; Representative Cynthia Thielen, Member

ACTION REQUIRED

BY APRIL 27, 2018FINAL DECKING FOR FISCAL BILLS

I.

APPOINTMENT OF SENATE AND HOUSE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE

S ENATE PRESIDENT RONALD D. KOUCHIPhone: 808-586-6030

Fax: 808-586-6031Email: senkouchi/@capitol.hawaii.gov

HOUSE SPEAKER SCOTT SAIKIPhone: 8-8-586-6100Fax: 808-586-6101

II.

SUBMISSION OF A CONFERENCE COMMITTEE DRAFT

RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Change effective date from 7/1/2050 to 5/1/2018

B. The Measure appropriate funds to the Department of Land and Natural Resources for

1. 25 Full-Time position for the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission,

2. General Fund Appropriations of $2,865,147 in Fiscal Year 2017 – 2018 for the

Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission for soil remediation, reforestation, sedimentation control, research and development, educational outreach,

3. General Fund Appropriations of $3,897,047 in Fiscal Year 2018 – 2019 for the

Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission for soil remediation, reforestation, sedimentation control, continue and expand research and development and educational outreach,

4. General Fund Appropriations of $1,756,678 in Fiscal Year 2017 – 2018 for the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission to establish, develop and sustain waterand watershed rehabilitation, expansion of photovoltaic power and desalinization,

5. General Fund Appropriation to the Kaho`olawe Trust Fund of $260,600,000 in Fiscal Year 2017 – 2018 and as much necessary in Fiscal Year 2018 – 2019 to complete clean up of Kaho`olawe.

_________________

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF KAHO`OLAWE

“The sovereignty movement all started with Kaho`olawe. Charles Maxwell and the Mitchells fromKe`anae were strong with the sovereignty movement. A lot of people were involved with it.” ~ George Cagasan

“Kaho`olawe sparked the return of Hawaiian pride.” ~ Jordan Nauka

“The struggle began decades ago continues and will continue as long as there are Hawaiians whovalue their rich cultural identity and history; which offers to the world a way of life that is sorelyneeded on these “modern” times.” ~ Randy Tadashi Bartlett

“The Hokule`a, “The Star of Gladness.” opened our eyes and understanding about the incredibleskills and knowledge that our forefathers possessed. And of course, the `aina and the protection ofit became a major theme and still is today. All of these important elements of the HawaiianCulture have been preserved and shared with people all over the world because of the HawaiianRennaisance.” ~ Francine Rindlisbacher

“The Hawaiian renaissance changed my generation of Hawaiians in many very important ways.Those changes continue to benefit this new generation of Hawaiians who hopefully will never,ever feel ashamed of their heritage, history, language and culture. It is my sincere hope that ouryoung Hawaiians today will become the leaders who redefine Hawai`i as an innovative globalleader and model for a more tolerant world.” ~ Teri Freitas Gorman

“I believe we learn from the past so we can make educated decisions for our future. I hope that thisnext generation of Hawaiians will be able to do that for their people. To honor their kupuna andprovide strength to their keiki. Is important to be proud of who you are – He Hawai`i au mau amau – Hawaiian Now and Forever.” ~ Thomas Fernandez, Jr.

Kaho`olawe is a special place for Native Hawaiian culture and heritage. The prominence, nobility, distinction and renown of Hawai`i, the restoration, remediation and sustainability of Kaho`olawe has been overshadowed and has languished for decades.

Under capitalization, most often, results in failure.

The long-standing restoration, remediation and sustainability of Kaho`olawe has continued bythe grace of appropriations from the State, through grants and from Volunteerism of people loyal anddedicated to this just and worthy cause.

Senator Dan Inouye once remarked of the HART Rail Project, “I hope that I see this Trolley built in my lifetime.”

At the current rate of progress many of us will not see the celebration and glory of having Kaho`olawe fully and completely restored.

The Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission has evolved and innovated to keep the dream alive and moving forward.

The recommendations bring to the forefront major project that have beeb shelved and put on the back burner by the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission pending appropriations from the State Capitol.

The recommendations give new emphasis and heightened commitment from the State to accelerate the timetable and schedules for the completion of ordnance clean-up, restoration, remediation and sustainability of Kaho`olawe.

The journey has been long. There is many miles to go.

