, 2010.

Collection of Articles

YUGOSLAVIA IN COLD WAR

Supplements to Research

. 6

( )

()

.

ISBN 978-86-7005-081-5

3

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(19451970) .................................................................................37

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19531958. ............77

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. (19491990) ............................................97

1953/1954 ...................111

1956. ..........127

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- 19451955. .........................................................................149

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(, 1953), - . - : Nastanak i razvoj politike i pokreta nesvrstanosti, Beograd, 1981; Jugoslavija i Zapad. Jugoslovensko pribliavanje NATO-u 19521955, Beograd, 2000; Hronologija jugoslovensko-bugarskih odnosa 18782003, Beograd, 2003; Nova strategija spoljne politike Jugoslavije 19561961, Beograd 2005. -, ( - -), - .

(, 1956) . - : , IIII, , 1997; , , 1988; , III, , 2001; , , 1998; , , 1996 ( . ); 19181941, , 1992 ( ) . . , , 1998. , - 20. , , , .

(, 1981). 2005. . - 19561957 2007. - 2010. , 1945-1961. 2006. . 29 - . .

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7

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930.9:327(497.1) 19

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29

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32

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33

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36

. , - - .

SUMMARY

YUGOSLAVIA BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

The post-war development of Yugoslavia was in many respects a po-litical anachronism, and even an absurdity of a kind in the bipolar interna-tional community. Searching for the optimal international strategy for Yu-goslavia which would secure it the maximum of national independence and individual way to socialism, Tito and his adherants changed their allies and chose different U-turns in their foreign policy. On several occasions, almost overnight the allies of yesterday became the hated enemies, and former opo-nents became important allies and economic partners.

The whole diplomatic history of Yugoslavia, regardless of all its com-plexity and dynamics, can be reduced to three main phases: the period of close connections with the Soviet Union and the block of East European countries, the period of alliance with the West and, fi nally, opening toward the Third World and non-alligned countries. The latter period lastd the long-est and it was practically dominant in the Yugoslav foreign policy.

Being active within the non-alligned movement Yugoslavia was fi nally freed from the danger inherent in adherance to one of the confl icting blocks. Namely, in that way it was freed from the diffi cult role of the thghtrope-walker on the thin line between East and West, where only one wrong step inexorably led to extremely diffi cult consequences. By being active within a broader association of states which led similar foreign policy, it could fi nally rely on fi rmer basis and thus enable its triumphal comeback to Europe al-beit through the indirect route via Asia and Africa.

Thanks to its non-alligned policy Yugoslavia played a much more im-portant role in the international relations than was commesurate with its territory and its real economic and military power. However, such inter-nationa position had also its seamy side. By tying its survival to the bipolar system Yugoslavia condamned itself to collapse in the moment when that system collapsed. In that way, apart from the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia was the greatest victim of the fall of the Berlin wall and the colapse of socialism in Europe.

37

930.9:327(497.1) 1945/1970

,

(19451970)

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- XX -

38

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1945. 1956. - - , - : - , , -.

1945. 1948. . -, -

39

(19451970)

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(19451970)

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42

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43

(19451970)

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(19451970)

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7 -. 1967. 30.000 -, 10.000 , 1.000 , 200 , 500 , 500.000 -

50

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52

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53

(19451970)

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(19451970)

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57

(19451970)

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58

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1948. 1956. , . . - . - . - .

59

(19451970)

, - . - - , .

1967. . - , , . - - .

- - . - . -. - -- . - . , 1968. , , - - , .

60

SUMMARY

YUGOSLAVIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST IN THE COLD WAR(1945-1970)

During the post-war years the Middle East had an important place in Yugoslav foreign policy. Three phases can be discerned in the devel-opment of Yugoslav policy in the region. During the fi rst phase, which lasted from the end of WWII until 1948, a comparative Yugoslav aloof-ness toward that region can be observed. During that period the interest in the region existed only within the framework of debates in the OUN, whereas the economic cooperation was of rather modest proportions, and largely conditioned by pre-war traditions. The second phase began with the founding of the Jewish state in 1948. It was marked by very close politi-cal, economic and military ties with Israel and rapprochement with Egypt after problems in bilateral relations caused by Yugoslav contacts with the persecuted Egyptian Communists had been solved.

