k kurokawa tokyotech
TRANSCRIPT
1 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Prof. Kosuke KurokawaTokyo Institute of Technology(kurochan (a) iri.titech.ac.jp)
Prof. Kosuke KurokawaTokyo Institute of Technology(kurochan (a) iri.titech.ac.jp)
The particularity of the power network incorporating with the aggregation
of distributed PV systems
The particularity of the power network incorporating with the aggregation
of distributed PV systems12-15 January 2009
2 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Part 1:
General Considerations – Particularity of PV
Part 2:
Aggregation of a large number of PV systems
Part 3:
Bulk Systems – LSPV to VLSPV
The particularity of the power network incorporating with the aggregation of
distributed PV systems
3 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
1. Irregularity: - Random fluctuation for seconds, minutes to
hours by cloud movementcan be equalized over a broader area
2. Regularity: - Daily change by earth rotation: day and night
can be equalized by east-west inter-tie- Seasonal change by orbital motion
can be equalized by north-south intertie- Limited capacity factor < 2800/8760 ×100 %
≈30 % terrestrially max3. Universality:
- almost Everywhere Accessible: peaceful energy- terrestrial max: 2800 kWh/m2 in Sahara
- however, rather evenly distributed: e.g., 1400 kWh /m2 in Japan; 1200 kWh/m2 in Central Europe
Particularity in Solar PV Power GenerationB
road
er
Are
aLo
ng
er
Ter
m
4 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
NEDO’s City of Ota Project
5 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Tokyo Dome
TokyoJapan
6 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Residential PV Potential Central Tokyo (23-Wards)
yellow dots: residential roofs
Residential Roofs
20%
A Half of Roofsfor PV
Annual E. = 10.8 TWh/Y
PV capacity = 9.7 GW
PV area = 65.0 km2
Palace
TYO Dome
72% population in Greater Tokyo(8.5 /11.8 Mln)
7 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Very-Thin Cell/Multi-junction 7 JPY/kWh
Elec
tric
ity C
ost-d
own
New MaterialEntering
Battery Backed-up
Large SystemLong Life BOS
<<Cell Tech>>Cost Reduction by Tech. Generation
Change
Bulk Si &Thin Film Si/ Compound
Grid-Connected PV with Higher
Degree of Autonomy
Active Grid
Control
New Material/ Structure
Ex: Dye-sensitized
2002 2007 2010 2020 2030
~50JPY/kWh
30 JPY/kWh
23JPY/kWh
14 JPY/kWh
<<System Tech>>Less-dependent on
Grid from Individual to Clustered
http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/archives/161027/pv2030roadmap.pdf
22%η module 50JPY/W
PV2030 Roadmap
8 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
250
200
150
100
50
0
7,950
8,000In
stal
labl
e PV
(GW
) in
2030
Case 1
54GW
Case 2
102GW
Case 3
202GW
Potential
8,000GW
Industrial
Use
SingleFamily
UnusedH2, etc.
Multi-Family
Public
TransportBusiness
PV2030Base Case
10% approx. of Domestic Electricity
Case 1: Business as usualCase 2: R&D and Market Penetration according PV2030 Base CaseCase 3: Accelerated R&D and Market Penetration with large–scale industrial usePotential: Physical Limit by residential, public, industrial, unused land, etc.