Your favorable consideration and positive actions will monumentalize and perpetuate Native Hawaiian heritage, heritance and legacy in the Public Trust. Hawai`i State Constitution Article XI

The following material is submitted in support of our request and recommendations submitted for your review, evaluation and action.

Thank you very much.

Aloha

Respectfully,

Clifton M. Hasegawa

KAHO`OLAWEA SACRED ISLAND

A piece of Hawaiian history about the island of Kaho`olaweVideo produced by Parsons-UXB – Project Cleanup

You Tube : https:youtu.be/6gXxb9RpOQO

Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoolawe

[Citations Omitted]

Kaho`olawe is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Islands. Kaho`olaweis located about seven miles (11 km) southwest of Maui and also southeast of Lanai, and it is 11 mi(18 km) long by 6.0 mi (9.7 km) wide, with a total land area of 44.97 sq mi (116.47 km2). Thehighest point on Kahoʻolawe is the crater of Lua Makika at the summit of Pu`u Moaulanui, which isabout 1,477 feet (450 m) above sea level. Kaho`olawe is relatively dry (average annual rainfall isless than 65 cm or 26 in) because the island's low elevation fails to generate much orographicprecipitation from the northeastern trade winds, and Kaho`olawe is located in the rain shadow ofeastern Maui's 10,023-foot-high (3,055 m) volcano, Haleakalā. More than one quarter ofKaho`olawe has been eroded down to saprolitic hardpan soil.

Kaho`olawe has always been sparsely populated, due to its lack of fresh water.

Sometime around the year 1000, Kaho`olawe was settled by Polynesians, and small, temporaryfishing communities were established along the coast. Some inland areas were cultivated. Pu`uMoiwi, a remnant cinder cone, is the location of the second-largest basalt quarry in Hawaii, and thiswas mined for use in stone tools such as ko`i (adzes). Originally a dry forest environment withintermittent streams, the land changed to an open savanna of grassland and trees when inhabitantscleared vegetation for firewood and agriculture.

A survey of Kaho`olawe in 1857 reported about 50 residents here, about 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) ofland covered with shrubs, and a patch of sugarcane growth. Along the shore, tobacco, pineapple,gourds, pili grass, and scrub trees grew. Beginning in 1858, the Hawaiian government leasedKaho`olawe to a series of ranching ventures. Some of these proved to be more successful thanothers, but the lack of freshwater was an unrelenting enemy. Through the next 80 years, thelandscape changed dramatically, with drought and uncontrolled overgrazing denuding much of theisland. Strong trade winds blew away most of the topsoil, leaving behind red hardpan dirt.

From 1910 to 1918, the Territory of Hawaii designated Kaho`olawe as a forest reserve in the hopeof restoring the island through a revegetation and livestock removal program. This program failed,and leases again became available. In 1918, the rancher Angus MacPhee of Wyoming, with the helpof the landowner Harry Baldwin of Maui, leased the island for 21 years, intending to build a cattleranch there. By 1932, the ranching operation was enjoying moderate success. After heavy rains,native grasses and flowering plants would sprout, but droughts always returned. In 1941, MacPheesubletted part of the island to the U.S. Army. Later that year, because of continuing drought,MacPhee removed his cattle from the island.

In 1976, a group of individuals calling themselves the Protect Kahoolawe Ohana (PKO) filed suit inU.S. Federal Court to stop the Navy's use of Kahoʻolawe for bombardment training, to requirecompliance with a number of new environmental laws and to ensure protection of cultural resourceson the island. In 1977, the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii allowed the Navy's use ofthis island to continue, but the Court directed the Navy to prepare an environmental impactstatement and to complete an inventory of historic sites on the island.

Clarification Supplied:

1965 – Operation Sailor Hat – 0.5 Kilotons (500 tons, 1 million pounds) of TNT detonated on Kaho`olawe to simulate the blast of a nuclear bomb and how Navy ships would survive a nuclear blast. Published on February 13, 2013. By biertjuh1958. You Tube : https://youtu.be/ZM9_attO1Q

In 1970 University of Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology researchers suggested that Kahoolawebe commercialized with a thermonuclear power plant and aquaculture.

On July 29, 1971 Life of the Land and Maui Mayor Carvalho sued to stop the bombing. Theysought an environmental impact statement (EIS) for the navy's use of the island. The suit namedSecretary of the Defense Laird, Secretary of the Navy Chafee and Rear Admiral Hayward.

