jutta vinzent identity and image - science weimar
TRANSCRIPT
Jutta Vinzent
IDENTITY AND IMAGE
S C H R I F T E N D E R G U E R N I C A - G E S E L L S C H A F T
Kunst, Kultur und Politik im 20. JahrhundertHerausgegeben von Jutta Held
BAND 16
JUTTA VINZENT
IDENTITY AND IMAGEREFUGEE ARTISTS FROM NAZI GERMANY IN BRITAIN (1933–1945)
Weimar 2006
Layout: id, WeimarSatz: Anja SchreiberDruck: VDG, Weimar
Umschlaggestaltung unter Verwendung von Pl. 2
© VDG • Verlag und Datenbank für Geisteswissenschaften • Weimar 2006
Kein Teil dieses Werkes darf ohne schriftliche Einwilligung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form(Fotokopie, Mikrofilm oder ein anderes Verfahren) reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischerSysteme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden.Der Verlag, die Herausgeberin und der Autor haben sich nach besten Kräften bemüht,die erforderlichen Reproduktionsrechte für alle Abbildungen einzuholen. Für den Fall, dass wir etwasübersehen haben, sind wir für Hinweise der Leser dankbar.
© VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2005 für die Werke von: Reinhold Nägele, René Graetz, Heinz Worner, Kurt Schwitters, John Heartfield, Oskar Kokoschka© Peran Dachinger, London für Hugo Dachinger© Geoffrey Burne, Uxbridge für Hermann Fechenbach© Peter Flatter, London für Otto Flatter© Marie-Louise von Motesiczky Trust, London für Marie-Louise von Motesiczky© Walter Nessler-Stiftung, Pulsnitz für Walter Nessler© Caroline Compton, London für Fred Uhlman© Leslie Weissenborn, London für Hellmuth Weissenborn
ISBN-10: 3-89739-496-0
ISBN-13: 978-3-89739-469-4
Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek
Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der DeutschenNationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internetüber http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments 7
I Introduction 9
II Patterns of Emigration. A Socio-Political Framework 23
1. Becoming an Emigré: Jewish, Political and Cultural Persecution 232. Countries of Transit and Britain as an Exile Country 29
2.1 Exile Countries en Route 292.2 Emigrating to Britain 30
3. In Great Britain 343.1 Before World War II 343.2 Internment and Release 403.3 The War Years after Internment 47
4. After the End of World War II 54
III Conceptions of Refugee Artists 63
1. Refugees in General and Refugee Art and Artists in the Contextof Modern Art 64
2. Refugee Associations 732.1 Self-Representations 732.2 British Conceptions and Supporters of the Associations 80
3. Institutions Founded by Emigré Artists 853.1 Jack Bilbo’s Modern Art Gallery 853.2 Arthur Segal’s Painting School 91
4. Summary 95
IV Refugee Artists’ Visual Narratives 97
1. Internment Art 981.1 Limitations of Subject Matter and Styles 991.2 Inventiveness with Material and Technique 1061.3 Summary: A Stylistic Unity Characterised by Gender 107
2. Art for Refugee Associations 1082.1 Joint Ventures: United in Persecution and Being in Exile 1082.2 The “Fine Arts Section” of the Free German League of Culture 111
– Exhibits and Illustrations 111– The President: Oskar Kokoschka and His Political Paintings 119– A Key Figure: John Heartfield and His Anti-National Socialist and
Communist Photomontages 128– Concluding Remarks 135
2.3 The Austrian Centre’s “Association of Austrian Painters,Sculptors and Architects” 136– Exhibits and Illustrations 137– The President: Georg Ehrlich and His Sculptures and Drawings 140– A Major Representative: Otto Flatter and His Anti-National
Socialist Caricature 143– Concluding Remarks 155
2.4 The Anglo-Sudeten Club and the Czech Institute 156– Pro-Soviet Illustrations in Einheit and Wolfgang Schlosser’s
Austrian Communist Drawings 156– Exhibiting the Works of Czech Citizens and Marie-Louise
von Motesiczky’s Portraits of Women 1582.5 Concluding Remarks 163
V Conclusion: Exile and Postcolonial Discourse 167
Endnotes 177Abbreviations and Bibliography 219
Appendix 247
List of Refugee Artists (Painters, Sculptors and Graphic Artists)from Nazi Germany in Britain, 1933–1945 249
List of Pseudonyms and Other Names Used in Emigration and Beyond 295
List of Illustrations 299Illustrations 307Index 391
7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many of the émigrés, their families and friends have given me invaluable insights intothe subject: These include Merry Kerr Woodeson (Jack Bilbo’s daughter), Hans Feibusch(†), Jerome Abbo (Jussuf Abbo’s son) and his wife, John Loyd (†) (curator of Peter Peri’spapers and works), Professor Norbert Lynton (former pupil of the Arthur Segal PaintingSchool), William Kaczynski (collector of internment mail), Dr Klaus E. Hinrichsen (†)(former interned art historian), Diana Uhlman (†) and her daughter Caroline Compton(Fred Uhlman’s widow and daughter), Klaus Friedeberger, Milein Cosman and Dr InesSchlenker (for Else Meidner and Marie-Louise von Motesiczky). I owe a profound debtof gratitude to all of them.
