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I E W - Y O R E A M E R I C A * .

8 \TURDAV EVENING. JULY 18, 1840.

OjjSer, No. 111 Wall ttreet. corner of Broad street.

j p P H E W OF THE WEEK. T H E HISTORY OF THE FKDBBAL GOVERNMENT

roa FIFTY YKA*», P**>* MARCH, 1789, TO MARCH

1839 BY ALDKN BRADFORD, L.L. D., Editor of

Massachusetts State Papers, «kc. 1 vol. 8vo Boston : .S. G. Simpkins.—Th<J object of this valuable volume is, " to state the nature and record the proceedings of the General Government, estab" iished in 1789." Already, much of the history of ihe earlier part of this period has passed from public notice and knowledge, and can only be revived by examination of various and scattered publications. In these pages, a connected narrative is given in a concise and faithful manner, of the leading measures and conduct of each successive Administration since the adoption of the Constitution. Little space is given to political speculation, the aim of the compiler seeming to b?, rather to let facts speak for themselves, than, by the expression of his own views, to produce one-sided or partial impressions. Not, however, that he is without his own distinct pohm-al opinions and bias ; for he was trained up in the political school of Washington, and that of his sincere friends and co-patriots, and early taught to revere their characters and to approve their political course."

We look upon the book as of graat value to politicians and to students of the history of their country—presenting, as it does, a mass of most interesting facts, well arranged and methodized, and in connected order.

The volume is dedicated to W M . HENRY HAR

RISON, of Ohio, as a citizen, " brave and resolute in war," whose civil life has manifested "a parz-rnount regard for the Constitufon and the laws,'' of "rare patriotism and singular integrity," and whose aim and ambition have been always to merit the praise of being a disciple and follower o George Washington.

T H E N E W YORK REVIEW, FOR JULY.—We promised to return to this number, of some of the papers of which, we have already spoken.

We will advert to-day to two other of its pa

pers. That " On the Country around Rome," is writ

ten with apparently thorough personal acquaintance, and indeed familiarity, with the region and the subjects treated of, and is both interesting and instructive.

Rome has such attraction in its history and its memories, for every one at all imbued with knowledge, that we are never weary of hearing something about the Eternal City.

Rome, as she now is, " Modern Rome," is thns described by the writer :

blood, to pray for the guidarce and the protection? giving due praise to the system of Internal Im-

of the father of the gods. And here too he came when the strife was ended, and raised his hymn of victory to the god in whose name it had been won. Conquerors of the world ! and thou, too, conqueror and lord of all but thine own ambition, could ye but see these moss-grown stones, piled 4>y unskilful hands, and the rough walls of this humble convent, and recognise in these, the all that remains of the scene of your glories and your triumphs, what would ye think of the immortality ye strove to hard to win ?

" A milder glory lingers around the slope on our right. On the brow of that bald hill stood Tuscu-lum, and within its shade the favorite retreat of Cicero. It was there that the Roman sage sought' relief from the cares of the senate house and the forum, and gave himself up to the sublime meditations of his Tusculum questions. Not a tree shades the spot. It swells rounded and bare. The fierce sunlight and the rushing tempest play on it at will. A few" arches, a vault, ivy, and moss, this is all that remains of the villa of Cicero.

" And Rome still stands—changed, but scarcely humbled, amid these solitudes of her own creation. Twice has the wilderness bloomed around her like the rose; twice has desolation returned to her pleasant places. She has governed by the sword, and stem and unrelenting was her sway. She has governed by religion, and gloomy and jealous was her dominion. And now from that shattered throne she still lifts up her voice, and wherever the glories of the past are hallowed, wherever the powers of the mind are revered, wherever the eloquence of the marble and the canvass are felt, that voice penetrates, and thousands, the descendants of those whose blood ence stained her car of triumph, the children of a land where her name, as a word of terrer, was never heard, crowd around her footstool, and bow mute before those eternal records of intellectual and moral greatness. The future—ah ! who can read the changes that lie hid beneath its sombre veil. Yet, who can look npon Rome—feel all that she has been and all that she is—and not breathe a silent prayer, that those changes, he they what they may, may still leave her the throne of art, the guide, the^in^pirer, the instructress of mankind.

" Did the limits of a single paper admit of any thing more than a few general sketches, it would he easy to embellish it with scenes of the highest interest for every class of readers. T h e incidents of agricultural life have more variety, and more pic turesque effect, here than in any part of the world ; and the vast farms of Campo Morto and Santa Maria, di Galera give a very different idea, from that which generally prevails, of Rofnan industry and skill. T h e difference is still more i t n k -ing in some of the villages above the valley of the Tiber . The re , the rude dwellings of the inhabitants remain as when they first c lus ter around the castle of their feudal lord T h e cast le too, with its tewers , its embatt led walls, its arched and grated windows, still wears the sullen frown of absolute dominion. Bnt no banner waves upon its walls, no signal hre blazes upon Us watch tower, and the iron studded portal has long since ceased to grate upon its massive hinges. But yet more striking than this contrast be tween the past and the present , is that which mee t s the eye as it turns from the narrow and squalid s t ree ts of the hamlet , to the verdant cultivation that surrounds it. T h e \ ine upon each sunny slope ; the olive upon the hill side , fruits and grain in the depths of the valley, and precipitous banks which seems almost inaccessible to man or beast, rising in terraces , plat above plat, and smiling with, 'foliage and fruit. Al te r all, however , the historical associations o f ' b e Campagna form the most in te res t in j point of view from wn:ch it can be studied. Nowhere does the past wear so solemn, so imposing an aspect ; nowhere does the presnt recall, wiih such stern reality, the scenes and the lessons of the past. T o see the same sun that shone so brightly on the gl i t ter ing array of Roman legions, on the havoc of the Goth , or the Lombard, of the Norman, now pouring down its burning ravs on scat tered hamle ts and silent tit-Ids , the same moon that looked so meekly on tne revels of the senatorial villa, on the midnight myster ies of the sacred groves , new softening down the rude rents of t ime, and restoring to the naked ruin a portion of that beauty it can never wear again in the glare of day ; to meet the same smile on the landscape, the same soothing breath on the mountain side, as when they welcomed a Cicero, a Horace , a Virgil, to their cool re t reats ; what scene can compare with this,",what epitaph can piead so louchingly for a pause in the hurried march of life ; for a tear upon this sepulchre of a world, whose dest iny has been fulfilled, and all of which, save its memory , has passed away. Le t us seat ourselves again upon the summit of the Alban mount , and give a few more moments to the past. Below and around us , far as the eye can reach, spreads the broad and urbroken expanse of the Campagna T h e seven hills seem to have shrunk to a level with the plain, and Rome , though she still sits proudly upon their cres ts , is only known by her massive palaces, and the solemn swell of the dome of S t . Pe te rs . T o the north, upon the uttermost verge of the horizon, s tands Soracte , a stern, solitary barrier, scarcely softened by the dis tance. — T h e undulat ing cham of the Sabine mounts, rough, precipi tous, now covered with dark, close g rown forests, now s tanding out craggy and bare, draws an impassable l i t e to the east, and is separated by a broad valley from the long slope of the Alban mount . T h e sea from Cen tum Cells- to Anl iam, washes the whole western coast, and is scarcely distinguishable, except by it deep blue , and the purer line of its horizon, from the Campagna itself. The T ibe r g leams out brightly in us tor tuous course, and the white walls of a modern village mark the spot where it mmgles with the waters of the Medi ter ranean.