In May 1972, the Navy submitted a report with Federal Judge C. Nils Tavares. "Theenvironmental effect of weapon exercises upon the ecology or ecological system of other nearbyislands of the Hawaiian archipelago will remain negligible."

Judge Tavares dismissed the suit on May 16, 1972.

Source: The Bombing of Kaho`olawe By Henry Curtis. Ililani Media.

http://www.ililani.media/p/the-bombing-of-kahoolawe.html?m=1

_____________

Aluli v. Brown

United States District Court437 F. Supp. 602 D. Hawaii. 15 Sep 1977

In part,

Defendants are ordered to file an environmental impact statement at least in draft form within 45days and in final form within a reasonable period of time after the filing of the draft form. Theyare also ordered to file an environmental impact statement annually so long as they shall continueto bomb Kahoolawe. All such statements may be updated versions.

Defendants are hereby ordered to comply forthwith with the applicable provisions of ExecutiveOrder No. 11593 and 36 C.F.R. Part 800, including but not limited to the continued fullcooperation with the Hawaii Office of Historic Preservation in identifying, inventorying, andprotecting historic sites on Kahoolawe; submission for nomination to the Secretary of the Interiorof those sites which appear to qualify for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.

Plaintiffs: Noa Emmett Aluli, Emma De Fries, Paul Fujishiro, Warren Mills Haynes Jr., GeorgeHelrn, Charles Kauluwehi Maxwell, Sr., Karl Anthony Mowat, Adrian Nacua, Kathryn B.Ochwat, Walter S. Ritte, Loretta Ritte, Herbert F. Santos, Richard W. Sawyer, ProtectKaho`olawe Association

Defendants: Harold Brown, Secretary of Defense, W. Graham Claytor, Secretary of Navy JamesL. Holloway, Chief of Naval Operations Ralph S. Wentworth, Jr., Commandant of 14th NavalDistrict, Thomas B. Hayward, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, U.S. Navy

Attorneys: Joel E. August, Michael A. Town, Legal Aid Society of Hawaii, Wailuku, Maui,Hawaii, Ronald A. Albu, Legal Aid Society of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Melvin M.M. Masuda,Honolulu, Hawaii, Thomas R. Cole, Kahului, Maui, Hawaii, for plaintiffs. Lt. James W. Rude,Naval Legal Services Office, L. Mark Wine, Land and Natural Resources Division, Dept. ofJustice, Washington, D.C., for defendants.

Source: JUSTIA US Law. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/437/602/1571882/

____________________

The effort to regain Kaho`olawe from the U.S. Navy inspired a new political awareness and activismwithin the Hawaiian community.

On March 18, 1981, the entire island of Kaho`olawe was added to the National Register of HistoricPlaces. At that time, the Kaho`olawe Archaeological District was noted to contain 544 recordedarchaeological or historic sites and over 2,000 individual features.

As part of the soil conservation efforts, Mike Ruppe, an Army Specialist on loan from SchofieldBarracks, plus other military personnel, laid lines of explosives, detonating them to break thehardpan so that seedling trees could be planted.

From 1998 to 2003, the U.S. Navy executed a large-scale, but limited, removal of unexplodedordnance and other environmental hazards from Kaho`olawe. Since the clearance did notcompletely remove all the hazardous and dangerous materials from the island, a residual levelof danger remains. The Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission developed a plan to manage theresidual risk to reserve users and to carry out a safety program, and to establish stewardshiporganizations to work in conjunction with the commission.

In 1993, the Hawaiian State Legislature established the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve, consisting of"the entire island and its surrounding ocean waters in a two mile (three km) radius from the shore".By state law, Kaho`olawe and its waters can be used only for Native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual,and subsistence purposes; fishing; environmental restoration; historic preservation; and education.All commercial uses are prohibited.

THE LEGISLATURE ALSO CREATED THE KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVECOMMISSION TO MANAGE THE RESERVE WHILE IT IS HELD IN TRUST FOR AFUTURE NATIVE HAWAIIAN SOVEREIGN ENTITY.

