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COLLECTED PAPERS ONANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

BY ,

C. G. JUNG, M.D., LL.D.,FORMERLY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH.

AUTHORISED TRANSLATION EDITED BY

DR. CONSTANCE E. LONG,MEDICAL OFFICER, EDUCATION BOARD ; MEMBER ADVISORY COMMITTEE INSURANCE ACT

EX-PRESIDENT ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED MEDICAL WOMEN, ETC.

NEW YORKMOFFAT YARD AND COMPANY

1916

;0 Td ^c>^-3 . 16

6

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN.

EDITOR'S PREFACE

The following papers have been gathered together fromvarious sources, and are now available for the first time toEnglish readers. The subject of Psychoanalysis is muchin evidence, and is likely to occupy still more attention inthe near future, as the psychological content of Jhe psychosesand neuroses is more generally appreciated and understood.It is of importance, therefore, that the fuiidamental writings ofboth the Viennese and Zrich Schools should be accessible forstudy. Several of Freud's works have already been translatedinto English, and it is fortunate that at the moment of goingto press, in addition to the volume now offered, Dr. Jung's"Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido" is appearing inAmerica under the title of " The Psychology of the Un-conscious." These two books, read in conjunction, offer afairly complete picture of the scientific and philosophic stand-point of the leader of the Zrich School. It is the task of thefuture to judge and expand the findings of both schools, andto work at the development of the new psychology, which isstill in its infancy.

It will be a relief to many students of the Unconscious tosee in it another aspect than that of " a wild beast couched,waiting its hour to spring." Some readers have gathered thatview of it from the writings of the Viennese School. Thisview is at most that dangerous thing " a half-truth."

There is no doubt that some even scientific persons havea certain fear of whither the study of the Unconscious maylead. These fearful persons should be reminded that theypossess an Unconscious in spite of themselves, and thatthey share it in common with every human being. It is only

2-2

vi EDITOR'S PREFACE

an extension of the Individual. To study it is to deepen the

self. All new discoveries have at one stage been called

dangerous, and all new philosophies have been deemedheresies. It is as if we would once more consign radium to itsdust-heaps, iest some day the new radiancy should overpowermankind. Indeed this very thing has proved at once mostdangerous and most exquisitely precious. Man must learnto use this treasure, and in using it to submit to its own laivs,

which can only become known when it is handled.Those who read this book with the attention it requires,

will find they gain an impression of many new truths. It isissued towards the end of the second year of the great

European war, at a time when much we have valued andheld sacred is in the melting-pot. But we believe that out of

the crucible, new forms will arise. The study of Psycho-analysis produces something of the effect of a war in thepsyche ; indeed we need to make conscious this war in theinner things if we would be delivered in the future from

the war in the external world, either in the form of individual

or international neurosis. In the pain and the upheaval,one recognises the birth-pangs of newer, and let us hope,truer thought, and more natural adaptations. We need anew philosophy of life to take the place of that which hasperished in the general cataclysm, and it is because I see inthe analytical psychology which grows out of a scientificstudy of the Unconscious, the germs of a new construction,

that I have gathered the following essays together. Theyare printed in chronological order, and those readers whoare sufficiently interested will be able to discern in themthe gradual development of Dr. Jung's present position inPsychoanalysis.

CONSTANCE E. LONG.

2, Habley Place, W.February, 1916.

AUTHOR'S PREFACEThis volume contains a selection of articles and pamphletson analytical psjchology written at intervals during the pastfourteen years. These years have seen the development of anew discipline, and as is usual in such a case, have involvedmany changes of view-point, of concept, and of formulation.

It is not my intention to give a presentation of the funda-mental concepts of analytical psychology in this book; itthrows some light, however, on a certain line of developmentwhich is especially characteristic of the Zrich School ofpsychoanalysis.

As is well known, the merit of the discovery of the newanalytical method of general psychology belongs to ProfessorFreud of Vienna. His original view-points had to undergomany essential modifications, some of them owing to the workdone at Zrich, in spite of the fact that he himself is far fromagreeing with the standpoint of this school.

I am unable to explain fully the fundamental differencesbetween the two schools, but would indicate the followingpoints : The Vienna School takes the standpoint of an ex-clusive sexualistic conception, while that of the Zrich Schoolis symbolistic. The Vienna School interprets the psycho-logical symbol semiotically, as a sign or token of certainprimitive psychosexual processes. Its method is analyticaland causal.

The Zrich School recognises the scientific feasibility ofsuch a conception, but denies its exclusive validity, for itdoes not interpret the psychological symbol semiotically only,but also symbolistically, that is, it attributes a positive valueto the symbol.

viii ATHOE'S PEEFACEThe value does not depend merely on historical causes

;

its chief importance lies in the fact that it has a meaning forthe actual present, and for the future, in their psychologicalaspects. For to the Zrich School the symbol is not merelya sign of something repressed and concealed, but is at thesame time an attempt to comprehend and to point out theway of the further psychological development of the individual.Thus we add a prospective import to the retrospective valueof the symbol.

The method of the Zrich school is therefore not onlyanalytical and causal, but also synthetic and prospective,in recognition that the human mind is characterised by** causae " and also by " fines " (aims). The latter fact needsparticular emphasis, because there are two types of psychology,the one following the principle of hedonism, and the otherfollowing the principle of power. Scientific materialism ispertinent to the former type, and the philosophy of Nietzscheto the latter. The principle of the Freudian theory is hedo-nism, while that of Adler (one of Freud's earliest personalpupils) is founded upon the principle of power.

The Zrich School, recognising the existence of these twotypes (also remarked by the late Professor William James),considers that the views of Freud and Adler are one-sided, andonly valid within the limits of their corresponding type. Bothprinciples exist within every individual, but not in equalproportions.

