k2 elhanan adler_israelbibliographicdata
TRANSCRIPT
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Israeli Bibliographic Data and the International Scene
Elhanan Adler
National Library of Israel and David Yellin Academic College of Education
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Background• Digital preservation and access to national cultural
heritage materials is (or should be) an important activity of all countries.
• Local and national efforts need to be made international in order to reach the greatest possible audience.
• Cultural heritage materials from various countries often overlap.
• Jewish cultural heritage materials are an extreme example of this overlap.
• The National Library of Israel (NLI) is actively working to make its metadata acceptable to international projects
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Metadata issues
• Merging metadata from various countries creates challenges related to– Standards
– Terminology
– Languages
– Scripts
• Israeli metadata needs to be adaptable to international standards while continuing to meet local needs
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Israeli bibliographic metadata
• Generally follows international standards (AACR, RDA) but data is recorded in four vernacular scripts
– Latin
– Hebrew
– Arabic
– Cyrillic
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US-style cataloging
• All entry points in Latin alphabet
• In recent years, option to enrich the record with parallel vernacular 880 fields
• Major advantage: works in all languages and alphabets are retrieved by a single search
• Major disadvantage: Latin alphabet heading is not always obvious – particularly for Hebrew names (various romanization schemes)
• This approach is now known as MARC Model A
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Israeli style cataloging• Works in Latin, Hebrew, Arabic and Cyrillic
scripts are cataloged in the original script
• Major advantage: headings are searched in the native language of the work (no romanization)
• Major disadvantage: Multiple searches necessary to retrieve material in more than one script
• This approach is now known as MARC Model B
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Example –Headings for Benjamin Netanyahu
• Netanyahu, Binyamin
• Нетаниягу, Биньямин
• בנימין, נתניהו
• ، بنياميننتنياهو
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The solution: retain separate alphabets but enable cross-alphabet searching
• NLI Name headings: currently 4 scripts
• NLI subjects: English only (LCSH) with Hebrew translations
• The goal: searching any of the scripts will retrieve headings using all of them
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How?• Create single authority record for each heading with multiple
1xx fields (one for each script), e.g.– 1001 $aNetanyahu, Binyamin,$9eng– 1001 $aНетаниягу, Биньямин, $9rus– 1001 $a בנימין, נתניהו ,$$9heb
• Each can have its own cross references– 4001 $aNetanyahu, Benjamin,$9eng– 4001 $a ביבי, נתניהו ,$$9heb
• Bibliographic record contains only one form (in alphabet of cataloging) but can be retrieved by all.
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Software support
• This solution is non-standard (MARC field 1xx is non-repeatable)
• It is supported by ALEPH 500 software
• It is used by other ALEPH libraries (e.g. Swiss for French/German/Italian headings)
• It is acceptable to the VIAF project
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Example of name cluster
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Four separate authority records before merge
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After merge
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Browse index – before merge (10+11+2+11 records)
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Browse index – after merge
Same records under each heading
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VIAF project(Virtual International Authority File)
• Authority records are loaded to the international VIAF project where they are further clustered with other name headings from other countries
• Bibliographic projects using VIAF data will be able to locate material related to all forms
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The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international service designed to provide convenient access to the world's major name authority files. Its creators envision the VIAF as a building block for the Semantic Web to enable switching of the displayed form of names for persons to the preferred language and script of the Web user. VIAF began as a joint project with the Library of Congress (LC), the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (DNB), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF) and OCLC. It has, over the past decade, become a cooperative effort involving an expanding number of other national libraries and other agencies. At the beginning of 2012, contributors include 20 agencies from 16 countries.
[2014: 34 agencies in 29 countries ]
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Merging/clustering headings
• Initial clustering based on VIAF merging
• Ongoing clustering in current cataloging
• Retrospective clustering based on likelihood that name appears in more than one alphabet (major authors, historical figures, translations, etc.)
• Currently over 57,000 names have multi-script clusters
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Further Authority record enhancement
• Import biographical data (formatted and unformatted)
• Import alternate name forms
• Export the enhanced records to the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
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Bibliography of the Hebrew Book data
BHB authority records (about 20,000) are rich in biographical information (narrative format)
But - very different forms of headings Stage 1 – Match 95% of the BHB authority records to
NLI authority records - done Stage 2 – transfer narrative biographical data and
alternate heading forms from BHB to NLI – done Stage 3a – mine biographical data to create RDA coded
data fields – done Stage 3b – Use BHB forms/references in NLI authority
records to expedite single search of both databases – in process
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NLI authority record enhanced with BHB data
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Israel Museum database
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Artist data transferred as Excel file
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NLI enhanced record
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Link to Israel Museum site
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Israel Museum data in VIAF
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ACUM(לים למוסיקה בישראל"אגודת קומפוזיטורים מחברים ומו)ם "אקו
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ID numbers of creators and performers
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ACUM data in authority record
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Hierarchical geographic data
• Organize data on place names in hierarchical form (English and Hebrew) in order to use it in Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Enrich records with geographical coordinates (field 034)
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Example: Authority record for Białystok (Poland)
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Subject headings
• In 2010-2011 The NLI converted its classified catalog (modified Dewey Decimal Classification with added descriptors) to Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
• In parallel the NLI began a project to translate all relevant LCSH headings to Hebrew
• English forms are used in the bibliographic records. Searching can be either on English or Hebrew terms.
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NLI subject thesaurus
• 990,000 subjects: base and compound• Not all in use (includes entire LCSH file)• Of those in use > 95% have Hebrew translations• Unique subfield dictionary contains 104,000
translations• Most new subject headings are compound of
subfields with existing translations (automatic translation)
• New subfields are translated and added to the dictionary (ongoing)
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NLI subject thesaurus – in house
• NLI general catalog
• NLI special collections (maps, music, [mss.])
• Index to articles in Jewish studies (Rambi)
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Creating a national Israeli authority file
• The NLI has invested much effort in clustering names in different scripts (ongoing)
• The NLI has invested much effort in translating subject headings to Hebrew (ongoing)
• Other Israeli libraries wish to make use of this data for their own catalogs
• Additional partners will make the authority work, clustering and translation more effective and efficient
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Beta site: University of Haifa
• A copy of the NLI’s authority file is part of the Haifa ALEPH installation
• It is automatically synchronized every evening
• Headings can link to either the NLI authorities or the local Haifa ones – priority to NLI
• U. of Haifa catalogers have authorization to add and update original NLI authority records
• Requires coordination of cataloging practices!
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Use of NLI authority data by other Israeli libraries
• 2014 – University of Haifa
• 2015 – Some members of the College Libraries consortium
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Future development plans
• Partnership with other institutions in developing and expanding the NLI authority date (NACO/SACO model)
• Maintain and expand Latin script forms of all possible headings for international compatibility
• Make data available to international metadata and cultural heritage projects