Source: Wikipedia, Cited Above. [Emphasis Supplied]

KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION

FY 2017 YEAR-IN-REVIEW

SUPPORT & REVENUE FY15 FY16 FY17

General Fund Appropriations N/A $799,575 $1,006,109

Program Grants $366,698 $739,244 $354,698

Charitable Contributions $10,689 $42,825 $18,952

Other Income $84,840 $31,595 $23,480

Interest on Trust Fund $60,365 $1,149 $2

Total Support & Revenue $522,592 $1,614,388 $1,403,242

OPERATING EXPENSES FY15 FY16 FY17

Commission $63,993 $53,209 $78,011

Admin & Support Services $801,720 $498,950 $528,876

Reserve Operations $1,429,470 $657,115 $454,313

Ocean Program $212,709 $61,521 $112,576

Restoration Program $399,807 $198,244 $247,032

Cultural Program $215,681 $145,125 $89,974

Total Operating Expenses $3,123,380 $1,614,164 $1,510,781

TRUST FUND BALANCE FY15 FY16 FY17

Beginning Balance $3,123,151 $522,362 $522,587

Support & Revenue $522,592 $1,614,388 $1,403,242

Operating Expenses $3,123,380 $1,614,164 $1,510,781

Ending Balance $522,362 $522,586 $415,04

______________________

FY17 GRANTS

$150,000 The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Keystone Initiative $49,066 Hawai`i Invasive Species Council $49,935 Native Hawaiian Museum Services, Institute of Museum and Library Services $45,200 Hawai`i Tourism Authority $269,113 Alu Like, Inc. Native Hawaiian Career and Technical Education Program $45,000 Office of Economic Development, County of Maui $50,000 Hawai`i Community Foundation’s Community Restoration Partnership

THE OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR, STATE OF HAWAI`IAudit of the Kaho`olawe Rehabilitation Trust Fund

http://files.hawaii.gov/auditor/Reports/2016/16-03.pdf

Our follow-up of recommendations made in Report No. 13-06 found that theKaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission has not established a comprehensive andmeasureable restoration plan with meaningful performance measures. The commissionhas also not aligned its fundraising and spending plans, and has failed to ensure thefinancial sustainability of the Kaho`olawe Rehabilitation Trust Fund, which will bedepleted by FY2018.

___________________

MAUI COUNTY MAYOR ALAN ARAKAWA

Kaho`olawe is part of Maui County, and like you, I agree that the county has a role toplay in supporting Kaho`olawe. Since I have been mayor, the county has given grants tothe Kaa]Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission each year to incorporate solar and PVat their Kaho`olawe base camp; the camp's electricity is provided by a diesel generator,so converting the camp to solar and PV will reduce KIRC's need to purchase andtransport fuel, thus saving money and manpower.

KIRC is a state agency created by the Legislature when the island reserve was returnedto the state by the Federal government. The KIRC was initially funded by a smallpercentage of the $400 million federal appropriation for the clean up of unexplodedordnance. Made in payments over a number of years, THIS “KAHO`OLAWEREHABILITATION TRUST FUND” WAS NEVER INTENDED – NOR WASEVER LARGE ENOUGH – TO SERVE AS AN ENDOWMENT TOPERPETUALLY SUPPORT THE KIRC'S MISSION OF RESTORATION ANDMANAGEMENT OF THE FORMER BOMBING RANGE.

IN THE FINAL REPORTS TO CONGRESS BEFORE KAHO`OLAWE WASRETURNED TO THE STATE, IT WAS ACKNOWLEDGED THAT FEDERALSUPPORT WOULD BE LIMITED AND THAT STATE FUNDING WOULDULTIMATELY BE NEEDED.

Source: Ask the Mayor: Shouldn't the County Clean Up Kaho`olawe? MauiNow. July5, 2015, accessed March 6, 2018 http://mauinow.com/2015/07/05/ask-the-mayor-shouldnt-the-county-clean-up-kaho%CA%BBolawe

KAHO`OLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION RESTORATION PLAN – PERFORMANCE MEASURES

REVIEW AND ANALYSIS

Topographical map of Kaho`olawe with traditional `ili subdivisionsSource: Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoolawe

Area Acres Area KmLua Makika 156 0.63Pāpākā 1,443 5.84Honoko`a 1,701 6.88Hakioawa 2,283 9.24Kanapou 2,511 10.16Kealaikahiki 3,276 13.26Kuheia-Kaulana 3,429 13.88Ahupū 4,351 17.61Kūnaka-Na`alapa 9,626 38.96Kaho`olawe 28,776 116.46

