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Cell BiologyStructure and Function

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Cell Theory

List the contributions of the following to the development of cell theory.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Hooke Schleiden Schwann and Virchow State the cell theory

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Microscope Microscope first made in 1600’s Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a dutch

biologist saw tiny water organisms

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Robert Hooke

Englishman Observed slices of cork under

microscope Named spaces “cells”, because

they looked like a monastery room.

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Matthias Schleiden

German botanist Found all plants are made of cells.

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Theodor Schwann

Found all animals are made of cells.

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Rudolf Virchow

1855 of Germany Found all cells arise from the

division of pre-existing cells.

OR

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Cell Theory All living things are composed of

cells, whether one or trillions. Cells are the basic unit of structure

and function in living things. All cells come from pre-existing

cells.

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Review page 180

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Microscopes

Compound Light Microscope- Uses lenses to bend light

rays Has an objective lens

(5x,10x,20x,40x,60x,80x,100x)

Has an eye piece lens (10x)

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Transmission electron microscope Uses negative electron

charges to make an image on a screen

50,000x magnification

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Scanning Electron Microscope

False color images Sprays metal dust on

object. Metal gives off electrons which are detected and drawn on screen

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Glowing Fluorescent protein

Taken from jellyfish Attached to DNA and

produces a glowing protein that allows tracking of proteins in cells.

Mitochondria

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Cell structure Identify and give the function of the

cell structures. Compare the structure of the cell

membrane to the cell wall. Distinguish between prokaryotes

and eukaryotes.

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Prokaryotes

No nucleus Contain DNA,

strings like spaghetti

Contain tiny spheres called ribosomes

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Eukaryotes

Have a nucleus containing DNA

Contain many membrane bound organelles

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http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

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Cell Structures

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Cell membrane

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Cell Membrane Regulates what goes out and

comes in. door, phone, trash, groceries

Made of a double layer of phospholipids

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Membrane continued...

Stationary Proteins are stuck in the bilayer

Carbohydrates stick to proteins to serve as identifiers to other cells

Free moving proteins are doors which pump molecules in or out (Alleys for molecules to exit and

enter the cell)

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Cell Wall Found in plants, algae, some

bacteria. Made of 2 or more layers. Protects, supports, surrounds cell

membrane Porous (has holes) to allow water,

oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass.

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Wall Layers

1st layer is between 2 cells. Buffer layer Made of cellulose & pectin

Pectin is a sticky glue Cellulose is elastic

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2nd wall layer

Trees have Seconary cell wall Made of cellulose and lignin

lignin provides rigidity

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Cell walls stain

Purple for Gram Positive Staphylococcus

Red for Gram Negative E coli

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Nucleus

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) don’t have a nucleus

Eukaryotic cells have nucleus Directs cell activity (Boss)

reproduction production of proteins, lipids,

enzymes, carbohydrates, and other nucleic acids

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Nucleus continued...

Contains DNA blue print for construction of body long chain of DNA = chromosome

2-5 micrometers in diameter Surrounded by 2 membranes

called the Nuclear Envelope. Contains dozens of pores (doors to

nucleus)

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Inside the nucleus

Nucleolus Contains RNA- serves as copier of

DNA Ribosomes- aid in protein

production 6 feet of Chromosomes bunched

and attached to special round proteins

Half of DNA is passed to offspring

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RNA Three types Messenger RNA

Single strand that takes the copy of DNA to make proteins

Transfer RNA Attaches an amino acid to a triplet

of bases on messenger RNA. Ribosomal RNA

Helps the amino acid, tRNA, mRNA hold together

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Cytoplasm

Area between nucleus and cell membrane

Contains many structures floating in a liquid gel

Contains carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and enzymes.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Long structure that helps make and store proteins. The factory of the cell

Two types Rough E.R. Studded with

Ribosomes- makes proteins. Smooth E.R. makes lipids and

stores proteins.

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Golgi Apparatus

Transports proteins, hormones, carbohydrates outside the cell.

Blob shaped The truckers of the cell

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Lysosome

Blob structure that cleans up wastes and invaders by engulfing and digesting them.

Janitor of the cell

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Vacuole

Stores water for plant cells. Very large in plants

Animal cells have smaller vacuoles.

These gather excess water and transport it out of the cell.

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Mitochondria

Rod shaped Have folds inside where energy is

produced. Have their own DNA

Passed to children through the mother

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Plastids

Store pigments or starch Chloroplasts in plants store green

chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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Centrioles

Made of protein Cylinders that are used during cell

reproduction. Act as anchors or winches

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Cytoskeleton

Provides support, made of protein Microtubules Microfilaments

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Review page 193