" Ages ago , those wate rs girdled the base of the mountain on which we sit, and the highest points of the C a m p a g n a were but specks on tneir surface. A tew hardy savages , fed on the chesnu ts and acorns of the Sabine mounts , bnt the Alban was wreathed in clouds of volcanic smoke, and poured forth its torrents of lava through their broad craters. Years passed away ; the waters gradually retired from the foot of the mounta ins , and the land, raised by the ear thquake ' s shock and lava rlood, came forth, smiling, in the verdure of a new creation. I M smi.'e allured the hardy mounta ineers to a softer dwell ing, and as they descended, tribe after tribe, their clustering co t tages , a sd spreading hamle ts , revealed the presence of a spirit more than human — For the father of the gods himself, driven by rebellion from his celestial seat , had descended to this favored spot, and taken up his abode among men. It was then that the ar ts , and all the powers of the mind, and all the sympathies of the hear t , iirst developed then: humaniz ing influences, and often, did the men of after t imes look back with a sigh to this siinnv period, and radiant were the colors in wnich they painted the gulden age.

" T h r e e silver lakes had risen up in the craters of the volcano, and on the shores of one of these , the son of a s t ranger from beyond the sea, had erected the walls of a new city. A few cot tages , too, had beet, silently spreading a long the brow of a lull that overlooked a b e n d of the Tiber . In t he se , a descendant of the founder of Alba , first ga thered together the f i gmves of the neighboring cit ies, aud surrounded ins dwelling with a ^val!. Hill after hill was successively added to the enclosure , till the inhabitants of the remotest corners of the ear th , knew no honor greater than to be admit ted to the r igh ts of those who were born within i s circuit.

" ^ gorgeous temple then covered this spot. It was a land-mark to the returning mariner, who [ shouted as he saw it from afar, and turned his prow * to the welcome shore. It was e gathering place for the ciue* of the mountain and the plain, who met in common worship aroond its altar, and shared the consecrated victim m its shade. He re , came i lie warrior before he had dipped ait sword m 1

This eloquent passage with which the paper

concludes, is preceded by some very interest ing

details respect ing the c l imate , cul ture , and condi

tion of the Campagnes to which we refer.

T h e ether papers , to which only we shall re

fer today, is that on " A m e r i c a n F i n a n c e s . " Th i s

is a great subject, and in the paper before us , it is

discussed with an adequate sense of its importance,

T h e immediate mat ter discussed is a pamphlet

by Mr Trotter of the London Exchange , " on the

Currency of the United S ta tes , and the present and

futnre prospects of the coun t ry . " High praise is

given to this publication, as careful in its lan

guage and reasoning, accurate in a remarkable de

gree for its facts, and, upon the whole, encouraging

in its conclusions.

T h e writer of the Rev iew makes his notice of

this pamphlet the occasion of a dissertation upon

the value of S t a t e and Nat ional credit , and upon

the disastrous operation upon both these of the

policy and measures of the Genera l Government ,

which will command the at tent ion and assent of

sound thinking men.

W e propose to make copious ex t rac ts from this

p a p T , and first as to a very important dist inction

be tweens the object and application of Amer i can

loans, and those of the older government s of

Europe :

After full examination and fair es t imate of the natural resources of our country, Mr. T . proceeds in his following chapters to that which const i tutes the final aim of his work : namely, the loans made by the various S ta t e s of the Union—their respective amounts—items—appl ica t ion and results—all carried out into their minutest detai ls , with a view to put the foreign capitalist in complete possession of all the facts bearing upon either the security of past loans, or the credit of any future ones. In entering on this point, he sets out with a fundamental proposition strongly and justly in our favor : namely, that inasmuch as such loans have been, in almost every instance, made and expended by the S ta t e s , with a view to obtain either an immediate or a prospective return in the way of interest , that this profitable application of the amounts borrowed should cause a great distinction to be made by the credi t ing pa r ty—between these loan3 and those that now form the national debts of European S ta tes ; all of which have invariably been»»expend-ed to provide for public defence, the protection of commerce , and the expenses of the civil administration, or in other modes which leave no tangible t races behind them of the sums expended, and yield no pecuniary return to defray the interest upon the debts contracted. T h i s distinction, he argues , ousjht not to be lost sight of, in est imating the respective security which loans contracted fur such different purposes offers to the lender. Now, this clear and obvious distinction, which in the loag run will be found all-important, is one comparat ively new to the Government money lenders of Eu rope . Wi th their royal creditors, all is gent lemanly, unproductive expendi ture ; in other words, to " spend money like a k ing ." For a Government to borrow money in the spirit of a t radesman or an artisan, for the benefit of its ci t izens, in order that more money may come back through its productive expendi ture — this is a principle as foreign to their practice (set t ing aside the recent example of Belgium, and perhaps the elder republican one of Holland.) as the reputa t 'on of it would probably be distasteful to their anti-republican feelings. But the question is not, how such loans appear to the government borrowing, but to their subjects lending ; not what kings, but what the people think of this mat te r ; whether they are not likely to deem it rather an additional security to their loan, that their creditors should be prudent as well as great men, and hard working as well as honest :—whether , in short, thev will not feel full as easy about their securi ty, when they see their money turned into canals and ra i l roads opening up new avenues to national weal th , as when they find it going off in a flash, or squandered on a royal feast—fired away in powder, or frittered away in pensions. In our judgment , though a new lesson, they will soon learn it ; and come, in a wonderfully snort t ime, to look with full as much respect on such peaceful, prudent borrowers, as they have long done on their spendthrift creditors, and with at least equal confidence on loans that fortify t r emse lves , and insure naturally their own repayment by the products of the plough, the loom, and the loaded t ra in—as those which, " leaving not a wreck behind," find their only strength in the breath of princes. On this feature of actual and coming greatness, we mean our system of our internal improvement, Mr. T dwells with a minuteness which indicates his deep and just sense of us vsi:ue. However degraded o*r disgraced by mistakes or mismanagement, it is still a glorious theme at least for an American to d*vell upon—whether we regard the enterprise, the science, or the success that has prompted, directed, or followed, our great works of puMic improvement. Our great New York canal, for instance, paying for itself within a year after it was completed ; «ur 4,000 miles of finished railroad, uniting, in one continuous line, the north with the south, and | the east with the west ; the 150,000 tons of steam tonnage upon our waters ; the locomotives of our American ep-'ineers, displacing on their own railroads those of Europe; the rapidity, cheapness, and skill of our constructions, calling forth missions of scientific inquiry from the governirfcmts of France, Austria, and Russia—all these are matter to a foreigner of admiration, if not astonishment; to an American, of justifiable pride and an honorable boast—for it shows not only what great things have been, but what still greater will be accomplished. But into these matters we will not now enter, nor follow oar author m'o details familiar enough here, though we doubt not both new ami wonderful to bis readers at home. W e deem it more important to take up his general views, arid enforce their application.