KAHO`OLAWE CLEARANCE AREAS Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission

Approximately 25% of the island remains uncleared

Uncleared areas include areas critically required for watershed development

The major cleanup effort begun by the U.S. Navy and its contractor Parsons-UXB atthe Tier II Level remains uncompleted

1,845 acres was designated by the U.S. Navy as “Risk Reduction Area” [Surface-Exposed Ordnance cleared but scrap metal and other junk normally hauled away to beleft behind]

Recommendation

Senator Maize Hirono, Senator Brian Schatz, Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard andCongresswoman Colleen Hanabusa network with immediacy at the Federal Level toengage the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Department of Defense and the United StatesNavy to complete clean up of Kaho`olawe and the entirety Kaho`olawe Island at theTier II Level to include the Risk Reduction Area and/or to match funds appropriated bythe State of Hawai`i.

SOILS OF KAHO`OLAWE – RESTORATION – DRYLAND FORESTRY

Andisols

An Andisol is a soil developed from volcanic ejecta such as ash, pumice, and cinder. Theclay minerals that weather from the ash (i.e., allophane and imogolite) are poorlycrystallized and thus amorphous in structure and have an extremely large amount of surfacearea per unit of volume. These soils contain very large amounts of organic matter in thesurface “horizon” (soil layer); 13– 28 percent total organic matter is a common range. Asandisols become more weathered, they have a tremendous water-holding capacity.They are considered light soils because they have a low bulk density (0.4–0.8 g/cm3),and therefore they are generally easy to cultivate. The combination of good physicalproperties (low bulk density, stable soil aggregates, high water holding capacity, andgood drainage) coupled with their naturally high organic matter content makesAndisols generally highly productive soils. However, the aluminum and iron clay mineralsin Andisols have a very strong capacity to adsorb phosphorus (P, one of the essential plantnutrients) and make it unavailable for plants; this process is especially pronounced in theAndisols that occur in wet environments (>60 inches of rainfall).

EntisolsEntisols are poorly developed mineral soils with no distinct subsurface soil horizons. They are either recent soils in the early stages of soil formation, or possibly old soils where the parent materials have not been transformed by soil-forming influences. In Hawai‘i, Entisols are commonly either sandy soils developed from coral limestone, found in low-lying coastal areas, with a surface horizon rich in organic matter, or soils developed from alluvium in dry areas. The Jaucas series is a common Entisol found near the shoreline of most of the islands. It is a sandy soil with an organic-rich surface horizon, usually alkaline in pH, and excessively drained.

OxisolsOxisols are highly weathered soils, low in fertility, that form under year-round hot tropicalclimates. In Hawai‘i, these soils have formed from material weathered from basaltic lava andare found, for example, in both low elevation, dry areas on Läna‘i and Moloka`i (25–30inches rainfall) and in mountainous, very wet areas on Kaua‘i (100–200 inches rainfall).

Oxisols found at low elevations (<1000 feet) in areas with rainfall less than 25 inches peryear tend to be more fertile, with slightly acid to neutral pH, higher CEC, moderate levels ofCa and K, and a relatively low P adsorption capacity.

Despite their low fertility, Oxisols have excellent physical properties. The oxide clayminerals form exceptionally strong aggregates that behave like sand particles, allowing thesoils to drain water well and also support heavy loads even when they are wet. With theaddition of lime to raise pH and increase the Ca level, and application of sufficient amountsof fertilizer, Oxisols can be transformed into very productive agricultural soils.

VertisolsVertisols are dark soils, rich in clays that shrink when dry and swell when wet. Theygenerally occur in relatively dry environments in lowland regions. During dry periods theclay shrinks, creating deep, wide cracks, but when the rains return the clay rehydrates andswells, closing the cracks. The high shrink-swell potential of Vertisols make them veryunstable soils not suitable for construction of buildings or roadways. These soils are alsodifficult to cultivate because when they are dry they form large, hard clods that aredifficult to break apart, and when they are wet they are excessively sticky. TheLualualei series, found on flat valley floors of leeward Kaua`i and O`ahu, is a good exampleof a Vertisol. Despite their poor physical properties, Vertisols are very fertile, neutralto alkaline soils capable of supporting good crop growth. Cultivation is possible inconjunction with proper water management to control soil moisture. Their physicalproperties can be improved by adding organic matter . [Emphasis Supplied]

Source: Soils of Hawai`i By J. Deenik and A.T. McClellan. Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences. University of Hawai`i at Mānoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), Cooperative Extension Service. September 2007, accessed March 5, 2018 https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/SCM-20.pdf

DRYLAND FORESTS

Dry forests annually receive less than 50 inches of rainfall snd are most often located on Hawa ii'sleeward coasts to mid-level elevation where rainfall is far less.

