Arthropod Control

Dept. Parasitologi FK USUBlok Tropical Medicine

2014

Coverage

• Arthropods’ effects to human’s health• Houseflies• Cockroaches• Acarina• Controlling arthropods

How arthropods affect human’s health

•e.g. scorpions, some spiders and mites, some bugs and stinging insects.

Directly poisonous

•e.g. scabies, lice (pediculus humanus), myasis larvae (maggots).

Parasitic (obligatory, accidental or facultative)

•e.g. mosquitoes, flies, roachesDisease transmitters (mechanic or biologic)

•e.g. mosquitoes, lice, certain fliesSucking blood

Transmitting pathogens

• Infecting man who ingests it:– Dipylidium caninum by dog/cat fleas (Ctenocephalides

canis/C felis)– Hymenolepis diminuta by fleas, lepidoptera, coleoptera– Dracunculus medinensis by Cyclops

• Posterior inoculation • Direct inoculation through its bites biological

vectors• Mechanical transmission

Fly

Taxonomy• Class: Hexapoda• Ordo: Diptera• Family:

– Muscidae (housefly)– Sarcophagidae (meatfly)– Calliphoridae

Complete metamorphoses

Housefly

• Cosmopolitan• Sponging mouthparts feed on liquid or

semiliquid substances and softened solid material (human foods, blood, decaying materials)

• Breeding places: garbage, organic materials, sewage.

• Resting: floor, ceiling, grass, shady places.

Housefly

• Large food intake deposit feces constantly

• Mechanical vector • Diurnal • Flying range: 400-500m

Housefly control

CockroachesNomenclature• Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Arthropoda • Subphylum: Hexapoda • Class: Insecta • Subclass: Pterygota • Infraclass: Neoptera • Superorder: Dictyoptera • Order: Blattodea• Most common species: American cockroach (Periplaneta

americana) and German cockroach (Blattella germanica) (Robinson, 2005; Uneke, 2007)

CockroachesMorphology & Life Cycle

Average life span: 1 year

CockroachesHabitat

• Warm and moist environment

• Sewers and wet, decaying areas (Jirage, 2011)

• Nocturnal and filthy (Allen, 1987)

• Feed on garbage and sewage (Cotton et al., 2000; Pai et al., 2005)

CockroachesRole as pests

• Well adapted for mechanical transmitting disease (Chamavit, 2011)

• Common pest in food stalls and restaurant premises

• Mechanical vector for intestinal nematodes and a few pathogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus and Salmonella (WHO, 1997)

CockroachesControl

Preventing infestation seal openings

Limiting food and water access

Traps

Insecticides

AcarinaSuborders

1. Metastigmata

2. Mesostigmata

3. Prostigmata

4. Astigmata

Hemma Yulfi 15

MetastigmataMedical importance

• Blood-feeding parasites, often found in tall grass waiting to attach to a passing host.

• Hard ticks (Ixodidae) and soft ticks (Argasidae)• Causing irritation and ticks paralysis• Transmits diseases: spirochaeta, viruses,

rickettisiae, bacteria (tularemia), anaplasma, piroplasma, theileria

Hemma Yulfi 16

MesostigmataMedical importance

• Gamasid mites• Transmitting murine typhus, tularemia,

Korean hemorrhagic fever, coxackie virus, and plaque

Hemma Yulfi 17

ProstigmataMedical Importance

• Larva (chigger) as the parasitic stage• Leptotrombidium deliense carry Orientia

tustsugamushi, agent of scrub typhus.• The bite causes dermatitis

Hemma Yulfi 18

Control of Acarina

• Habitat modification, live-stock control from ticks infestation

• Prevent human-ticks/mites contact• Biological control: predators• Chemical control phenothrine (85.7%) and

methoprene combination. Phentothrin kills adults, methoprene kills eggs. May be toxic for human and animals.

Hemma Yulfi 19

AstigmataMedical Importance

• Sarcoptes scabiei • Dust mites (e.g. Dermatophagoides pterynissinus) rhinitis allergic, asthma, and dermatitis allergic

Hemma Yulfi 20

Sarcoptes scabieiControl

• Prevent contact with patients or patients’ clothes, avoid sharing of clothes, beds, or towels.

• Treat all family and close contacts.• Oral ivermectin.• Topical insecticides: permethrin 5% malathion,

lindane lotion, sulfur ointment and soap.• Cleaning of environment.

House dust mitesControl

• Keep house dry• Vacuum dust • Hot sun treatment• Matress cover• Miticides

Thank You