Installable PV (GW) up to 2030
2 trillion JPY/Y Market
23JPY /kWh
14JPY /kWh
7JPY/kWh
9 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
NEDO’s PV Cluster Demonstration Experiment Project in City of Ota
No. of PV Houses: 550
10 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
東西距離 [m]
南北
距離
[m
]
W-E distance (m)
S-N
dis
tan
ce (
m)
NEDO’s PV Cluster D e m o n s t r a t i o n Experiment Project i n C i t y o f O t a
No. of PV Houses: 550
11 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Example:Equalization over Area
Average
≈75
0m
≈500m
Ver
tical
Axi
s: Ir
radi
ance
(kW
m-2
)H
oriz
onta
l Axi
s: T
ime
of d
ay (h
our:
min
ute)
“Josai-no-Mori”New Town
Ota City
12 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
1 PV House 516 PV Houses
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
32007年07月31日 （番号：001）
時間 [hour]
有効
電力
[kW
]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2007年07月31日 （面）
時間 [hour]
有効
電力
[kW
]
NEDO’s City of Ota Project
Time of day (hour) Time of day (hour)
PV
out
put (
kW)
PV
out
put (
kW)
Equalization
31 July 2007) 31 July 2007)
13 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Equalization – An Example
1 PV House 516 PV Houses
Time of day (hour) Time of day (hour)
PV
out
put (
kW)
PV
out
put (
kW)
14 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Fluctuation Energy by FrequencyP
ow
er S
pec
tru
m
Frequency (Hz)
15 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Fluctuation Energy by Time PeriodP
ow
er S
pec
tru
m
Period (s)
16 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
2007年08月07日 （番号：001）
時間 [hour]
有効
電力
[kW
]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2007年07月31日 （面）
時間 [hour]
有効
電力
[kW
]
1 PV House 516 PV Houses
Residential Loads
Larger Equalization
17 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
ExpectedOverall
PV Output
Source: Agency of Resources and Energy, METI, 9 Sept. 2008
Expected Equaliztion for Broader Area
METI’s Monitoring Plan
≈200 sites over Japan
18 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Regularity - Residential PV Subsidy Program
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
月
1997 年度
1998 年度
1999 年度
2000 年度
2001 年度
2002 年度
2003 年度
月別平均
全平均
最大年 (FY2001) = 1055 (kWh/kW)最小年 (FY2003) = 886 (kWh/kW)平 均 値 = 980 (kWh/kW)
FY97FY98
FY03
FY00FY01
FY99
FY02
平均年 全平均
月等
価稼
働時
間(k
Wh/
kW)
kWh/kW/YAverage for All Reported HousesM
on
thly
Yie
ld (
h)
FY1997－2003
Source: New Energy Foundation
Max (FY2001): 1055 (h)Min (FY2003): 896 (h)Average: 980 (h)
7 year Ave./M 7 year Ave./Y
Month
19 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
月
1997 年度
1998 年度
1999 年度
2000 年度
2001 年度
2002 年度
2003 年度
月別平均
全平均
最大年 (FY2001) = 1055 (kWh/kW)最小年 (FY2003) = 886 (kWh/kW)平 均 値 = 980 (kWh/kW)
FY97FY98
FY03
FY00FY01
FY99
FY02
平均年 全平均
月等
価稼
働時
間(k
Wh/
kW)
Seasonal Regularity - Residential PV Subsidy ProgramAverage Monthly Yield for All Reported Houses
Mo
nth
ly Y
ield
(h
)
Source: New Energy Foundation
Max (FY2001): 1055 (h)Min (FY2003): 896 (h)Average: 980 (h)
7 year Ave./M 7 year Ave./Y
Month
PV Yield (h) in FY1997 to 2003
FY1997FY1998FY1999FY2000FY2001FY2002FY2003Monthly average for 7 yrsAnnual average for 7 yrs
20 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
GWrelative to
PV Yield (h)by NEF
FYFYFY
FYFY
Source 1: Typical 5 electricity consumptions by 10 utilities in Japan but 9 in 1975 reported by the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan.Source 2: Kurokawa added PV generation curve coincident to monthly PV yield reported by NEF as on the previous slide.
Seasonal Balance between PV and Electricity
Month
Excess
Shortage
21 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Daily Power Balance between PV and Electricity
31 Jul 7529 Aug 8525 Aug 95 24 Jul 0120 Jul 04
GW
10 Utilities in Japan but 9 in 1975Source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan + Kurokawa
100GW
Extreme Case A: 100 GW PV Introduction over Japan
Clear day profile
22 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Daily Power Balance between PV and Electricity
31 Jul 7529 Aug 8525 Aug 95 24 Jul 0120 Jul 04
GW
10 Utilities in Japan but 9 in 1975Source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan + Kurokawa
100GW
150GW
Not Suitable for Nuclear Operation
ExcessExtreme Case B: 150 GW PV
23 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Daily Power Balance between PV and Electricity
31 Jul 7529 Aug 8525 Aug 95 24 Jul 0120 Jul 04
GW
10 Utilities in Japan but 9 in 1975Source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan + Kurokawa
100GW
150GW
Role of Battery Storage
Extreme Case C: 150 GW PV + Storage
Stable margin for nuclear operation
24 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Issues: Massive, Bulky PV Penetration and its Integration to Power Systems
- In spite of large possibility for PVs in kWh, Solar Power Peak in kW tends to become much larger than gross electric power system peak .