The Egyptian military revolution of 1952 and the beginnings of the reorientation of the Yugoslav foreign policy in the direction of creation of a broader movement of non-block and non-aligned countries, condi-tioned development of closer ties with Arab countries. During that period stronger political, economic and military ties between Yugoslavia and the Arab world developed. Speedy improvement of relations with Arab coun-tries caused deterioration of contacts with Israel. Nevertheless, this didnt lead to total estrangement. The Suez crisis and Yugoslav engagement in its course which took form of support for Egypt, shaped the Yugoslav policy in the region, and brought Yugoslavia and Arab countries closer together, estranging Yugoslavia from Israel. This was the beginning of Yugoslavias Middle East policy which would be one of the dominant features of its foreign policy until the break up of Yugoslavia.

The Middle East crisis of 1967 left indelible marks not only on rela-tions in the Middle East, but also on international relations globally. The ferocity of the clash between Israel and Arab countries spurred not only the reaction of the countries in the region, but also of both super-pow-ers, larger and smaller powers, particularly of non-aligned countries. As a non-aligned nation with traditionally good relations with Arab countries, Yugoslavia participated actively in the events caused by the brief Third Israeli-Arab war in which the armies of the Arab countries were routed.

From the moment the crisis broke out, the Yugoslav state agencies reacted swiftly and they took part in a number of actions aimed at help-ing the Arab countries and alleviating the consequences of the rout their armies had suffered. In the beginning of the crisis, the Yugoslav diplo-macy was particularly active in the evacuation of the Yugoslav detach-ment of the UN troops from Sinai, which was successfully accomplished. Considerable military and economic aid was sent to the Arab countries. In

61

(19451970)

the diplomatic fi eld Yugoslavia was representing the interests of the Arab countries, insisting at the same time on a compromise which led, at a certain point, to a brief cooling down of the Yugoslav-Arab relations, due to the rigid Arab attitude. The Yugoslav attempt at diplomatic mediation was based on daily contacts with great powers, coupled with a broader and more general activity of the non-aligned countries in order to strengthen the position of the Arab nations. Nevertheless, the beginning of the crisis in the socialist world in 1968, aggravation of the confl ict in the Middle East and particularly the war in Vietnam, coupled with the transition of the Middle East crisis in a slower negotiating phase caused diminution of the Yugoslav interest in the alleviating the fallout of the Middle East crisis.

:1. , , -1 ( ), -10 ( ), -1 ( )

2. , 50 ( ), 112 (), 130 ( ), 144 ( - ), 507/IX ( )

3. , -

4. - , .

:1. Babi, M, Arapsko-izraelski ratovi, Zagreb, 1988.2. Beki, D, Jugoslavija u Hladnom ratu. Odnosi sa velikim silama, 1949

1955, Zagreb, 1988.3. Bogeti, D, Bogeti, O, Nastanak i razvoj pokreta nesvrstanosti, Beograd,

1981.4. Bogeti, D, Koreni jugoslovenskog opredeljenja za nesvrstanost, Beograd,

1990.5. Bogeti, D, Jugoslavija i Zapad, 19521955. Jugoslovensko pribliavanje

NATO-u, Beograd, 2000.6. Bogeti, D, Nova strategija spoljne politike Jugoslavije 19561961,

Beograd, 2006.

62

7. Carl Brown, L. (ed.), Diplomacy in the Middle East. The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers, London New York, 2004.

8. Dobson, A. P, Marsh, S, US Foreign Policy Since 1945, London, 2000.9. El Sadat, A, U potrazi za identitetom. Autobigrafi ja, Zagreb, 1979.