Restoration of dry habitat is a labor-intensive project. Once fountain grass has beeneliminated, native species are planted and often, irrigated to supplement naturalregeneration. As the natural system recovers, the work becomes less intensive. Firebreaks,rodent control and fences that prevent grazing are also critical to protect a recovering forest.

Source: Hawaii's Dryland Forests. Ka`ahahui `O Ka Nāhelehele. http://www.drylandforest.org/what-dryland-forest-1

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WATER RESOURCES - KAHO`OLAWE

1. Geology and Ground-Water Resources on the Islands of Lanai and Kahoolawe, Hawaii. By Harold T. Stearns, Senior Geologist, U.S. Geologic Service. December 1940. Geology and Ground-Water Resou rces on the Island of Kahoolawe, Hawaii By Harold T. Stearns. Pages 119 to 177 https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/stearns/Lanai_and_Kahoolawe.pdf

2. Water Resources of The Island of Kahoolawe, Hawaii. Preliminary Findings. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. By Kiyoshi J. Takasaki, USGS. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 1991. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4209/report.pdf

3. Monitoring Erosion on Monitoring Erosion on Kaho`olawe. Rainfall. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. By Scot Izuka, USGS. Presented at the Hawaii Water Quality the Hawaii Water Quality Conference March 25, 2008, Updated August 22, 2008 https://hi.water.usgs.gov/studies/kahoolawe/pdf/kahoolawe.pdf

4. Streamflow, suspended-sediment, and soil-erosion data from Kaulana and Hakioawa watersheds, Kaho`olawe, Hawai'i, 2006 to 2010. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. By Scot K. Izuka, USGS and Lyman L. Abbott, Kahoʻolawe Island Reserve Commission. 2010. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1182/of2010-1182.pdf

Hakioawa and Kaulana gulches were dry about 90 percent of the time duringthe monitoring period; mean annual flow was 0.06 ft3/s at Hakioawa Gulchgage and 0.01 ft3/s at the Kaulana Gulch gage. For the period when thesediment gages on both gulches were operating concurrently (October 2007 toSeptember 2009), sediment discharge was higher from Hakioawa Gulch thanfrom Kaulana Gulch. The annual suspended-sediment loads for the concurrentperiod averaged 1,880 tons at the Hakioawa Gulch gage and 276 tons at theKaulana Gulch gage.

Of the 77 erosion-monitoring sites in the Hakioawa and Kaulana watersheds,50 had overall rates of change indicating erosion for the monitoring period,ranging from –1 to –10 mm/yr and averaging –3 mm/yr. Seven sites had ratesof change indicating overall deposition, ranging from 1 to 15 mm/yr andaveraging 5 mm/yr. Twenty had rates of change below detection (less than ±1mm/yr).

The average rate of change for the 26 sites in areas that have undergonerestoration by the KIRC was below the detection limit of the erosion-monitoring method. In comparison, the 51 sites in nonrestoration areasaveraged –2 mm/y. Both of these averages, however, include sites that showedoverall erosion as well as sites that showed overall deposition.

The average rate of change was –1 mm/yr for both the 32 sites on rills and the42 sites on interfluves; both categories include sites that showed deposition aswell as sites that showed erosion. All three sites on hummocks showed overallerosion, with an average rate of –8 mm/yr. Both the Hakioawa and Kaulanawatersheds showed an average rate of change of –1 mm/yr, and both includedsites that showed erosion and sites that showed deposition.

For sites with negative rates of change indicating erosion, the average rate ofchange during the monitoring period was –2 mm/yr in restoration areas and –3mm/yr in nonrestoration areas. For sites with positive rates of changeindicating deposition, the average rate of change was 5 mm/yr in restorationareas and 6 mm/yr in nonrestoration sites. The average rate of change for rillswas 1 mm/yr in restoration areas and –2 mm/yr in nonrestoration sites. Theaverage rate of change for interfluves was below detection in restoration areasand –1 mm/yr in nonrestoration areas.