- In case of Nuclear Power Station: utilizing Pumping-up Station for adjusting power balance.
- In case of the higher penetration of PV, some energy storage may be introduced. What Kind, Where and How Large?
25 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Nuclear PSPumping-up
Substation
PV bPV b
Existing DistributionSubstation
B
Orderly Flow
Control
PVPVPV
incl. Eq.
Adv. Distr. Expected:B << Σb
to overcome voltage rise by reversal flow to minimize total cost
Location of Battery Storage
Bulk PV B
b: a distributed small battery for each houseΣb: aggregation of distributed small batteriesB: capacity of Battery stationB: capacity of battery station for Bulk PV
26 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
MET-PV2 (Tokyo)
Number of Days0.000.180.36
0.540.720.9
1.08
1.261.44
0.00
0.18
0.540.720.9
1.08
1.261.44
PV E
nerg
y by
18%
Eff
icie
ncy
(kW
/m2 )
Hourly Irradiation for Average Year
27 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
時刻（ｈ）
負荷
量（ｋW
h/h）
FebJanMarDecAprNovSept
MayAugJulOctJunD
eman
d En
ergy
(kW
h/h)
Japanese Standard Time (h)
Monthly-Averaged Hourly Domestic Energy Consumption by A Fully Electrified Home
Monthly-Averaged Hourly Domestic Energy Consumption by A Fully Electrified Home
Note: Specified for year around 2030 by Jyukankyo Research Institute Inc.
28 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
蓄電池容量 (kWh)
電力
量 (
kWh)
余剰電力量
不足電力量
METPV2 (Tokyo)
Number of Days0.00
0.18
0.36
0.54
0.72
0.9
1.08
1.26
1.44
0.00
0.18
0.54
0.72
0.9
1.08
1.26
1.44PV
Ene
rgy
by 1
8% E
ffic
ienc
y (k
W/m
2 )
-800.0
-600.0
-400.0
-200.0
0.0
200.0
400.0
1 21
41
61
81
101
121
141
161
181 201
221
241
261 281 301 321
341
361
SOC
(kW
h)
Number of Days
SurplusShortage
Ener
gy (k
Wh)
Battery Capacity (kWh)
20 kWh preferred
Winter
Summer7 kW PV
1230 kWh1/60
Optimized Storage Capacity
Optimized Storage Capacity
Ignoring Seasonal Gap → supplied by Exteral Utility
29 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Efficient LNG-fired plants
Superconductingpower transmission
SolarOil LNG Coal Nuclear Power BiomassEfficiency improvement Low carbon Tech
Efficient coal-fired power plant
Advancednuclear power
Wind
Power generation/transmission
Power generation/transmission CCS
Innovative Photovoltaics
Sup
ply
sid
eD
eman
d s
ide
Hydrogen production/storage/transportPower storage Power electronics
Cross-sectionalCross-
sectional
HEMS/BEMS/Regional EMS
Efficient houses/bldgs.