Between the northern and southern States of the American confedeiacy, regarded as borrowers, Mr. T . gives a decided preference to the former, on the grounds of superior moral confidence, arising out of the condition and feelings of society. T h e stricter business habits of the north—greater economy—absence of slavery—the greaterattention paid in these states, and the more adequate provision made, for educating the people ; the wider prevalence of the religious spirit, and the tone of character formed by i t : all these go very naturally to awaken confidence in the people, and consequently in the states of the north, as to security of loans made by them, beyond what is afforded by the unquestionably richer and more valuable products of the south ; and show us where, as a j>eople, we are to find the corner-stone of our national credit in Europe. He takes care, however, to remind u* all, both north and south, of our " loo great pronenesa to engage in rash sp culation, a fault," he says, " equally chargeable against the inhabitants of all parts of the Union."

After adver t ing to the high credit of the S t a ' e

of N e w York, whose wise policy it has been al

ways, when cont rac t ing a debt , to p ledge specifi

cally, certain resources for the payment of the in

provements , by means whereof this great S ta te has

so eminently advanced her interests and power, the Reviewer says :

T o question, in the face of such facts, the past expediency of the system that has brought them forth, were not only idle but absurd; and just as idle and absurd is it to argue that we have now exhausted the means afforded by our country for such profitable investment: not so, for without entering into the glorious picture of what a few years must effect, when the produce of the far west cornea pouring in upon our eastern cities, through a thousand channels, bringing with it the means of purchase for the ten thousand comforts and luxuries for which the west must ever be dependent upon the Atlantic States—without venturing thus to raise the curtain of the future, we assert that now, at this present moment, the oak openings of Michigan and the prairies of Wisconsin are to N e w York what the valley of Genesee was previous te the canal—an unlocked treasure-house ; and the completion of the canals and railroads are operating and will operate to a similar result-ra surplus, for the moment, of agricultural products, then as now, heaped up and running over, in the eyes of superficial reasoners, to waste, and the extended cultivation counted a mistake. So it was reasoned then—so now, until the result shamed their fears, and not only so, but taught them science—how that the means of life bring forth life ; and that such products, unlike those of art, run over till they force exchange, " m a k i n g glad," wherever they go, " t h e heart of man"—giving him " a cheerful countenance," and strength to labor and hope in his toil, until they return to the soil that furnished them in all the varied products of human industry. W e cry shame, then, on those among us who would nave us to stop short in our career of improvement. It is the error of those who mistake the momentary reflux of an advancing wave for the fall of an ebbing tide. Still more do we cry shame on those who cannot distinguish between the wi'ful errors of a malignant party, foes to national credit, and the sober sea>e of the American people, whicn ever was and must be for it.

There is, therefore, and there can be, no doubt of our true policy in this matter. The cause of internal improvement is the hinging questien of our prosperity, and next to that, and almost identical with it, the freedom witl which European capital flows into our country. It is a common interest of both continents, or rather of the whole commercial world, with which we have intercourse. T o make America an overflowing granary, whether of grain or other raw produce, whence all nations may diaw out their abundance, and find a market for their own surplus, this, surely, is no narrow question of American interests ; there is profit in it enough for all; and though she may, as in truth she will, take the first fruits in such partition—it is but natural and just she should do so—in the comparative scale, she must rise more rapidly than older nations. This is a point, not of man's determining—a result that neither king* nor capitalists can regulate. All that the policy of the old world can settle, is, whether it shall be with a brother's love we grow up into our strength—bound to them not only by the ties of a near humanity, but by the still stronger golden bands of indissoluble interests working out the great problem of universal good—or as aliens, divided and separated by mutual ignorance and mutual distrust. The " insoc i -able" ocean, once nature's barrier between us, has been at length by art overcome, and Europe and Ame rica may now be said in propinquity, as well as peace, " to kiss each other." Shall it then be, that ignorance and prejudice are mere indomitable mountains, and forbid that embrace by which science and religion would persuade them " as kindred drops te mingle into one ?" W e trust, we think, not ; and we hail and we reciprocate the kindly feedings of honorable confidence exhibited in the work before us , as a pledge of good neighborhood, and as a right hand of fellow ship.

T h e article is thus concluded, and we ask for

this its final appeal, as* well as for the cogent argu

ments of the whole paper, the del iberate at tent ion

of our readers :

In quitting our author and his reasonings, which we do with great respect, our summing up of the question must be in another strain ; and our appeal made to higher motives than those of prudence.