______________________

REDUCING EXCESSIVE SEDIMENTATION IN THE HAKIOAWA WATERSHEDOF KAHO`OLAWE BY RESTORING NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS

KAHO`OLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION

KIRC CommissionersMichele Chouteau McLean, ChairpersonAmber Nāmaka Whitehead, Vice-Chair

William J. Aila, Jr.Noa Emmett AluliC. Kaliko BakerHōkūlani Holt

KIRC Executive DirectorMichael K. Nāho`opi`i

http://www.kahoolawe.hawaii.gov/downloads/DOH3%20Trifold%20for%20MP.pdf

AIM

The Hawai`i Department of Health, Polluted Runoff Control Program (PRCP), hasgranted Clean Water Act (CWA) section 319 funding to the KIRC to initiate erosioncontrol, reestablish native plant communities, and improve water quality affected bythe non-point source pollutant “excessive sedimentation”. KIRC project activitieswill reduce the amount of sediment entering coastal waters, diminishing theecological impact to near-shore coral reef communities and maintaining andimproving their structure, thereby helping to ensure that our global waters are notpolluted.

CHALLENGE

The 109-acre project site is located in the Hakioawa Watershed; one of 24 watershedson Kaho`olawe. Digging is prohibitive, as removal of unexploded ordnance (UXO)was conducted on the terrestrial surface only and still remains subsurface. Irrigatingnewly planted vegetation is challenged by the island’s average annual rainfall of 10 –25 inches due to its location in the rain shadow of Maui.

Monitoring project site progress includes measuring changes in native vegetationcover and density, baseline photopoints, soil erosion rates and near shore oceansediment deposition. Data from a from a 2005-2010 Department of Health projectstream gage determined that the annual suspended load for the 766-acre Hakioawawatershed averaged 1,880 tons.

This Project has been jointly funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(“Agency”) or (“EPA”) under Section 319(h) of the Clean Water Act, and the HawaiiState Department of Health, Clean Water Branch.

[Emphasis Supplied]

LONG-TERM RESULTS IN WATERSHED RESTORATION TO BE STUDIEDGRANT FUNDS TO BENEFIT EFFORTS ON KAHO`OLAWE

By Chris Sugidono. The Maui News.October 31, 2017, accessed March 6, 2018

http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2017/10/long-term-results-in-watershed-restoration-to-bestudied/

The Kaho`olawe Island Reserve Commission is working to further restore 100 acres inthe Hakioawa watershed. The project calls for planting 10,000 new native plants andconstructing 500 feet of soil erosion devices.

The commission eventually hopes the entire 766-acre Hakioawa watershed returns to itsdryland native forest origins. the only other dryland forest Abbott [could recall inHawaii was on the puna side of the big island.

It will take generations to restore the watershed considering about a third of the island isbare soil that lacks organic matter or micronutrients.

MARCH 6, 2018

Kaho`olawe's path to restoration depends on appropriation decisions madeat the state Capitol. Funding to clean up the remaining 25 percent of theisland that the Navy didn't clear during their years-long, $400,000 millionclean-up is still in limbo.

The stars were all in alignment in 1994 for Kaho`olawe to come back and getcleaned. We have to wait for those stars to get aligned again before we cancome back and do more cleaning.

The exact plans for Kaho`olawe continue to evolve, but one thing is for sure:Major developments are out of the question.

Source: The future of Kaho`olawe: To become the state's first self-sustaining islandBy Lacy Deniz. HawaiiNewsNow. March 6, 2018, accessed March 6, 2018 http://m.hawaiinewsnow.com/hawaiinewsnow/db_330510/contentdetail.htm?contentguid=bCy2v1TQ

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Sustainability is not simply a goal; it's a responsibility. Sustainability makessense for Hawai`i and the world. We are connected to everything that we do –connected as a family, connected to our neighbors and connected to ourenvironment. Knowing this, we must go beyond merely caring for what existsnow. We must protect the environment for our children, for their future.

Governor David Y. Ige

THE PUBLIC TRUSTHAWAII STATE CONSTITUTION ARTICLE XI