Efficient lighting
Superheat pumps
Low energy IT devices/networks
Fuel cells for residential use
Residence/Building
Residence/Building
Innovative materials/manufacturing process
Steel-making process with hydrogen
IndustryIndustry
Key Innovative Energy Technologies toward “Cool Earth 50”
PHEV/EVITS FCVTransportTransport Biofuel
30 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
At
leas
t 5
0%
Glo
bal
E
mis
sio
ns
Red
uct
ion
PV R&D Initiatives toward ‘Cool Earth 50’
English translation from http://www.iae.or.jp/research/result/ene_map_2008.html
2000 2010 2020 2030 2050
Electricity Cost Target 23 JPY/kWh 14 JPY/kWh 7 JPY/kWh
thin-bulk c-Sihybrid TF-SiCISdye-sensitizedpolymer R&D for
Tomorrow
2nd Gen2nd GenPV2030
η > 40%
1st Gen1st Genc-Sia-Si
Market Deployment& Dissemination Sunshine Project
New SS ProjectB
road
er
Dis
sem
inat
ion
ultra high efficiencymulti-junction cellquantum nano-structureothers innovative
Cool Earth 50 3rd Gen3rd Gen
InnovativePV Cells2008-2014
PV
Ele
ctri
city
Co
st
Co
mp
etit
ive
to M
assi
ve
Po
wer
NEW
Jpn. Yen /kWh
31 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Considerations on storage in Cool Earth 50
Ni-H
Capacitor
NaS
Li-metal, Li-S
20 years15,000 JPY/kWh
500 Wh/kg5,000 JPY/kWh
For Vehicles
For Stationary
Adv. Li-ion
32 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
-
Network Topic in Cool Earth 50
HEMS
BEMS
Local-level EMS
*
* ESCO: Energy Service Company proposing business for energy conservation
33 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
- Bulk storage with PV Power Plant
Considerations on storage battery for PV
• Possible Locations of Energy Storage in Grids with PV Systems (in summary)In the case of bulk introduction of PV among national electric grids
Preferable Principle: Social Cost Minimum to fulfill the balance of local energy supply and demand with local storage.
In the case of distributed approach of PV aggregation in urban residential communities
- Battery Station beside distribution substation, as a social infrastructure (its cost met by the society), not for individual PV homes
Battery controller gives an additional value –“Scheduled Orderly Power Flow”
34 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
The Main Objectives:
- Maximize PV installation into a residential community.
- Allow grid power flow downward and upward equally.
- Stabilize the fluctuation of power flow specified by | PV ~ Load | to raise added value for purchase & sale.
- Minimize storage capacity by community-scale optimization.
- Extend to regional DES management in longer-term view.
Proposal of Autonomy Enhanced PV Clusters
35 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
PE*Exte
rnal
Uti
lity
Orderly Flow
BatteryStation
Anchored to centre
Possible Solution: Storage Battery + PE
• Local Battery station for the community can be provide for massive PV clusters in conjunction with voltage distribution compensation by power electronics (PE) to accept 100% reversal power flow.
• This battery station can control power between its community and external utility to keep it in a pre-specified pattern.
AVR AVRPre-specifiedProfile
Q Compens.
PE*: power electronic controller
36 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
有効
電力
(%)
4 8 12 16 20
100
024
Orderly Strategy for External Utility
Orderly Purchase from outside
Submit Purchase Plan to power pool prior to 24 hours before
Discharge
Discharge for Load
Charge orHP-hot water
Charge
Constant Power from outside without Q
(Winter Term: PC P Shortage)P/Q Zero Connection or Isolating
0
• Necessary InfoNext Day Load Next day PV GenBattery SOCNext Day ShortagePower Pool Trends
Load Profile
• Battery StorageAutonomy-Enhanced PV Cluster (AE-PVC) Function Following Fast Load Orderly PW Purchase
PV Gen
37 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
AC Storage Device
Community Grids
Autonomy-Enhanced, Community-basePV Cluster Concept by employing Active Control
Community Substation
Inter-Utility Connector(Router)
Series Power Device
Inter-Feeder Router (LPC)
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
AC Storage Device
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
Shunt Power Device
Series Power Device
Shunt Power Device
Inter-Feeder Router (LPC)
Series Power Device
Ext
erna
l Util
ityLess Interactive
100% PV Clusters
AutonomyEnhanced
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
PVPV
PV
AE-PVC Concept
38 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Area BArea A
Decentralized, Autonomous, Asynchronous Power Router - Basic Concept
Power Router: Asynchronous, i-controlled AC-AC converterPPV: Current controlled PV Inv.,PA, PB: autonomously balanced by freq.-droop for each town.,)QA, QB: autonomously balanced by voltage-droop for each town,PAB, (QAB): adjusted according to ΔfA~ΔfB (and VA~VB)
PAB
(QAB)
PA1QA1
PBQB
PA2QA2
i-command
ΔVA=VA-VA0
Δ fA =fA-fA0
CompareΔVB=VB-VB0
Δ fB =fB-fB0
PPV
i-controlled
PPV
i-controlled
PowerRouter
Source: K. Kurokawa: Further considerations on solar PV community concept consisting of massive roof-top PVs and domestic loads, 22nd EU-PVSEC, Milan, 3-7 Sept. 2007, PL2.