It is to Americans then we speak, and as Americans we speak, and as patriots we address them. If ever there was a hinging point in the moral fortunes of the American people, it is now ; for now are we being weighed in the balance—the scales are equipoised, and a breath or one silent vote may turn the scale, and determine once and for ever whether the stamp upon our country's fame shall be one of base or sterling coin. " Prompt to borrow and impotent to pay," is the sneer that has already been ca t on our halls of popular legislation ; and the assertion currently made and widely believed, that our polit cal leaders are as " afraid to ask," as our people are " unwilling to give," the means of meeting the interest on debts created by their own acts, and expended for their own benefit. On this count, before the bar of chiistian Europe, and in the face of expectant millions, our country and its institutions stand now arraigned, and the judgment once passed is as fatal as it is irreversible. If one of condemnation, though resuliing from the act of but a single member of the confederacy, the American flag droops foi ever—no after repentance can efface the blot—no subsequent prosperity bring respect—no military trophies gathered under its paled stars ever clothe with honor the name once branded with commercial infamy. Nor is this all ; notonly is it the flag of America, but the standard of freedom, that will thus be trampled in the dust, for none other can ever march on to glory under that soiled banner; the exp«riment of self-government and equal rights will be at an end, and in the estimate of scornful Europe put down as a mistake and a failure ; and so far doubtless will they be in the right, in the conclusion that it can never be tried again under fairer auspices than it has been here tried, by the best of the Anglo-Saxon race, upon the richest of Anglo-Saxon inheritances.

THE Bow OF PROMISE, an address before the N.

York Marine Temperance Society, on 4th July, by JOHN MARSH, Corresponding Secretary of American Temperance Society. New York.—The occa. sion of this address was a flag presented to the Society by a ship-master, who, by bitter experience, had learned the evils of intemperance.

The design of the flag is beautiful and original, and gives its name to this discourse.

It is a rainbow, itself the production of water •hone upon by the sun's rays. It is the bow of hope, the covenant of promise. In the left hand corner near the staff, is the national emblem, and in the opposite corner, the dove with the olive branch, betokening peace, and the word Temperance in large letters.

Mr. Marsh uses the opportunity happily and impressively to inculcate upon his hearers the value of temperance, and upon those who are the era' ployers and paymasters of sailors, their duties in regard to this meritorious clsss.

MAJOR DOUGLASS' WORK ON THE LAST WAR.

—We understand that Major Douglass, whose interesting lectures, illustrative of the Campaigns upon our Northern Frontier, during the last winter, afforded so much gratification to his auditors, is about patting his views in a more permanent form, and that a detailed history of those events, in whicL he was an actor, may soon be expected from hi s

pen. Major Douglass is the sole surviving member of the corps of Engineers who, in 1814, at Fort Erie, gave such evidence, when opposed to the most accomplished European officers, of practica' science ; and as his work will afford an enlightened soldier's account of the movements anterior to -the Niagara campaign, including the events on the northwestern frontier, where Gen. Harrison, after creating, as it were by magic, a new army, wiped off the stain of Hull's defeat, and freed the States of Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana, from the presence of a foreign foe, it cannot otherwise than meet with universal attention at the present moment.

It may be here remarked, that the talents of Ma. jor Douglass have not been always confined to the military branch of his profession. After leaving Weil Point, where he filled an important place in the Academic Staff, and constructing the Jamaica Railroad, confessedly inferior to none in the country, though built at half of the expense of the cheapest, Major Douglass was employed by the Water Commissioners of this city, and all the preliminary examinations, which led to the adoption of the Report that obtained legislative sanction, were made under his direction. The plan of the work, as suggested by him, has been pursued throughout' except is the attempt to cross the Harlaem River jn a manner palpably illegal, and which was arrest" ed by the unanimous vote of the Legislature.— That the late Board, after availing themselves of Major Douglass' talents in originating the plan of the work, and gaining all that they thought could not be obtained from inferior sources, should have considered an eleve of the Albany Regency a more

9uitable instrument to subserve their political objects than a Whig, and an accomplished officer, is not surprising ; bnt it is hoped that those who occupy the places of the former Commissioners, and who know how to appreciate the services of the illustrious Harrison, will not permit another o'd

period, when'he is about giving to the world the fruits of his experience in the military branch of his profession, it is especially due to him that no stain „hould rest on his reputation for an abrupt termination of a connection with a work of a different nature, which, carried oot according to Major Douglass' design, most be a source of never-ending utility, as well as calculated |to confer lasting honor on those with whom it originated. u

MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE.—An elegant copper

plate engraving ; designed for a framed ornament for the parlor. Croomc, Meignell <f- Co. Phftad.; T. R-Tanner, New York city.

THE ADJOURNMENT OP CONGRESS is set down for Tuesday next, and much of the mail business of the session is yet untouched. The appropriation bills are yet to be passed, and the money bill to meet the appropriation. Can the two Houses adjourn on Tuesday 1 but if they sit till 4th March next, would they be any better prepared?

Fanny Ellsler is more sure of their attendance, it seems, than the country.

THE N E W JERSEY CASE, at 9 o'clock on Thurs

day night, by aid of the previous question, and without any opportunity to the House to examine or weigh the evidence and conclusions #f the conflicting reports, was decided in favor of the sitting members, 102 to 22, the great majesty of the Whigs refusing to vote under such coercion. But the vote stands, aud will stand, a blot upon the records of the House of Rnpresentatives.

New Jersey is now to utter her voice, and if she do not speak it forth in terms of snch indignant remonstrance as shall make the minions i»f the palace quail, we mistake her spirit and character.

THE TREASURY BEGGING AGAIN.—An appropriation is before the Committee of ^fays and Means, from the Secretary of the Treasury, for authority to issue a new batch of Treasury Note9

to the amount of four and a half millioii Dollars ! This is the second application this session in the face of the boast in the Message, and in the Annual Treasury Report, that the revenue would suffice for the wants of the Government, if no extraordinary expenditure were authorized, and none such having been authorized.

Verily, the Administration is one large imposture—foul and false in all things.

DELEGATES TO THE UTICA CONVENTION.—An

nexed is a list of the Delegates chosen on Thursday evening, to attend the Utica Convention, to be held on 12th August:

Schureman Halsted, Alfred W. White, Henry Suydam, Jr. Edward Minturn, S. S. Ward, James Van Nostrand,

Thomas Carnly, Edward D. West, Wm. A. Lawrence, M. O. Roberts, Henry Ruggles, William W. Thomas,

George A. Hood.