I would also like to thank the staff of museums and libraries, above all the UniversityLibrary of Cambridge, the British Library, the Imperial War Museum (all in London), theExilarchiv (Frankfurt), the Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes(Vienna), for Ludwig Meidner the Stadtarchiv Darmstadt (Dr. Peter Engels) and for JohnHeartfield and Heinz Worner the Archiv der Akademie der Künste (Berlin).
Most of the research carried out for this book was undertaken while doing a PhD atthe Department of History of Art, University of Cambridge (a different version of thisbook was submitted as a PhD thesis to the University of Cambridge). Therefore, I thankDr John Gage, who accompanied my early academic steps in Cambridge, and ProfessorJean Michel Massing, my supervisor at the University of Cambridge, for continuedsupport and guidance. I am also grateful to Professor Hamish Ritchie (Sheffield) and Dr.Shulamith Behr (Courtauld Institute, London), who both examined the PhD thesis,Professor Dr. Erich Kleinschmidt (Universität zu Köln), my German Doktorvater who,nevertheless, read the manuscript of this book, PD Dr. Martin Papenbrock (Institut fürKunstgeschichte, Universität Karlsruhe), who recommended the manuscript to the editorof the series of the Guernica-Gesellschaft, and Professor Dr. Jutta Held (Karlsruhe), whoaccepted it for the series of the Guernica-Gesellschaft. I greatly appreciate especially thecomments of Papenbrock and Held on the drafts of this book. For the final stages of
finishing the book, I am grateful to all the staff at the VDG publishing-house (in particularDr. Bettina Preiß) and my colleagues at the University of Birmingham.Finally, I owe to Markus, Cyril and Charlotte more than can be stated here.
391INDEX
INDEX
Abarbanell: 32
Abbo, Jussuf: 7, 9, 10, 24, 59, 180, 182, 253, 267, 281
AC (= Austrian Centre): 9, 15, 17, 19, 22, 35–38,40, 45, 48–49, 52–54, 68, 73, 77–79, 82–84, 97–98,108–110, 114, 119, 122, 136–144, 147, 151–152, 154–157, 161, 163–164, 169, 171, 174, 178, 187, 192, 210,213, 272, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290,291, 292, 293
acculturation: 10, 18–19
Adams, Marion: 47
Adele Reifenberg: 53, 110, 202, 262, 276, 290, 297
Adler, Jankel: 10, 26, 28, 39, 50–53, 57–59, 68, 73,83, 97, 182, 253, 267, 281
ADSTU: 37, 49, 137–138
AG Frauen im Exil: 15, 19
age and exile: 33, 60
Ahrends, Bruno: 99
AIA (= Artists’ International Association): 32,37, 49, 52–53, 74, 81, 83, 106, 112, 114, 124, 126, 149,161, 172, 174
AIA and FGLC Exhibition of Sculpture andDrawings: 53, 74, 81, 114
Alfred A. Longden: 71
Allies Inside Germany: 52, 75, 130, 157
Altdorfer, Albrecht: 69, 80
Alva: 10, 44, 53, 57–59, 68, 101, 253, 267, 281, 295
America/American: 11, 16, 18–19, 152, 168, 196. Seealso North America/n and United States
Anans Gallery: 53
Anderson, Sir John: 41
Angerer, Thea: 36, 253, 267, 281
Anglo-German-Austrian-Czech FriendshipClub: 40
Anglo-Refugee-Centre: 40
Anglo-Sudeten Club: 9, 17, 22, 35, 38, 54, 73, 78,82, 84, 97–98, 108, 156–158, 163–164, 289, 293
Annexation of Austria: 23, 26–27, 31, 33, 35, 80,111, 119–122, 142, 147, 153, 155, 157, 214
Anti-Fascism/anti-fascist: 11–12, 19, 26, 32, 39, 42,45, 47, 49, 52, 74–79, 83, 86–87, 149, 154, 157–158,270, 275
392 INDEX
Anti-Fascist Exhibition by Vicky: 39, 86
Anti-National Socialist(s)/Anti-NationalSocialism, 108, 112, 128–129, 131–132, 134–136, 143–144, 147, 153–155, 158, 163, 168
anti-semitism/anti-semitic/anti-Semites, 24–25,30, 83, 117
Arandora Star, 41, 43, 271, 273
ARBKD (= Assoziation revolutionärerbildender Künstler Deutschlands), 26, 28, 181
ARC (= Artists’ Refugee Committee), 32, 45
Arcade Gallery, 134, 142
Archer Film Productions, 47
Armstrong, Edward, 48
Army Education Centre, 94