39 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Decentralized, Autonomous Power RouterExpected Basic Control Functions
Router Functions realized by Asynchronous Power Conditioners such as BTB, Matrix Converters, etc.
Current control on individual PVs and droop V/F control on battery station(s).
Power Flow Control by localized sensing on router terminals, including zero P/Q control.
Local Voltage Control. Local Frequency Control independent from External Grids Local Frequency adjusted according to supply/demand
balance.The possibility of Next Generation Power Electronics by
SiC Technology for reducing size/cost. (BTB, Matrix C.)
40 kurochan
12-15 Jan 200923MW La Hoya Plant - Cloud Movement !
41 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
60MW PV Plant: Olmedilla (Cuenca)Presently World Largest PV Plant
08905
42 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Prim
ary
Ene
rgy
Sup
ply
[EJ/
Y]
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
WBGU: German Advisory Council on Global Change
YEAR2000 2060 2070 20820502010 2020 2030 2040 2100
GeothermalOther REsSolar heat
Solar electricity
Wind
Biomass adv
Nuclear PWGasCoalOil
Biomass tradHydro-PW
Prim
ary
Ene
rgy
Sup
ply
[EJ/
Y]
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
02000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
YEAR
WBGU: German Advisory Council on Global Change
Our Future Directions toward 2100
43 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009Proposed Scenarios toward 2030-2050 & beyond
Community Scale Grid Scenario (Micro-Grid)
VLS-PV to Global-Grid
PV module Technology1974 2000 2100205020302010
Large Scale to Very Large Scale PV
Developing Region Scenario
1G 2G3GRecycle 4.4TW/Y
133TW cum4.4TW/Y
SHS
Large Scale to Very Large Scale PV
Rooftop PVCommunity-Grid
+ StorageInternational to Global Grid
+ Storage
Mini-Grid+ Storage
kk-Ver.f08829
Glo
bal
En
erg
y M
ix
44 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
PossibleMEDITERRANEAN NETWORKTO GLOBAL NETWORK
PossibleMEDITERRANEAN NETWORKTO GLOBAL NETWORK
IEA PVPS Task8
45 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
46 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
• Solar PV is not a niche energy source: it is clearly a major contribution for the 21st century energy portfolio.
• Residential PV rooftops are the first option -meaningful for urban communities; they also play a part of the earlier investment in industrial applications for stations.
• Improvements in the distribution grids are required to integrate massive aggregation of residential PV and must be part of urban planning .
• Higher Penetration requires the modification of grid operation for balancing demand/supply and the deregulation of power systems.
• Bulk PV systems will require substantial social support to move forward in the 21st century.
• Power grid modification by the principle of Social Cost Minimum and its cost shared by the whole society with consensus.
Recommendations
47 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
Prof. Kosuke Kurokawa([email protected])Tokyo Institute of Technology
Prof. Kosuke Kurokawa([email protected])Tokyo Institute of Technology
The particularity of the power network incorporating with the aggregation
of distributed PV systems
The particularity of the power network incorporating with the aggregation
of distributed PV systems
48 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
[PV2030](1) K. Kurokawa, F. Aratani: Perceived technical issues accompanying large PV development and Japanese "PV2030“, 19th
EU-PVSEC, Paris, 7-11 June 2004, 6DP2.5.(2) K. Kurokawa: Photovoltaic technology direction - Japanese "PV2030", 31st IEEE-PVSC, Orlando, Jan. 3-7, 2005,Keynote
Session 2.