Thus, it is obvious that each psychological symbol hastwo aspects, and should be interpreted according to the twoprinciples. Freud and Adler interpret in the analytical andcausal way, reducing to the infantile and primitive. Thuswith Freud the conception of the " aim " is the fulfilment ofdesire, with Adler it is the usurpation of power. Both authorstake the standpoint in their practical analytical work whichbrings to view only infantile and gross egoistic aims.

The Zrich School is convinced of the fact that within thelimits of a diseased mental attitude the psychology is such asFreud and Adler describe. It is, indeed, just on account ofsuch impossible and childish psychology that the individual

AUTHOE'S PREFACE ix

is in a state of inward dissociation and hence neurotic. TheZrich School, therefore, in agreement with them so far, alsoreduces the psychological symbol (the phantasy products ofthe patient) to the fundamental infantile hedonism, or to theinfantile desire for power. But Freud and Adler contentthemselves with the result of mere reduction, according totheir scientific biologism and naturalism.

But here a very important question arises. Can manobey the fundamental and primitive impulses of his naturewithout gravely injuring himself or his fellow beings ? Hecannot assert either his sexual desire or his desire for powerunlimitedly, and the limits are moreover very restricted.The Zrich school has in view also the final result ofanalysis, and regards the fundamental thoughts and impulsesof the Unconscious, as symbols, indicative of a definite line offuture development. We must admit there is, however, noscientific justification for such a procedure, because our present-day science is based as a whole upon causality. But causalityis only one principle, and psychology essentially cannot beexhausted by causal methods only, because the mind lives byaims as well. Besides this disputable philosophical argument,we have another of much greater value in favour of ourhypothesis, namely, that of vital necessity. It is impossibleto live according to the intimations of infantile hedonism,or according to a childish desire for power. If these are to

be retained they must be taken symbolically. Out of thesymbolic application of infantile trends, an attitude evolveswhich may be termed philosophic or religious, and these termscharacterise sufiiciently the lines of further development ofthe individual. The individual is not only an establishedand unchangeable complex of psychological facts, but alsoan extremely changeable entity. By exclusive reduction tocauses, the primitive trends of a personality are reinforced;

this is only helpful when at the same time these primitivetendencies are balanced by recognition of their symbolic value.Analysis and reduction lead to causal truth ; this by itselfdoes not help living, but brings about resignation and hope-lessness. On the other hand, the recognition of the intrinsic

X AUTHOR'S PREFACE

value of a symbol leads to constructive truth and helps us tolive. It furthers hopefulness and the possibility of futuredevelopment.

The functional importance of the symbol is clearly shownin the history of civilisation. For thousands of years thereligious symbol proved a most efficacious means in the moraleducation of mankind. Only a prejudiced mind could denysuch an obvious fact. Concrete values cannot take the place

of the symbol ; only new and more efficient symbols can besubstituted for those that are antiquated and outworn, suchas have lost their efficacy through the progress of intellectualanalysis and understanding. The further development ofmankind can only be brought about by means of symbols whichrepresent something far in advance of himself, and whoseintellectual meanings cannot yet be grasped entirely. Theindividual unconscious produces such symbols, and they areof the greatest possible value in the moral development of thepersonality.

Man almost invariably has philosophic and religious viewsof the meaning of the world and of his own life. There aresome who are proud to have none. These are exceptionsoutside the common path of mankind ; they miss an im-portant function which has proved itself to be indispensableto the human mind.

In such cases we find in the unconscious, instead of

modern symbolism, an antiquated archaic view of the worldand of life. If a requisite psychological function is not repre-sented in the sphere of consciousness, it exists in the un-

conscious in the form of an archaic or embryonic prototype.This brief resume may show what the reader cannot find

in this collection of papers. The essays are stations on theway of the more general views developed above.

C. G. JUNG.ZBICH,

January, 1916,

CONTENTS

PAGB

Editor's Preface v

Author's Preface vii

CHAPTER I

On the PSYCHOIiOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF SO-CALLED OcCULTPhenomena 1

Difficulty of demarcation in border-line cases between epilepsy,hysteria, and mental deficiencySomnambulism an hystericalmanifestationA case of spontaneous somnambulism, with somecharacters of protracted hysterical deliriumOther cases quoted

Charcot's classification of somnambulismNaef's and Azam'scases of periodic amnesiaProust's and Boileau's wandering-impulse casesWilliam James' case of Rev. Ansel BourneOtherexamples showing changes in consciousnessHypnagogic halluci-nationsNeurasthenic mental deficiency, Bleuler's caseSum-ming up of Miss Elsie K.'s caseNeed of further scientificinvestigation in the field of psychological peculiarities.

Case op Somnambulilm in a Person with Neuropathic Inheri-tance (Spiritualistic Medium) ...... 16

History of caseAccidental discovery of her mediumistic powersHersomnambulic attacks, "attitudes passionelles," catalepsy, tachy-pncea, trance speeches, etc.EcstasiesHer conviction of thereality of her visionsHer dreams, hypnagogic and hypnopompicvisionsThe elevation of her somnambulic characterMentalthought transferenceS. W.'s double lifePsychographic com-municationsDescription of stancesThe Prophetess of PrevorstAutomatic writingThe two grandfathersAppearance of othersomnambulic personalities.

Development of the Somnambulic Personalities . . .30The psychograph and spiritualistic wondersThe grandfather the

medium's "guide" or "control"

Ulrich von GerbensteinThesomnambulic personalities have access to the medium's memoryIvenesS. W.'s amnesia for her ecstasies^Later stances

Her journeys on the other sideOracular sayingsConventi

Ivenos' dignity and superiority to her "guides"Her previousincarnationsHer raco-motherhood.

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