LOUISIANA. We have New Orleans papers of 9th. The elec

tion returns for the city had not been yet counted ; but little doubt was entertained of the re-election to Congress of Mr. White, the Whig candidate for the First Congressional District—or of the general success of the Whig tickets for the Legislature^

The Naval General Court Martial, which convened at Philadelphia on the 4th of May last, for the trial of Commodore Elliott, found him guilty of the 1st, 3d, 5th, 6th, and 8th charges preferred against him, and sentenced him to be suspended for four years, with a subpension of pay for the first two years.

The sentence has been approved by the Secretary of the Navy ; but so much of it as deprived Commodore Elliott of his pay has been remitted by the President, thus rendering the sentence of the Court a mockery—virtually a leave of ab&ence for four years, without loss of emolument.

OFFICIAL. NAVY DEPARTMENT. July 16, 1840.

The Board recently convened at the Nav»l Asylum, Philadelphia, for the examination of Midshipmen, has closed its proceedings, and reported the same to the Department.

The following is the list of the Midshipmen who passed in (he order of rank assigned them by the Board, viz :

1. Isaac N. Brown; 2. R. Delancy Izard; 3. Napoleon Collins ; 4. Jno. L. Warden ; 5. Wm. L. Blanton ; 6. Benj. S. Gannt; 7 Hen-ry A. Wise; 8. Calender St. Geo. Noland; 9. Jennings F. Marrast; 10. Edw. C. Anderson; 11. Reed Werderi; 12. Wm. H. Macom|; 13. Stephens Trenchard; 14. Wilson R. McKinney; 15. A. Harrell; 16. A. H. Jenkins; 17. Saml. J. Shipley; 18. Jno. J. Guthrie; 19. Mtyo C. Watkins ; 20. Melancthon B. Woolscy ; 2 j . Robert Poinsett Lovell.

Midshipman Robert M. Bowland passed in seamanship, but was rejected in navigation and mathematics.

Midshipman P. C. Van Wyck was prevented from appearing before the Board by sickness.

Midshipman James Riddle reported himself, but declined an examination.

APPOINTMENTS BY THE PRESIDENT, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate :

Receivers General. Stephen Allen, at the city of New York, in the

State of New York. Isaac Hill, at the city of Boston, in the Stfte of

Massachusetts.

State of South Carolina George Penn, at the city of Louis, in the State

of Missouri. Land Officers.

Jabez B. Larwiil, Register of the Land Office at Bucyrus, Ohio, vice John Caldwell, whose commission expired on the 5th cf July, 1840.

John Caldwell, Receiver of Pub'ic Moneys, Bucyrus. Ohio, vice Joseph H. Larwill, resigned.

Parker Dudley, Receiver of Public Moneyje, at Palmyra, Missouri, vice Abraham Bird, remifved.

Henry Deas, Collector of the Customs at Charleston, South Carolina, vice James R. Jfrin-gle, resigned.

The commencement at the University ofthis city was duly celebrated on Tuesday. In the evening an address was delivered by Samuef L. Southard, of which we hear high praise.

The commencement of the University of Pennsylvania, was observed on Wednesday.

The degree of A. B. was conferred on fifteen persons.

The commencement of Rutger's College, New Brunswick, also occurred this week.

An address was delivered by Mr. Senator Strange, f N. Carolina.

[For the New York American.] With the view of farming some estimate of the

probable result of the ensuing election in this city> I have for a few days past irquired of seveial persons, whether they knew, of the'r own knowledge, of any changes since the last charter election.

The result of my inquiries was as follows :—from the Administration party to tie Whigs, 65.

From the Whigs to the Administration party, 6

BARKINS.—Mr. T. of Vt., though not person ly acquainted with Judge O., knew him to be of the most influential members of the legislatu and of politics opposed to his own. Being o»n infarnaed that the Judge was then at the villa] stfgf house, Mr. T. proceeded thither and coi merited abusing the Judge, in a loud and boisterous conversation with others on account of some of his public acts. The remarks of Mr. T. w e t

CONGRESS. In the Senate on Thursday, the printing of the

report and drawings of R. Dale Owen, on the mineral lands of Iowa and Ouisconsin, was debated for some time, Mr. Davis and Mr. Calhoun opposing on the score of expense ; Mr. Benton, Linn and others, insisting on it for its utility. After various questions, the subject was, on motion of Mr. Davis laid on the table, 19 to IT, the professed economists, Benton, Tappan, Wall, and others, voting in the negative.

A bill for taking the opinion of the inhabitants of Georgetown and Alexandria as to retrocession, was reported by Mr. Merrick, and ordered to a second reading.

The resolution authorising the enlisting of thirty-Jive hundred volunteers te serve two years in Florida, was ordered to be engrossed.

The resolution for an exchange of books, Sec, (on Mr. Vattemare's plan,) was rejected, only 9 voting for it.

The rest of the day, until this recess, was consumed in discussing the District Bank bill.

In the House of Representatives, on Weflnes-day evening, the $300,000 appropriation for the Florida war was agreed to, and, after ineffectual attempts to introduce other amendments, it was reported to the House, and passed, nem. con.

Mr. Evans then endeavored to get up the bill providing for the expenses of the survey of the North Eastern Boundary, saying it would not occupy many minutes.

The House refused, and took up the Indian Appropriation Bill, which was discussed awhile, Wtren the Committee rose.

Mr. Campbell, from the Committee on Elections, then asked leave to present the report on the New Jersey Election Objection being made, owing to the thinness of the Hoase, and after ineffectual attempts to adjourn, and to have a call of the House,

Mr. Wise said, as the House persisted in its refusal to adjourn, he would renew the motion for a call of the House. It was evident that Miss Fanny Elssler was far more popular with the majority than the business of the country, and if the call was ordered, he would suggest that the Sergeant-at-arms be directed to go to the Theatre, where, no doubt, the delinquents would be found.

The question on ordering the call was taken by tellers, and resulted: Ayes 40, noes 46.

So the call was ordered. Several members then simultaneously moved an

adjournment, which motion prevailed ; and at 9 o'clock,

The House adjourned.

HOUSE or REPRESENTATIVES.