[Network Concepts and Advanced PCSs for PVs](3) K. Kurokawa: Areal evolution of PV systems, PVSEC-9, Miyazaki, PL-II-3, pp.881-884, Nov. 11-15, 1996.(4) K. Kurokawa, S. Wakao, Y. Hayashi, I. Ishii & K. Otani, M. Yamaguchi, T. Ishii, Y. Ono: Conceptual Study on Autonomy-
Enhanced PV Clusters for Urban Community to Meet the Japanese PV2030 Requirements, 20th EU-PVSEC, Barcelona, 2005.6.6-10, 6DP.2.3.
(5) Shinji Wakao, Yasuhiro Hayashi, Naoki Ueda, Akitaka Onoyama, Kosuke Kurokawa, Masahide Yamaguchi, Kenji Otani, Yukiyoshi Ono: Investigation of the Configuration of Autonomy-Enhanced PV Clusters for Urban Community, PVSEC-15, Shanghai, 10-14 Oct. 2005, PV0654-O5.
(7) Masahide Yamaguchi, Tatsuya Kawamatsu, Takafumi Takuma, Kosuke Kurokawa, Kenji Otani, Shinji Wakao, Yasuhiro Hayashi, Yukiyoshi Ono:Investigation of Battery Storage Station of Autonomy-Enhanced PV Clusters for Urban CommunityPVSEC-15, Shanghai, 10-14 Oct. 2005.
(8) Kyungsoo Lee, Kosuke Kurokawa: Study on D-UPFC in the clustered PV system with Grid, PVSEC-15, Shanghai, 10-14 Oct. 2005, PV0722-05.
(9) K. Kurokawa, Shinji Wakao, Yasuhiro Hayashi, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Kenji Otani, Masahide Yamaguchi, Takafumi Ishii and Yukiyoshi Ono: Autonomy-Enhanced, PV Cluster Concept for Solar Cities to Meet the Japanese PV2030 Roadmap2nd International Solar Cities Congress, Oxford UK, 3-6 April 2006, 7E.2.
(10) K. Kurokawa: A conceptual study on solar PV cities for 21st century: WCPEC-4, Hawaii, April 8-12, 2006(11) Kyungsoo Lee, Hirotaka Koizumi, Kosuke Kurokawa: Voltage Control of D-UPFC between a Clustered PV System and
Distribution System, PESC06, Jeju, 2006.6.18-22, p.1367-1371.(12) Kyungsoo Lee, Hirotaka Koizumi, Kosuke Kurokawa: Voltage sag/swell controller by means of D-UPFC in the distribution
system, WCPEC-4, Hawaii, April 8-12, 2006. (13) Lee Kyungsoo, K.yamaguchi, H.Koizumi, K.Kurokawa: D-UPFC as a Voltage Regulator in the Distribution System,
Renewable Energy 2006, 2006.10.10-13, P-N-5.(14) T.Kamakura, K.Hayashi, Y.Ohashi, K.Kurokawa: Considerations on power line router by using matrix converter,
Renewable Energy 2006, 2006.10.10-13, P-Pv-7.(15) Y.Nakamura, H.Koizumi, K.Kurokawa: A new type of scaled-down network simulator for testing PV inverters, Renewable
Energy 2006, 2006.10.10-13, P-Pv-11.(16) H. Igarashi, T. Sato, K. Kurokawa: About the Examination of an Alternative Technique of the Motor Load According to the
Resonance Load, Renewable Energy 2006, 2006.10.10-13, P-Pv-17.(17) T. Shimada, K. Kurokawa, T. Yoshioka: Grid-connected photovoltaic system with battery, Storage Conference, Aix en
Provence, Oct. 20-22, 2003.(18) T. Shimada, K. Kurokawa: Grid-connected photovoltaic systems with battery storages, RENEWABLE ENERGY 2006,
2006.10.10-13, O-Pv-6-1.(19) T. Shimada, K. Kurokawa: High precision simulation model of battery characteristics, RENEWABLE ENERGY 2006,
2006.10.10-13, P-Pv-1.(20) K. Kurokawa: Further considerations on solar PV community concept consisting of massive roof-top PVs and domestic
loads, 22nd EU-PVSEC, Milan, 3-7 Sept. 2007, PL2.