art in exile, 9–13, 15–16, 19–20, 97, 139
Artists against Fascism & War, 32
Artists Aid Jewry Exhibition, 39, 49, 77, 109, 114,142, 171
Artists Aid Russia Exhibition, 53, 216
Artists’ International Association. See AIA
Artists’ Refugee Committee. See ARC
Arts Council of Great Britain, 58
assimilation, 10, 25, 58, 96, 98, 104, 111, 135, 158,172
Association of Austrian Painters, Sculptors andArchitects, 15, 35–36, 49, 78, 136, 163, 290. See alsoAC
Association of Jewish Refugees, 10
ASTU. See ADSTU
Atkins, Joan, 86
Atkins, John, 87
Australia/Australian/AUS, 43–44, 94, 100, 103,267, 270, 271, 273, 277, 284
Austria Will Be Free, 49, 157
Austrian Centre. See AC. See also Associationof Austrian Painters, Sculptors and Architects
Austrian News, 139
Austrian Women’s Voluntary Workers, 36, 81,137, 174
Austrian-Soviet Friendship Week, 49, 138, 157
Balden, Theo, 26–27, 32, 37–38, 40, 46–49, 52–53,55, 59–61, 97, 109, 114, 117, 130, 180–181, 193, 195,253, 267, 281, 296
Baluschek, Hans, 71
Barlach, Ernst, 12
Barry Fealdman, 53
Bateman, James, 45
Bauhaus, 28, 34, 202
BBC, 17, 49, 190
Beaux-Arts Gallery, 58
Beckmann, Max, 69, 82, 160–161
Bedford College, 93–94
Behne, Adolf, 70–71, 197
Bell, Clive, 11, 34
Bell, Vanessa, 32, 45
Ben Uri Gallery, 13, 53, 58, 142, 192
Benesch, Otto, 139
Berger, Joseph, 38, 178, 253, 267, 281
Berger-Hammerschlag, Margarete, 37, 113, 116,178, 253, 267, 281, 296
Berryman, Clifford, 151
Beth, Ignaz, 113, 253, 267, 282
Bettmann, Siegfried, 141
Bier, 43
393INDEX
Bilbo, Jack: 7, 10, 22, 35, 39, 41–42, 44, 46, 48, 53,56, 59, 68, 72, 83, 85–88, 90–91, 93, 95–96, 167,172–173, 254, 268, 281, 282, 284, 285, 288, 291, 295,296
Bird, Cyril Kenneth: 152
Bischof, Ernst Arnold, 27, 32, 38, 55, 109–111, 116,181, 254, 268, 282
Bismarck, Otto von: 146–147, 149
Blake, William, 60–61
Blensdorf, Ernst: 24, 28–29, 38, 45, 57, 105–107,254, 268, 282, 296, 297
Bloch, Martin: 35, 48, 51, 53, 57–58, 73, 254, 268,282
Blundells School: 48
Blunt, Anthony: 70
Bock, Fedor von: 145
Böcklin, Arnold: 69
Bohemian/Bohemia: 17, 68, 78–79, 84, 156, 158
Bomberg, David: 51, 73
Bone, Sir Muirhead: 45
Bone, Stephen: 32, 45
Bornfriend, Jacob: 10, 39, 48, 58–59, 82, 86, 156,158, 162, 254, 268, 282, 295
Bosch, Hieronymus: 80
Bossanyi, Ervin: 48, 254, 268, 282
Brancusi, Constantin: 175
Brauchitsch, Walther von: 145
Breughel, Pieter: 38
British Pioneer Corps: 48
Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts: 57–58
Camp Art in Canada: 52, 199
Camp Rushen: 43, 107, 273, 274, 275
Canada: 33, 43–46, 100
Cannetti, Elias: 161
Carlile, Ian: 48
Carline, Richard: 32
Central Promenade Camp: 43, 188
Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies:14–15, 17, 19, 136
Centre for German-Jewish Studies: 13
Chamberlain, Neville: 120–121, 124, 133
Charoux, Siegfried: 36–37, 47, 49, 58–59, 80–81,254, 268, 282
Christmas Exhibition: 38, 113
Churchill, Winston: 34, 37, 46, 94, 121, 124, 148–149, 156, 189, 212
Clark, Sir Kenneth: 34
Club 1943: 49–50, 243
Communist(s), communism: 23, 26–28, 31, 33,35, 55–56, 59, 73–75, 79, 82–83, 86, 97, 109, 117–118,128–135, 146, 148–149, 154, 156–158, 163–164, 169,181, 196, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276,278, 279. See also KPD
Conrad, Joseph: 174
Continental: 58, 80, 94
Cooling Galleries Ltd.: 58
Corinth, Lovis: 69–70
Cosman, Milein: 58, 161, 249, 254, 268, 282
Council for German Jewry: 33
Cranbrook, Earl of: 34
Croft, Diana (= maiden name of Uhlman,Diana): 7, 30, 37, 47, 104, 123
Croft, Henry Page: 37
Croft, Michael: 45, 123–124, 178
Croft, Posy: 123
394 INDEX
CSR. See Czechoslovakia
Cultural Studies: 10, 17, 168
Czech Institute: 9, 17, 22, 35, 37, 39, 49, 68, 73,79, 82, 84, 97–98, 108–110, 136, 156, 158–159, 161–164, 168, 174, 282, 283, 289
Czech Refugee Trust Fund: 31, 47–48