Thursday. The first business in order was on Mr. Camp

bell's motion to present the report on the New Jersey case, and it occupied the whole day. Objection being made, Mr. C. insisted that it was a privileged question.

The Speaker decided that a report from the Committee of Elections* was not a question of privilege ; and supported his opinion by reference to the case of contested election from the State of Mississippi, which occurred at a former Congress.

From this decision Mr. Campbell 'of South Carolina appealed.

The previous qnestion was ordered, when Mr. Stanly asked if the sitting members from New Jersey could vote. The Speaker said he was of opinion they could. Mr. Stanly appealed, and said the House had decided otherwise. .._• Mr. Adams. There was such a decision. The

question was raised during the tinje that I was in the Chair. I decided then that the members from N.Jersey had a right to vote—the question of interest, as I expressly stated at the time, being not their individual interest, but the interest of their constituents. The House reversed my decision, and the gentlemen were not permitted to vote. And now, whether this be a preliminary question or not, wheti I am called upon to vote, I shall vote according to the principle I then assumed, and not according to the decision of the House.

Some delay .took place in looking for the record of the decision\

After a few moments— Mr. Adams sare that there must be a record of

the decision. \ The Speaker said that the Clerk stated he could

not find it. Mr. Adams. I am not responsible for the ma

king up of the journal at that time, or any other. I stale the fact, however, that such a decision was made.

On Mr. Stnnly's appeal the vote was 128 to 38 to sustain the Speaker's decision, and the vote on Mr. Campbell's appeal was 88 to 95, so the decision of the Chair was reversed, and the report deemed a privileged question.

Reports were then made by Mr. Campbell from the majority, and Mr. Smith from the minority.

The substance of their reports is thus given by the National Intelligencer.

Yesterday, in the House of Representatives, a complete stop was put to all current business, appropriation bills and all, by a report from the Committee of Elections, after six months' deliberation, declaring all the individuals now sitting as Representatives from the State of New Jersey to be entitled to their seats. A counter-report, from the minotjty of the committee, declares that, to the five contested seats, three of the Whigs and two of the Administration claimants are entitled- It is the solemn conviction, we understand, of at least a part

The markets fot cotton end grain were ectiv notwithstanding the apparent depression of trade

The weather in England Utterly had been damp end cold, sod less confidence was felt of the yield of to* borveet. Still there was so material rise in prices of bread stuns. The whole ttock of flour in bond in the kingdom on 5th May was 251,-464 barrels.

[From the London Gazette.) BAWK or ENOLAITD.—Quarterly average of the

Weekly Liabilities sad Assets of the Bsnfc of Eng land, tron. March 31 to Jane 23, 18*0, both inclusive— , . , ... .

JjtaUtUttts. Circulation, Deposits,

Securities, Bullion,

As$tts.

$16^871,000 7,122,000

£23,993,000

£22,402,000 4,434,000

£26,836,000

Joseph Johnson, at the city of Charleston, in the 0 f the minority of the committee, that all five of the Whig candidates, as lawfully returned, are legally entitled by election to the seats, could evidence be arrived at to place the facts in their true light. The reading of this report, and of a part of the report of the minority, at the Clerk's table, brought the House to the hour of recess, the Administration party having forced this subject upon the House, by reversing established usage, to the exclusion, for the time, of all others.

It was upon Mr. Profit's motion the report and minutes were read.

Mr. Proffit said h e had not forced this question upon the House ; the House had done so by its own decision. He had, however, heard of more viliany going on since the reading of this report qomirieticed, than he had any idea of, he had beard of things which be never contemplated and he wished the reading to proceed,.

The reading was persevered in till the recess.

A R R I V A L O F T H E B R I T I S H

This vessel made her appearance early this morning, and about at /10 o'clock was alongside the wharves—having left Portsmouth on 1st July, at 10 P. M. Nothing ret of the Britannia at Boston.

Among the passengers of the Queen , are the late Minister of the United States to Spain, Major Eaton and his family.

For the third time, by this same steamer, we are without oar papers, all the other offices having received theirs—and we, doubtless, shall receive ours, as before we have done, when of little comparative value, this afternoon or to-morrow morn" ing, through the Post OGee. W e have before called the attention of both the Agents and Commander of this steamer, to this exceedingly annoy* ing and injurious neglect; but, as would seem from this repetition of it, without any good effect.

We are indebted to the Courier & Enquirer, Commercial Advertiser, and Star offices, for papers; also to Messrs. Wadsworth & Smith.

The King of Prussia is dead, and succeeded by the Crown Prince, who was the pupil of Niebuhr, and much considered by him, for his studious and intelligent mind.

The ohLKing left a will, and an address to his son and successor; which, on coming to the throne, that successor immediately caused to be made public, and which we will find place for. On his own part, he made this declaration :

" I pray to God, the ruler of hearts, that he will cause the love of the people which supported FREDERICK WILLIAM III. in the hour of danger, which cheered him in old age, and allayed the bitterness of death, to pass to me, his son and successor, who am resolved, with the help of God, to walk in my father's ways." The policy of Prussia, therefore, remains unchanged.

The coffin in which the late King of Prussia baa been buried, was the same that served in 1810 for the remains of Queen Louisa his wife, and which was replaced afterwards by a marble sarcophagus.

Of political news, we find little of importance. The affairs of Algiers seem to be a source of

great uneasiness in Paris, and Marshal Vallee is universally condemned for his unskilful conduct of the campaign. The annexed extract from the London Morning^ Post, of 1st instant, gives a summary of this matter, and an idea that the expedition against Buenos Ayres will be abandoned.

We have received in due course the Paris tapers of Monday. Their contents possess consi derable interest in reference to the war in French Africa. Two telegraphic despatches—given in our second edition of yesterday—have excited a great sensation in the French capital, not so much for what they state as for what ibey do not stale. The first appeared in the Moniteur Parisien of Sunday night, and, although dated from Algiers, June 24th, makes not the slightest mention of Marshal Valee, or allusion to his operations since the 15th, the date of the Commander-in-Chief'e last despatch. General Corbin, who commands in Algiers daring the Marshal's absence, simply writes—

" Two convoys of provisions for the expeditionary army arrived on the SOth and S2d at Blidab, from which the sick have been removed to Algiers, without having had any interruption from the enemy. The state of the , Plain and of the Sahel is very satisfactory."