REFERENCES
49 kurochan
12-15 Jan 2009
[Evaluation for NEDO/City of Ota Project](21) Yuzuru Ueda, Takashi Oozeki, Kosuke Kurokawa, Takamitsu Itou, Kiyoyuki Kitamura, Yusuke Miyamoto, Masaharu
Yokota, Hiroyuki Sugihara: Quantitative Analysis Method of Output Loss due to Restriction for Grid-connected PV Systems” Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 158, No. 2, pp9-19, 30 January 2007.
(22) Yuzuru Ueda, Takashi Oozeki, Kosuke Kurokawa, Takamitsu Itou, Kiyoyuki Kitamura, Yusuke Miyamoto, MasaharuYokota, Hiroyuki Sugihara, Shogo Nishikawa： Analytical results of output restriction due to the voltage increasing of power distribution line in grid-connected clustered PV systems, 31st Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Proceedings, pp.1631-1634, Florida USA, January 2005.
(23) N. Kawasaki, T. Oozeki, K. Kurokawa: Impact Statement of Distribution Network by Fluctuation of PV system Output by Using Frequency Analysis, 20th EU-PVSEC, Barcelona, 2005.6.6-10, 6DV.4.50.
(24) Yuzuru Ueda, Takashi Oozeki, Kosuke Kurokawa, Takamitsu Itou, Kiyoyuki Kitamura, Yusuke Miyamoto, MasaharuYokota, Hiroyuki Sugihara, Shogo Nishikawa: Detailed performance analyses results of grid-connected clustered PV systems in Japan –first 200 systems results of demonstrative research on clustered pv systems, 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference Proceedings, pp.2466-2469, Barcelona Spain, June 2005.
(25) Yuzuru Ueda, Takashi Oozeki, Kosuke Kurokawa, Takamitsu Itou, Kiyoyuki Kitamura, Yusuke Miyamoto, MasaharuYokota, Hiroyuki Sugihara: Advanced analysis of shading effect using minutely based measured data for PV systems”,15th International Photovoltaic Science & Engineering Conference (PVSEC-15) Technical Digest, pp.444-445, Shanghai China, October 2005.
(26) N.Kawasaki, T.Oozeki, K.Kitamura, H.Sugihara, S.Nishikawa, K.Kurokawa: An Evaluation Method of Area-dependency Equalization of Output Fluctuation from Distributed PV System by Using Frequency Analysis, PVSEC-15, Shanghai, 10-14 Oct.2005.
(27) Yuzuru Ueda, Kosuke Kurokawa, Takamitsu Itou, Kiyoyuki Kitamura, Yusuke Miyamoto, Masaharu Yokota, Hiroyuki Sugihara: Performance ratio and yield analysis of grid connected clustered PV systems in Japan, 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, pp.2296-2299, Hawaii USA, May 2006.
(28) Yuzuru Ueda, Kosuke Kurokawa, Takamitsu Itou, Kiyoyuki Kitamura, Katsumi Akanuma, Masaharu Yokota, Hiroyuki Sugihara: Performance analyses of battery integrated grid-connected residential PV systems, 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference Proceedings, pp.2580-2584, Dresden Germany, September 2006.
(29) Yuzuru Ueda, Kosuke Kurokawa, Takamitsu Itou, Kiyoyuki Kitamura, Katsumi Akanuma, Masaharu Yokota, Hiroyuki Sugihara: Analysis Results of Maximum Power Point Mismatch on Grid-connected PV Systems, Renewable Energy 2006 Proceedings, Makuhari Japan, October 2006.
(30) N. Kawasaki, T. Oozeki, K. Otani, K. Kurokawa: An Evaluation Method of the Fluctuation Characteristics of Photovoltaic Systems by Using Frequency Analysis, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol.75.
(31) N.Kawasaki, K. Kurokawa, K. Kitamura, H. Sugihara, S. Nishikawa: An Evaluation of Area-Dependency Equalization of Fluctuation Characteristics from Distributed PV Systems, Renewable Energy 2006, 2006.10.10-13, P-Pv-90.
REFERENCES