Czech Youth: 40
Czech(oslovak) Institute. See Czech Institute
Czechoslovak British Friendship Club: 38–39
Czechoslovak Department of Information: 39
Czechoslovak Middle East Unit: 39, 158. See alsoCzech Institute
Czechoslovakia(n), CSR or Czech(s): 15, 17, 23,26–35, 37–39, 40, 46, 48–49, 54, 57, 66, 68, 72–73,78, 80–82, 84, 95, 98, 108, 110, 119–122, 124, 126,128, 134, 153–156, 158, 161–164, 168, 170, 182, 184,268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 275
Dachinger, Hugo: 88, 102, 112, 114, 118, 138, 254,268, 282
Dachinger, Meta: 58, 110, 113, 171, 254, 268, 282,296
Dada/Dadaism/Dadaist(s): 90, 97, 99, 106, 107,116, 136
Dartington Art Studios: 47
Das Laterndl: 36, 285, 286, 292
Daumier, Honoré: 133
Degenerate Art Exhibition. See EntarteteKunstausstellung
Deliss, Joseph: 36, 254, 268, 282, 295
Delitz, Leo S.: 36–37, 81, 113–114, 118, 137, 139, 180,254, 268, 282
Demus, Otto: 139
Deutsch, Erich: 137, 254, 269, 283
diaspora: 10, 108, 168–169, 171
Die Vertriebenen. Dichtung der Emigration: 49, 108
Die Zeitung: 152, 164
Dix, Otto: 34, 70
Donner, Rafael: 139
Dub, Yaroslav: 80, 255, 269, 283
Duras, Mary: 39, 57, 82, 156, 158–159, 161–162, 255,269, 283, 296, 297
Dürer, Albrecht: 69, 80
Ehrenburg, Ilya: 132
Ehrlich, Bettina: 42, 81, 113, 255, 269, 283, 295
Ehrlich, Georg: 27, 30, 35–38, 49, 52–53, 80–81,98, 109, 114, 136–142, 155, 163–164, 182, 192, 255,269, 283
Einheit: 17, 39–40, 54, 78–79, 109, 117, 156
Einzig, Susan: 48, 255, 269, 283
Eisenmayer, Ernst: 137, 255, 269, 283, 296
Eker, Edward: 86
Elkan, Benno: 52, 59, 67, 255, 269, 283
Elsheimer, Adam: 69
enemy alien(s): 40–42, 46, 64, 67, 77, 94–95, 107,169, 170
English Group of Surrealists: 32. See alsoSurrealism
Entartete Kunstausstellung: 28, 34, 125
Epp, Franz Ritter von: 145
Epstein, Jacob: 32, 61, 109, 141
Ernst, Max: 34, 70–72
Exhibition of Drawings, Paintings & Sculptures byFree German Artists: 77, 111–112, 126, 223,
Exhibition of English + Refugee Art: 76, 112
Exhibition of German Expressionism: 38, 77, 113.See also Expressionism
395INDEX
Exhibition of Paintings, Watercolours, Drawings &Sculptures: 36
Exhibition of Sculpture, Pottery and Sculptors’Drawings: 114
Exhibition of Twentieth Century German Art: 14,34, 69
Exile Studies: 9–12, 14–19, 21, 50,136
Expressionism/Expressionist(s): 10, 27–28, 34,38, 54, 59, 69–72, 77, 80, 83–84, 90, 92, 97, 107, 113,115–116, 118, 125, 128, 135, 137, 140–142, 159, 162
Fabian, Erwin: 44
Fallon Cliff Hospital: 44, 188
FAM (= Free Austrian Movement): 35–36, 40,114, 136, 139, 152
FDKB (= Freier Deutscher Kulturbund). SeeFGLC
Fealdman, Barry: 53
Fechenbach, Hermann: 42, 99–100, 255, 269, 283
Feibusch, Hans: 7, 14, 28, 32, 52–53, 255, 269, 283
Feigl, Fred: 39, 52–53, 58, 79, 109, 156, 158, 162,192, 201, 255, 269, 283
Feininger, Lyonel: 38, 69, 113
Felkel, Karl: 139, 255, 269, 283
Festival of Britain: 58, 142
FGLC (= Free German League of Culture orFreier Deutscher Kulturbund): 9, 11–12, 17, 19,22, 35, 37–38, 40–41, 48–49, 52–55, 68, 73–79, 81–84, 96–98, 108–119, 122, 124, 126, 128–130, 132, 134–138, 140, 149, 156–158, 161, 163–165, 169, 171–172,174–175, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,290, 291, 292, 293. See also Fine Arts Section
Filla, Emil: 162
Fine Arts Section (FGLC): 38, 111–112, 136. Seealso FGLC
First Group Exhibition of German, Austrian,Czechoslovakian Painters and Sculptors: 37–38, 80
Fischer Fine Arts: 58
Fischer, Harry: 58
Fladung, Hans: 52
Fladung, Johann: 37, 54, 75, 82
Flatter, Joseph Otto. See Flatter, Otto
Flatter, Otto: 36, 42, 98, 133, 136–138, 143–155, 163–164, 168, 171–172, 214, 255, 269, 283
Flight, Claude: 91
For Liberty: 126
Foyle’s Gallery: 36, 94
Fraenkel, Else (or Elsa): 53, 255, 269, 283
Fraenkel, Heinrich: 43, 105
Fränkel, Karl: 57, 255, 270, 284