The Moniteur of Monday contained a more detailed despatch, but is also without reference to the Marsbai's movement. It states—

" TOULOIC, June 28. " The Maritime Prefect to the Minister of the

Marine : " Two convoys have entered Blidab, one on the

21st, the other on the 22d General Corbin on ,he embarra»ment. of tt,e community at large, but the 24th fell back upon Algiers, bringing all the m o r e e^ecUUIy of the agricultural J o i e . and W,l sick and wounded, without meeting with a single • - f

Arab. Algiers, the Sahel, and the Plain are undisturbed. The transmissions by the telegraphs have been said to have been interrupted, but they have never ceased The Marshal was expected at Blidah on the 27th, and at Algiers about the 30th. The refugee Arabs state that their co-religionists are dying with hunger, that the army of Abdel Kader is obliged to be dispersed in order to seek provisions, and (hat the Emir begins to be in want of money to pay his regular troops. All is quiet about Oran. Mules, horses, and cattle are abundant in the market of Mostaganem."

This topic naturally almost exclusively takes up the attention of Monday's prints. The Constitu-tionnel looks forward to the Marshal's official report to dispel the uneasiness caused by the private accounts; but (he Ministerial organ evidently throws the Marshal overboard in its feeble defence. The Courrier Francais states that die Cabinet will not come to any decision before the Marshal's bulletin arrives. The Commerce and the National insist upon his immediate recal. AH the Algiers correspondence unites in describing the Marshal's movements as most disastrous. Louis Philippe presided at a Cabinet Council on Saturday, to take the affairs of Africa into serious consideration.

The Prince de Join villa was to leave Paris, with his suite, on Tuesday (yesterday), and will embark in the Belle Poule frigate July the 6th, for St: Helena. The Bshop of Frejus, on the Fete Dieu, consecrated the chape! and cenotaph on board the frigate.

Toulon letters state that counter orders had been received not to embark the five companies of marine infantry for Buenos Ayres, as (hey had never been at sea, and would not be in a fit state to fight when they " reached " (he coast of the Argentine republic. This is but a silly excuse for the abandonment of M. Thier's expedition. According to J the Eclaireur, 3,000 sailors drafted from the differ-'

Downing street, June 25, 1640.

The annexed proceedings look to a remedy for a restricted circulation, which, if adopted, is virtual suspension—since it would permit the Bank to redeem its paper in Government paper.

DEPLORABLE STATE OF T R A D E A T BIRMINGHAM.

BIRMINGHAM, Tuesday, 3d June. A meeting of the merchants and manufacturers

of this town was held yesterday evening at the Town-hall, to take into consideration the present unexampled depressed state of trade here, and to adopt such remedial measures as might be suggested and agreed upon. James James, Esq., was in the chair. '

The following were the resolutions agreed upon :

" 1. That, under existing circumstances, the amount of the circulating medium is mainly determined by the amount of the issues of paper by the Bank of England.

"2 . That experience furnishes decisive, proof that, with an amount of Bank of England notes in circulation of about twenty-two millions sterling, the productive classes can be fully employed*, and the vast mercantile operations of the country be conducted with ease and safety, taxation made productive, and be cheerfully borne by the people ; but, on the contrary, that when the issues of that establishment are in course of material contraction^ a scene of ruin and distress ensues of such a direful character as to threaten even the subversion of society.

" 3. That the same experience shews that the Bank of England cannot at all times keep a sufficient amount of its notes in circulation while it is compelled to supply gold for exportation for commercial or speculative purposes ; that the exportation of gold may be occasionally necessary and beneficial, and may occur while the general balance of trade is in favor of the country j and, therefore, that the obligation imposed on the Bank to contract its issues for the purpose of stopping such exportation is highly impolitic, and most injurious in its operations; deranging the trade of the country and of the world, and placing the entire community at the mercy of circumstances otherwise not of the slightest possible importance*

" 4. That the resources of the country are great, affording ample means for the supply of a safe and efficient curiency ; that under such s currency its immense transactions may be conducted with ease end security; and that, therefore, whenever the directors of the Banks are called upon to contract its issues below the sura of twenty millions sterling, it becomes the duty of Government to provide the Bsnk, pro tempore, with an adequate substitute for its notes, or for gold, in the shape of Government notes, to be issued by the Bank (on demand) in payment of its own notes, and be reissued from time to time, if required, as often as returned for taxes or other payments, so that the aggregate amount of Bank and Government notes in circulation shall not at any time fall below the sum of twenty millions sterling.

" 5. That the business of the country cannot be conducted without the aid of the private and joint-stock banks, and that depriving them of the right of issuing notes under proper regulations will increase

erjt ports will replace the marines. This is very improbable, as there will be such difficulties to find the requisite number. Admiral Baudin will have to arrange pacifically if he can with Rosas.

U. S. DISTRICT COURT, BALTIMORE.—In this Court on Saturday, a verdict in favor of the United States was rendered in the case of twenty two pieces of cloth, belonging to Thomas Wood, Jr. against which information had been filed of a fraudulent entry at ihe New York Custom House.— The case will be carried to the highest court.

THK STEAMBOAT COLLISION.—The Grand Jury have returned true bills of indictment against Capt-Roe and James Roe of the De Witt, and against Capt. Hancoz and Joseph Liners of the Napoleon ; the charge preferred is " malicious mischief."

TOMPKINS P. FELLOWS.—This individual, the

alleged accomplice of Dr. Eldredge, has been sur. rendered, a- requisition haying been made, to the Governor of Pennsylvania.

gradually so shaped that it became necessary for

f H i t - l l H O . l l U U a 1 1 W I W V I I , - - - - - — — - J - — . . . . . . W M V - M W - ~ —

terest and gradual extinction of the pnncipal, and ^ ^ | Q , f ^ ^ ^ B D m t r i t e d obloo.uv. M »

the Judge to say something or other, he quiet said—

• Sir, you remind me ef a little dogjny father bad when I was a boy, that lised-to-go'out o'nights and bark at the moon."

" And what then!" aakjd Mr. T. "Nothing more than that the moon kep' of

shining," replied the Judgi, as he quietly walked out and seated himself in the stage.—[Baltimore Sun.j

ATTEMPT AT MURDER.—A drunken brute by the name of Taylor, who resides at 69 Cross st., yes. terday morning indicted a frightful wound, with a carving knife, in the neck of his wife. The wound fortunately is not mortal, and the brutal culprit has been arrested.

