just noise? newspaper crime reporting and the fear of crime

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Page 1: Just Noise? Newspaper Crime Reporting and the Fear of Crime

This article was downloaded by: [Gazi University]On: 03 October 2014, At: 22:08Publisher: RoutledgeInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Criminal Justice MattersPublication details, including instructions for authorsand subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rcjm20

Just Noise? Newspaper CrimeReporting and the Fear of CrimeMartin Roberts , Dee Cook , Martin Roche & Suki DesaiPublished online: 13 Mar 2008.

To cite this article: Martin Roberts , Dee Cook , Martin Roche & Suki Desai (2001) JustNoise? Newspaper Crime Reporting and the Fear of Crime, Criminal Justice Matters, 43:1,12-13, DOI: 10.1080/09627250108552956

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627250108552956

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Page 2: Just Noise? Newspaper Crime Reporting and the Fear of Crime

Just Noise? Newspaper Crime Reportingand the Fear of Crime

Recent research by Martin Roberts and colleagues took a newapproach to analysing the media and fear of crime.

The power of the media to cultivate fear hasbeen a recurrent topic in criminologicalresearch. So prominent has this theme been

that assumed associations between media reportingand fear of crime have become firmly entrenchedin academic and popular thinking. In the USA, theevidence of the influential Figgie Report suggested"that crime and news of crime have penetrated theinner recesses of our minds and made us fearful,more fearful than any previous generation."(Research & Forecasts, 1983 ).

Like the Figgie Report, much of the researchon which these assumptions are based relies upondata collected through questionnaire surveys.Studies of television viewing and fear of crime haveproduced contradictory results that sometimessuggest the existence of a relationship andsometimes do not (Ditton and Farrall, 2000), whilesurveys concentrating on newspaper readership andfear of crime have found more convincing evidenceof a statistically significant relationship (Williamsand Dickinson, 1993).

Crime news diariesThere is, however, one major drawback to usingquestionnaire surveys in the search for explanationsfor fear of crime. Fear is often an ephemeralemotion, and not something that people are likelyto recall with any clarity. Yet questionnaire surveysask respondents to think back perhaps weeks ormonths, and assess how fearful they were and whatmight have caused that emotion. In thesecircumstances it is too easy for respondents to replywith well-rehearsed answers - perhaps themselveslearned from the media - that reproduce expectedpatterns.

Fear of crime is part of the mundane, day-to-day experience of life - questionnaire surveys arenot good at capturing this ordinariness. In a recentproject in South-West England an alternative,qualitative approach was used. Volunteers wererecruited to keep daily diaries of their experiencesand anxieties, and this has proved to be an effectivemeans of accessing the ways in which fear of crimeis intricately interwoven into everyday life.Amongst other things, diarists were asked to thinkabout and record their reactions to media coverageof crime, and to comment on the impact they feltthe media had on their anxieties. Alongside the diarykeeping, a daily record was maintained of crimerelated newspaper stories in both local and national

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newspapers for comparison against diaries.According to an earlier survey in the area, the clear

majority of respondents felt that fear of crime andmedia reporting were key factors in shaping theirsafety routines and actions. But our analysis of the in-depth information in the diaries produced a verydifferent picture.

Content analysisContent analysis of the diaries produced a longitudinalpicture of the levels of anxiety and patterns of activityover nine weeks. Comparing this with the record ofdaily crime reporting in the newspapers revealed noidentifiable effects - there was no evidence that short-term variations in the amount of crime in the newsaffected anxiety. Qualitative analysis of the diary textshelped explain why.

Local newspaper reporting was largely perceivedas a background 'noise' that makes little or no impacton the readers, and diarists were generally dismissiveof the crime coverage:

"Other crimes in the [local paper] I have forgottenabout very quickly, if I read them at all". Despite thelocal focus of the reporting, diarists rarely felt thatthe stories came 'close to home' - most coverage wasseen as being either spatially or culturally distant andso rather abstract. For instance, one diarist felt thatfew stories were directly relevant to him, "[The] usualreports in the local paper of events elsewhere duringthe past week. Makes one think we are lucky to livewhere we do and not come in contact with some otherpeople."

When the local news coverage did make an impacton diarists they tended to react with either surprise -for instance, referring to radio news,

"Heard on the local news that a pub had had a safestolen, in the 'car chase' after the robbers' carcrashed into a barrier in the shopping area. Therobbers got away. Not the sort of thing you expect[in this area]" - or with disgust, "Read in [localpaper]about 14 year old being approached at 6.30 in [thetown] on a bike and doing her paper round...Feltsickened that a 14 year old was not safe at 6.30 inthe morning." But none of these types of reactionswere ever associated with increased levels of anxiety.

Information about very localised events, oftenacquired through word of mouth rather than the media,was much more significant in influencing diarists'anxiety. The direct intrusion into the lives of people

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Page 3: Just Noise? Newspaper Crime Reporting and the Fear of Crime

they knew made the incidents seem much more real,

"A break in [just round the corner]. A reminder to be vigilant", and,"Village break-ins made me extra cautious about making everythingsecure."

By contrast, crime reported in the national media was too distant andtoo abstract to have any effect at all on fear of crime. On the contrary, theoveremphasis on violent crime in the national press tended to reinforcediarists' perceptions that their own localities and communities weregenerally safe - a finding that echoes earlier research (Heath and Petraitis,1987). Individual responses ranged from sadness to anger and frustration -for instance, "...the news that a man chasing a burglar is stabbed to death,what animals some people are", but no diarist ever expressed any senseof anxiety arising from nationally reported news stories.

So this research appears to demonstrate that media sources are lessinfluential in generating anxieties than some previous studies havesuggested. Interestingly, when on just one occasion a diarist did attribute asense of anxiety to media coverage, thiswas done in a generalised way and nottied to any particular source: "/ had twolate night incidents involving menapproaching when I did begin to feelscared; not because of anything they didbut because of [an] automatic defensive/suspicious reaction created by media/parents...". This diarist was perhapsinvoking the taken-for-grantedassumption of media influence toexplain her sense of anxiety. Like somuch of the debate about the media andfear of crime she was falling back on anexplanation that is easily proffered butnot substantiated on closer examination.

Martin Roberts, Dee Cook, MartinRoche and Suki Desai are all members

of the Centre for Applied Social Research at theUniversity of Wolverhampton.

References:

Ditton, J and Farrall, S (eds.) (2000): The Fear ofCrime. Aldershot: Dartmouth.Heath, L and Petraitis, J (1987): 'Television Viewingand Fear of Crime: where is the mean world?' Basicand Applied Social Psychology, 8(1&2).Research & Forecasts (1983): America Afraid: howfear of crime changes the way we live. New York:New American Library.

Williams, P and Dickinson, J (1993): Fear of Crime:read all about it? The relationship betweennewspaper crime reporting and fear of crime. BritishJournal of Criminology, 33 (1).

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