Free Austrian Movement. See FAM
Free German League of Culture. See FGLC
Freie Deutsche Kultur: 38, 40, 49, 54, 74–75, 77,82, 114, 116, 118, 282
Freie Deutsche Künstler in England: 38, 77
Freie Tribüne: 49
Freier Deutscher Kulturbund. See FGLC
Freud, Sigmund: 36, 91
Fried, Erich: 108
Friedenthal, Richard: 100, 105, 256, 270, 284
Friedrich, Caspar David: 69
friendly aliens: 40, 64, 77
Friends of Austria: 35
Fritsch, Werner Freiherr von: 145
Fuchs, Leo: 51
Fuchs, Rudolf: 78, 108
Gabo, Naum: 57, 83, 180, 182, 201, 256, 270, 284
396 INDEX
Gandhi: 127
Gesellschaft für Exilforschung: 15, 19
Gillray, James: 123–124, 128, 150, 211
Goebbels, Joseph: 29, 71, 130–131, 133, 145–146,149–150
Gogh, Vincent van: 163
Goldschmidt, Hilde: 51–52, 57, 125, 256, 270, 284
Gollancz, Victor: 47
Gombrich, Ernst: 149
Gordon, Jan: 45, 68, 72, 81–82, 86–87, 89–90, 203
Göring, Hermann: 130–131, 133, 145
Graetz, René: 38, 52, 55, 81, 100, 112–114, 116, 118,157, 249, 256, 270, 284
Grant, Duncan: 45
Granville Camp: 44
Graves Art Gallery: 53
Grossmann, Fritz: 139
Grosz, George: 34, 70, 134
Group of Jewish Artists: 50–51, 73
Guderian, Heinz: 145
Guernica-Gesellschaft: 7, 16
Guild of Pastoral Psychology: 94
Guth, Hella: 57, 83, 256, 270, 284
Hamann, Paul: 38, 81, 105, 117–118, 256, 271, 285
Harris, Alfred: 58
Harta, Felix Albrecht: 37, 57, 139, 257, 271, 285, 296
Heartfield, John: 7, 9–10, 16, 27–28, 30, 32–33,37–38, 40, 42, 45–50, 52–53, 55–56, 60, 98, 111–114,117–118, 121, 123, 125, 128–136, 146, 149, 151, 154,163–164, 172, 181, 218, 257, 271, 285, 296
Heckroth, Hein: 41, 43–44, 47, 56, 85–86, 90,205, 257, 271, 285
Henle, Paul William: 80, 257, 271, 285
Henning, Paul: 101–102, 257, 271, 285
Henrion, Frederick Henri Kay: 42, 100, 257, 271,285, 296
Hepworth, Barbara: 141
Herman, Josef: 26, 51, 53, 58–59, 73, 257, 271, 285
Hersch, Eugen: 58, 257, 271, 285
Hertel, Gerd: 99, 257, 271, 285
Herzfelde, Wieland: 30, 60
Heu, Josef: 37, 81, 137, 257, 271, 285
Hinrichsen, Klaus E.: 7, 13, 44, 55, 98, 104–106
Hitler, Adolf: 14, 16, 23–26, 28–29, 35–36, 38, 42,44, 46, 48, 52, 66, 69, 71–72, 77, 83, 87, 89, 112,119–124, 129–131, 133–135, 138, 143–155
Höch, Hannah: 133
Hofer, Andreas: 52
Hofer, Karl: 52
Hoffer, Melly: 36, 257, 272, 286
Hoffmann, Eugen: 28, 38, 81, 112, 114, 117–118,181, 192, 258, 272, 286, 296
Hoffmann-Bermamoska, Rosel: 26, 258, 272,286, 295
Hogarth, William: 124, 128, 149
Holbein, Hans: 69
Hollar, Wenzel: 39, 156, 158–159
Holloway, Oba: 87–89
Holloway women’s camp: 107, 273, 274, 275
Huettenbach (or Hüttenbach), Alfred Hein-rich: 80, 258, 272, 286
Hull, Richard: 51
humanity: 31, 86–87, 91, 127, 141
397INDEX
Hutchinson Camp: 13, 43–46, 98–99, 100–101,104–107, 188
Hutchinson Square. See Hutchinson Camp
Huyton: 42, 44, 100, 102, 105, 106
identity: 9–10, 15–22, 36, 68, 72, 89, 96–98, 101,107–109, 111–112, 114, 116–119, 125, 128–129, 132–133,135–137, 140–141, 156, 159, 161–164, 167–169, 171–173, 175
Ilberg, Werner: 37
Inländer (or Inlaender), Heinz: 137, 258, 272, 286
Inner emigration: 11
Inside Nazi Germany: 48–49, 129, 199
Intergovernmental Committee on PoliticalRefugees: 31
International Club: 49
internment: 7, 12–13, 17, 20–21, 34, 40–48, 52, 64–65, 67, 74, 76, 79, 85, 89, 91, 94, 96–105, 107–108,110, 112, 117, 120–121, 138, 152, 164, 169, 172, 267–280
internment art: 13, 20, 42, 76, 79, 85, 96, 98, 107–108, 112, 164–165, 167
Jaray, Alexander: 36, 81, 111, 137, 258, 272, 286
Jewish/Jew(s): 10, 14, 23–26, 28–33, 36, 39–40, 48,50–51, 57, 61, 66, 68, 73, 77, 89, 93–94, 97, 103,109–110, 114–115, 117–118, 136, 138, 141–142, 152–153,155, 161–163, 204, 267. See also Jewish artists andWandering Jew
Jewish artist(s): 13, 23–24, 26, 28, 50–51, 53, 59, 73,77, 87, 142. See also Group of Jewish Artists
Jewish Cultural Club: 49, 109, 114, 171