RECEIPTS OF FARE ON T H E HARLEM RAILROAD.

Fare for passengers only for the year ending 1st July, 1839, was *B4,700 l 5

Fare for the year ending July 1st, 1840, $108,441 07 Showing an increase the last year over the pre

vious year, of $23,740 98 ; equal to 28 per cent. , increase.

The state of trade and currency in England seems bad enough.

The Birmingham Branch of the Commercial Bank of England suspended payment on the 28th June ; but the occurrence did not occasion much alarm or distrust, for the solidity of the concern was well understood.

The Canada Government Bill, for uniting the two Provinces under one government, was debated at length on 30th ult., and read a second time.

Curvoisier, the valet of Lord Wm. Russel, had confessed the murder of his master, been tried and sentenced to be hung on 6th inst.

An attempt was made on the JOth June, by a pot-boy, named Edw. Oxford, to assassinate tho Queen. As she was riding out with Prince Albert in the Green Park, in a carriage, this half-crazed boy, as we suppose it will appear, fired two pistols at her, happily without effect.

He was arrested and arraigned for high-treason. The trial was postponed to 9th inst.

All parties, and all professions and trades in the Kingdom, were making addresses to the Queen, on her escape.

The King of the French (who has a fellow-feeling in such matters,) wrote an autograph letter of congratulation to her Majesty.

Sir Peter Laurie, and other magistrates, who I have examined Oxford, consider him insane, as his

own manners, indeed, would seem to imply. He laughs at all questions and threats. His mother

is partially deranged, and his father was said te be so ; and the probability seems great, that the pistols were not loaded with ball, none having been found—and rather fired to obtain notoriety aud make a sensation, than from any intention to com mit crime.

Enough, however, are found to insinuate (ha the expectants of the throne stimulated this at. tempt, in order to break the regular s uccession—i nothing else.

The Sheridan, Mediator, and ether packet ships' had arrived out. The latter in the ahert passage of nineteen days—the former 21 days.

The Britannia steadier wae not to sail til th inst,

tend very materially to reduce the current income of Government

"6 . That this meeting earnestly disavows any wish or intention to promote the interests of any one part of the community to the injury of another, its only object being the just protection both of property and labor, and the genera.; good of ail classes.

"7- That the following gentlemen, vi*., the Chairman, Secretaries, and Treasurer; Thomas Bolton, Esq-, Charles Shaw, Esq., W. Chance, Esq., P. H, Muntz, Esq., H- Van Wart, Esq., Messrs. William Matthews, T. C. Salt, F. \V. Harrold, and S. A. Goddard, be appointed a committee, for the purpose of communicating with tht Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel, and such other members of Parliament as they may see fit, and generally to take sue! steps as they may think proper to promote the above or any other measure, which shall render it obligarory upon the Government to exercise its power when requisite to supply an efficient and adequate currency.

'' 8. That the committee dq immediately corn-munica'e these resolutions to the large landed proprietors in this and the adjoining counties, and to proper parties in I iverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, ."heffield, and other large commercial and manufacturing towns, and request their active co-operation in carrying the same inio effect; and further, that tbey be instructed to prepare petitions to both Houses of Parliament, embodying these resolutions, te be presented at such time as they may think proper, and that the Members for the borough and the county be requested to support the same.

",9. Resolved—That a subscription be opened for the purpose of effecting the objects of these resolutions ; that Mr. Charles Geach be appointed treasurer, and Mr. S Buckley secretary; and that landed proprietors, gentlemen, professional mpn, bankers, merchants, manufacturers, tradesmen, and all disposed to contribute to the said object, be and are heieby respectfully requested to transmit their subscriptions to their respective bankers, for account of the tr easurer.

* AFFAIRS OF NAPLES.—The London Courier of 27th June has this paragraph :

A correspondent at Naples, upon whose informa • tion we have reason to relr, assures us that the sulphur dispute may now be considered as terminated. The state of affairs was considered so satis factory, that Admiral Stopford had left Naples for Malta on board the Confiance steamer. The Admiral bad received instructions to liberate all the Neapolitan vessels detained st Malta. Of this fact there is no doubt, and as a further confirmation, we may state that a letter from Malts, dated the 15th inst., mentions that the Admiral had ac-tullay arrived there, y b e Princess Charlotte and fyUcroplpn had left Naples, and also the jihada-manthiis. The two former were bound for Malta, but the destination of the Rhadamantkus wis not known, The Grenadier, French corvette, was at anchor in the Bay of Naples on the 13th inst.

From Spain it seems the attempt of BaUmtseda on the Basque provinces was a failure, and he had fallen back and taken refuge in France.

PABIB, Monday, 9 P. M Telegraphic Despatches.

The Moniteure Parisien, of Monday night, pul lishes the annexed telegraphic despatches :

" Bayonne, June 39, nine o'clock. " The Sur-Prefect to the Minister of the Inte

rior. • " On the 25th, in the evening. General Concha

beat Balmaseda, between Mirooca q> Arga and Tufalla ; he killed a certain number of men and mode 130 prisoners."

" Bayonne, Jone 29. 2 o'clock, P M « The S u b j e c t to the Miowter of the Jste-

nor. - T

"Balmaseda entered France yesterday eteninr by Urrau, with 38Q men. ft m'affirmedI S E T ^ L T V l l U 1 , Q e , , ; « r tomorrow, or during the night by the same point." ^

MARKETS.

T K ; . _ C f f r ! , ?****** B r o w n e , June 30 This was account day m foceun, hinds. T W s S L

ence.an.mg upon the' .pecu lBveWrat ioJ S t h , ast fortnight have P ~ v e d , T o * e v e r , l u U V S i d so

that every thingps«ed ov«, smoothly™ T^vmtie 5

of t ie security pledged SFZ*f%til£i2Z2* 3*T

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other d e w i S b n T o f f o S n ° i o c t s ^ r i J 2 .

have we/any i w t w i a t ^ S S T T i i S f f f & L ? .Cone* toft of • . • l l ^ f S V T ^ 0 | S 2 P

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Thomas M. Tryniski 309 South 4th Street Fulton New York 13069

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