Jewish Refugee Committee: 30, 73
Jillard, Hilda K.: 80, 258, 272, 286
John Denham Gallery: 58
John, Augustus: 34, 45
Jooss, Kurt: 47
Joseph, Carl: 37, 57, 272, 295, 296,
Kaczynski, Martin: 101
Kahn, Arno: 43
Kahn, Erich: 25, 53, 100, 102, 105, 109, 112–116,118, 258, 272, 286
Katzer, Elias: 112, 114, 118, 258, 272, 286
Kaufmann, Philipp Friedrich: 138, 258, 272, 286
Kerr, Alfred: 37, 74
Kirchner, Ludwig: 28, 34, 38, 113
Kitaj, Ronald Brooks: 173
Klee, Paul: 69
Klimt, Gustav: 137, 139, 142
Klingender, Francis, 45, 149
Klopfleisch, Margarete: 27, 32–33, 55, 97, 107, 109,181, 259, 273, 287, 296
Koelz, Johannes: 112, 181, 259, 273, 287, 296
Koenig, Leo: 51
Kohn, Johann: 138
Kokoschka, Oskar: 6, 9–10, 16, 19, 27–29, 32–38,41, 46, 51, 53, 57–58, 68, 73–74, 80, 82, 98, 111–115,118–128, 131, 134–138, 142, 149, 154, 159, 161, 163–164, 168, 172, 180, 182, 259, 273, 287
Kollwitz, Käthe: 12, 70, 141, 154
Königsberger, Paul: 137, 259, 273, 287, 296
Koppel, Heinz: 42, 259, 273, 287
KPD: 26–27, 31, 59, 86, 117, 128, 130, 181, 197. Seealso communist
Kraemer, Fritz: 36, 80, 259, 273, 287
Krause, Hedda: 81, 259, 273, 287
Kuczynski, Jürgen: 37, 199
Kunst hinter Pfählen: 76, 199
Kunstmuseum Bochum: 59
Kurz, Hilde: 139
398 INDEX
Kurzke, Jan, 27, 139, 181, 259, 273, 287
Lade, Kurt, 27, 32, 38, 52, 112, 114, 118, 181, 192,259, 273, 287
Laidler, Graham, 150
Lampl, Fritz, 113, 259, 273, 287
Lawrence, Edith, 91
Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von, 145
Lefèvre Gallery, 53, 201
Leftwich, Joseph, 51
Lehmbruck, Wilhelm, 141
Leicester Galleries, 35, 53, 58, 115
Lenbach, Franz von, 69
Lenin, Vladimir, 86, 146, 156
Levy, Ernst, 43
Liebermann, Max, 69–70
Lindsay Drummond, 47–48, 129, 132
List, Guido von, 145
Liverpool College of Art, 48, 192
Loewenlander, Karin, 81, 260, 274, 288
Lomnitz, Alfred, 58, 260, 274, 288
London Group, 32
Longden, Alfred A., 71
Lorant, Stefan, 66
Lothar, Johannes, 164
Low, David, 108, 133, 151–152
Löwengard, Kurt, 114, 182, 260, 274, 288, 297
Lynton, Norbert, 7, 93–94
Macke, August, 69, 71
Mahler, Anna, 27, 36–37, 81, 114, 136, 138, 184,260, 274, 288
Maillol, Aristide, 34
Maisky, Ivan, 88, 124
Maitlis, Yacov J., 51
Manger, Itzig, 51
Manstein, Erich von, 145, 214
Marc, Franz, 38, 69, 113
Marcus, Otto, 30, 260, 274, 288
Margulies, Alexander and Benjamin, 51
Marks, Margaret, 13, 47, 260, 274, 288, 296, 297
Marlborough Gallery, 58
Masaryk, Jan, 39, 161
Matthiesen Gallery, 58, 142
Mautner-Kalbeck, Marie, 57, 260, 274, 288, 296
Mayer-Marton, Georg, 36–37, 58, 137, 139, 192,260, 274, 288, 297
Mayerson, Anna, 86, 88, 137, 204, 260, 274, 288
Meidner, Else, 7, 25, 57–59, 97, 174, 193, 260, 274,288
Meidner, Ludwig, 7, 25, 28, 34, 43–44, 46–48, 50,52–53, 56–57, 59–61, 68, 70, 73, 97, 105, 126, 134,181–182, 188, 193, 260, 274, 288
Mende, Dietrich E., 164
Mendel, Renée, 81, 114, 260, 275, 288
Menzel, Adolph von, 69
Metropole Camp, 44, 188
Meusel, Alfred, 37
Meyer, Ernst, 37, 43
Meyer, Klaus F., 102, 117–118, 261, 275, 288
Mid-European Art, 114
Midgley, Peter, 57, 99, 261, 275, 289, 296
Minne, Georg, 141
399INDEX
Mladé Ceskoslovakia: 40
Modern Art Gallery: 22, 39, 53, 85–90, 95, 167,203. See also Bilbo, Jack
Modersohn-Becker, Paula: 34
Modigliani, Amadeo: 60, 68, 86
Moholy-Nagy, László: 27–28, 32–33, 181–182, 202,261, 275, 289
Mondrian, Piet: 33, 175, 182, 261, 275, 289
Montgomery, Bernard Law: 121, 124
Mooragh Camp: 43, 105, 188
Moore, Henry: 32, 61, 86, 141
Motesiczky, Marie-Louise von: 7, 10, 17, 39, 82,98, 156, 158–164, 167–168, 171, 174, 261, 275, 289
Mueller, Otto: 71
Munch, Edvard: 163
Munich Agreement: 32, 119–120
Murray, Gilbert: 33
Mussolini, Benito: 119–120, 153
Nägele, Reinhold: 100, 182, 261, 275, 289
Napoleon: 123–124, 150, 157
Nash, Paul: 32, 61
National Socialism: 11, 26–27, 64, 75, 85–86, 91,96, 98, 117, 122, 128–129, 131, 134–136, 143–144,146–147, 153, 155, 157, 167, 169, 276. See also NaziGermany and NSDAP
National Socialist(s): 9, 25, 27–29, 35, 41, 52, 70–71, 75, 77, 80, 84–85, 87, 89, 115, 120–121, 142, 144–146, 149, 154, 249. See also Nazi Germany andNSDAP
Nationalism: 18–19, 172, 175
Nazi Germany: 13–14, 16, 18, 22, 45, 48–49, 64,66–67, 69–71, 73, 75, 77, 87, 93, 95, 104, 116, 118–120, 122, 124, 129, 131, 135, 139–140, 143, 149, 151–154, 164, 167–168, 170, 172, 175
Nazis. See National Socialists and NSDAP
Necker, Wilhelm: 48
Nessler, Walter: 100, 102, 261, 275, 289
Neue Sachlichkeit: 34, 70, 83. See also NewObjectivity
Neurath, Marie: 107, 261, 275, 289, 297
Neuschul, Ernest: 27, 38–39, 156, 181
New Art History: 10, 17
New Burlington Galleries: 34, 69
New English Art Club: 32, 206
New Objectivity: 70, 115, 136, 161. See also NeueSachlichkeit
Newton, Eric: 70
Nolde, Emil: 69
Nolde, Karl: 27, 38, 80, 181, 184, 261, 275, 289, 296
Norman, Montague: 127
North America/n. See also Society for ExileStudies and America/n and Unites States
NSDAP: 26–27, 33, 128
Nuremberg Trials: 155
Nussbaum, Felix: 20
Ohel Club: 51, 73, 281, 282, 285
Onchan Camp: 43–44, 46, 100, 188, 267, 268,269, 271, 275
One Man’s War Against Hitler: 38, 112, 134
Oral History Project: 15
Oskar-Kokoschka-Bund: 27, 33, 73, 281, 282
Österreicher im Exil: 12–13
Österreichische Gesellschaft für Exilforschung:13
Oswestry School of Art: 48
Painting School: 7, 22, 85, 91, 95, 161, 167. See alsoSegal, Arthur
400 INDEX
Palace Camp: 43, 188
Paneth, Else: 81, 137–138, 262, 276, 289, 296
Parliamentary Committee of Refugees: 31
Pen Club: 33
Penrose, Roland: 32–33, 97
Peri, Peter: 7, 26–27, 32, 38, 58–59, 81, 97, 114, 181,213, 262, 276, 290
Pétain, Henri Philippe: 127
Peveril Camp: 43, 188
Picasso, Pablo: 34, 52, 85, 87, 89, 175
Picture Post: 66, 112, 129, 133–134
Pietzner, Carlo: 76, 106, 262, 276, 290
Piper, John: 61
Pixner, Franz: 37, 262, 276, 290
Plachte, Erna: 110, 171, 262, 276, 290
Port Erin: 43, 188
Port St. Mary: 43, 188, 275
Postcolonial/Postcolonialism: 10, 14, 16–19, 21–22, 167–168, 170–171, 173–175, 217
Prees Heath: 44, 269
Priestley, John B.: 37
Purtscher, Alfons: 81, 137, 262, 276, 290
Purtscher-Wydenbruck, Nora: 82, 138, 262, 276,290, 297
Raemaeker, Louis: 150
Ranks, H.: 103–104, 262, 276, 290
Rathbone, Eleanor Florence: 45
Rawicz, Maryan: 101, 207
Read, Herbert: 34, 54, 70–72, 83–84, 90
Rehfisch, Hans: 50
Reifenberg, Adèle: 53, 110, 202, 262, 276, 290,297
Reimann, Albert: 36, 262, 276, 290
Reizenstein, Lotti: 51, 262, 276, 290
resistance: 11, 27, 33, 52, 75, 112, 121, 127, 169
Reuss, Albert: 43, 262, 276, 290
Reynolds News: 129–130, 134
Ribbentrop, Joachim von: 145, 148
Rohlfs, Christian: 38, 113
Rommel, Erwin: 145
Roosevelt, Franklin: 133
Rosenbaum, Julius: 53, 110, 263, 277, 290
Rothenstein, John: 34
Royal Academy: 45–46
Sadler, Sir Michael: 34
Schacht, Hjalmar: 127
Schames, Samson: 48, 53, 68, 78, 82, 86–90, 102,106, 110, 112–118, 263, 277, 291
Schiele, Egon: 137, 142
Schlemmer, Oskar: 34
Schlosser, Wolfgang: 39, 49, 80, 98, 108, 138, 156–158, 163–164, 171, 263, 277, 291
Schmoller, Hans: 48, 263, 277, 291
Schoar, Roah: 81, 263, 277, 291
Scholz, Werner: 71
Schonbach, Fred: 100, 103–104, 163, 277, 291
Schongauer, Martin: 69
Schreck, M.: 100, 263, 277, 291
Schwarz, Freimut: 138
Schwesig, Karl: 20
401INDEX
Schwitters, Kurt: 10, 16, 19, 28, 34, 51–54, 58, 70,84, 86, 88, 90, 97, 99, 101, 104, 106–107, 116, 118,130, 134, 182, 191, 263, 277, 291
Sculpture in the Home: 53
Sefton Camp: 44, 188, 268
Segal, Arthur: 7, 22, 26, 28, 40, 47–48, 58–59, 71,85, 91–96, 167, 172, 182, 263, 278, 291
Shakespeare, William: 147–149
Sickert, Walter: 116
Slevogt, Max: 69–70
Sochachewsky, M.: 111, 264, 278, 291
Social Democratic Party/Social Democratic/Social Democrat(s): 12, 23, 26–28, 33, 35, 66, 74,79, 117, 289
Social Welfare Department: 40
Society for Exile Studies (British and NorthAmerican): 15–17
Sokol, Max: 53, 110, 264, 278, 291
Solomonski, Fred: 53, 103–104, 110, 117, 264, 278,292, 297
Soukop, Willi: 48, 81, 137, 264, 278, 292
South London Art Gallery: 58
Soviet Union/Soviet/USSR: 32, 46–49, 53, 55,59, 88, 108, 114, 119, 122, 124, 129, 131–135, 138, 146–149, 151, 154, 156–158, 163–164, 212, 214
Soviet War News: 48, 129, 132
Spandorf, Lily Gabriele: 110, 264, 278, 292
SPD. See Social Democratic Party
Spencer-Churchill, Lord Ivor: 34
Spitzweg, Karl: 69
Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf: 59
Städtische Kunsthalle Recklinghausen: 56
Stalin, Joseph: 130, 146, 148–149, 151, 156–157
Steinlen, Théophile Alexandre: 85–86
Stern, Ernst: 80, 180, 264, 278, 292
Sternfeld, Wilhelm: 50, 79
Strudel, Paul: 139
Sudetenland/Sudeten: 28, 31, 33, 38–40, 54, 73,78–80, 84, 109, 119–122, 156, 158. See also Anglo-Sudeten Club
Sulzer-Breuer, Clara: 36, 81, 138, 264, 278, 292,295
Surrealism/Surrealist(s): 34, 70–71, 86, 90, 137,205. See also English Group of Surrealists
Sutherland, Graham: 61
Swaffer, Hannan: 88
Szwarc, Marek: 51
The Red Shoes: 47
The Story of London Town: 112–113
Third Reich: 23, 27, 29, 86, 130–131, 142, 146–147,149, 170. See also Nazi Germany
Thoene, Peter: 70, 86, 197, 202
Thorndyke, Sybil: 37
Tojo, Hideki: 153
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri: 85–86
Trier, Walter: 35, 80, 152, 178, 264, 278, 292
Tschichold, Jan: 26, 264, 278, 292
Tyrrell, Cliff: 87–89
Uhlman, Diana. See Croft, Diana
Uhlman, Fred: 7, 10, 26, 30, 32, 35, 37–38, 41–42,47–48, 52–53, 58–59, 74, 80, 97, 101–105, 110, 112–114, 116, 118, 123, 171, 208, 250, 264, 278, 292
Ullrich, Hermann: 139
United States/USA: 10, 13, 15–17, 33–34, 57, 60,65, 94, 104, 122, 153, 155, 158, 184, 193, 202, 251, 273,281, 287
402 INDEX
USSR. See Soviet Union
Vansittart, Robert Gilbert Lord: 152
Vicky. See Weisz, Victor
Vier Künstler in den Räumen des FDKB: 113, 210
Viertel, Berthold: 74
Vogel, Karel/Karl: 47–48, 57, 80, 201, 264, 278,292
Voltaire: 127
Wagele, Franz: 139
Wagner, Erich: 57, 137, 264, 278, 292
Wagner, Günther: 27, 32, 38, 109, 181, 264, 278,292
Wagner, Otto: 139
Waldmüller, Ferdinand: 139
Wandering Jew: 89, 117–118, 153
War Emergency Fund for Austrian Refugees: 48
War Pictures: 53
Wedgwood, Lord Josiah Clement: 52, 88, 203
Weinberg, Erwin: 43, 113–114, 116, 118, 265, 279,292
Weiss, Peter: 19, 184, 265, 279, 293
Weissenborn, Hellmuth: 42, 57, 99–101, 104–106, 118, 138, 207, 265, 279, 293
Weisz, Victor: 39, 86, 265, 279, 293, 297
Wells, Herbert George: 33
Werkbund: 37
Wertheim Gallery: 37–38, 80
West, Rebecca: 34
Weybridge Museum of Modern Art: 53
Whitechapel Art Gallery: 49, 109, 216
Wiener Werkstätte: 37
Wilczynski, Katerina: 31, 265, 279, 293
Wilhelm II: 146–147
Wilkinson, Ellen: 45
Winstanly, Barbara: 48
Wolfsfeld, Erich: 43, 265, 279, 293
Women/women artists/women in exile: 15, 33,36, 42–43, 107, 109–110, 113–114, 118, 138, 140, 142,144, 147, 154, 158–160, 162–163, 173–174. See alsoAustrian Women’s Voluntary Workers andHolloway women’s camp and Port Erin andPort St. Mary
Woolf, Virginia: 34
Works by Refugee Artists and Their English Friends:112
Worner, Heinz: 7, 11, 27, 32, 38–39, 42, 52, 55, 100,109–110, 113, 117, 171, 181, 202, 265, 279, 293
Wotruba, Fritz: 142
Wüsten, Dorothea: 32, 112–114, 116, 118, 265, 279,293
Wüsten, E.: 38
Wüsten, Johannes: 116
Young Austria: 36, 49, 143, 152, 157, 192
Young Czechoslovakia: 40, 68, 156
Zeitspiegel: 36, 39–40, 78, 109, 136, 138, 283
Zimmering, Max: 37, 108
Zweig, Stefan: 37
Zwemmer Gallery: 35, 58, 90
Zwemmer, Anton: 35, 90