10. , , . , , 2003.11. Gaddis, J. L, The Cold War, London, 2005.12. Ginat, R, The Soviet Union and Egypt 19451955, London, 1993.13. Jovanovi, J, Jugoslavija i Savet bezbednosti, 19451985, Beograd,

1990.14. Kunz, D, Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis, North Carolina 1991.15. Kyle, K, Suez. Britains End of Empire in the Middle East, London 2003.16. , , , 19451990, 1990.17. Lakovi, I, Zapadna vojna pomo Jugoslaviji 19511958, Podgorica 2006.18. Lis, L. M, Odravanje Tita na povrini. Sjedinjene Drave, Jugoslavija i

Hladni rat, Beograd 2003.19. Miunovi, V, Moskovske godine (19561958), Zagreb, 1977. 20. Petkovi, R, Nesvrstanost. Nezavisan, vanblokovski i globalni faktor u

meunarodnim odnosima, Zagreb 1981.21. Petkovi, R, Nesvrstana Jugoslavija i savremeni svet. Spoljna politika

Jugoslavije 19451985, Zagreb 1985.22. Petrovi, V, Jugoslavija stupa na Bliski istok, Beograd, 2007.23. Rubinstein, A, Yugoslavia and Nonaligned World, Princeton, 1970.24. , . (), 1968 40 , , 2008.25. Selini, S. (urednik), Spoljna politika Jugoslavije (19501961), Beograd,

2008.26. Tadi, B, Istorijski razvoj politike nesvrstavanja, 19461966, Beograd,

1968.27. Taubman, W, Khrushchev. The Man and his Era, London New

York, 2003.28. Vatikiotis, P. J, Arab Regional Politics in the Middle East, New York,

1984.29. Westad, O, A, The Global Cold War. Third World Interventions and the

Making of Our Times, London, 2005.30. , , (19561957), , 2008.

63

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, , -,

: 50- 60- XX - , , , - - . , , .

: , -, , , .

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, , , , -. , , -

64

, , - . , - - , - . - , , , . , , , - . - - . , . , , , - .

- - . , , , , - . - - -, - .

- (1954-55), ,

65

1955. ., . , - , , , . , - , , , - .

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- , (-) 1961. . ,

66

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67

( - , ). - , . , , . , - . , , - .

1958. , - - , . - - , - , . Gopal Chaudhuri: - , . - , - , - . - , - , . , , -, .

, - , ,

68

-. - , , . - - , , , , - , - . 1961. , . - - 1961. . - , - .

- , . -, - , , - , . , , - --- , - , .

, - - -, - , - , . , - ,

69

(, - ), , -. - , . , , , , . , , -, . - , , - . , , , , , . -, .

, - , - , . - , , . - , - . - - , , , .

70

, - - . , , . , , , - , . , , - , , , , .

5. 12. 1961. , - , , , , . , - , , , , . , . , - , - - . -, , -, , , . - , . , - - .

71

, , , - , - . , . - , , - - . , , , , , . , - . - , . - - .

, . , - , , , - . , , - . , - , . . - - -

72

. , - , - . , . .

, - . , -, - - . - , , - - . , , - , , - .

, - , , - - . - 31. . , -, , - -. , , . , .

73

- , , , , , - . , - , , . -. , , - . - - -, - . - - , .

, , , . - , , - . , , - . , - -, . - , , , - . , ,

74

- - . , - .

, . , - , , , . , , , - . , . , - , . - , , -, - . . , - 1962. ., - , 1964. 1965. . , , .

, , , , -, - , - , - . , - -

75

, , . - , , - . -, , , - - , , - . , - - -, - , , - , , , , . , , .

76

SUMMARY

YUGOSLAVIA AND THE FAR EAST THE THIRD WORLD BETWEEN YUGOSLAVIA AND CHINA

If there was a movement that seemed to offer some kind of political alternative to the Non-Aligned Movement in its early days, it was the so-called Afro-Asiatic Movement unoffi cially headed by PR of China. Both organizations aspired in various ways and on various levels to represent in the international relations the whole non-block world. In that way the whole Third World found itself crucifi ed between radical and revolution-ary concepts of Afro-Asianism which directly mirrored the Chinese expe-rience, and the somewhat more pragmatic and more fl exible principles ad-vocated by countries like Yugoslavia, India and to some extent Egypt. This paper used the example of the fi rst conference of the Non-Aligned Move-ment (1961) to show all characteristics and ferocity of political competition between these two dominant principles, which would also be typical for the relations in connection with the organization of the second conference of the non-aligned countries and the rival second Afro-Asiatic conference in 1964-1965.

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2. avoki, J, Jugoslavija i kinesko-indijski konfl ikt 1959-1962, Beograd, 2009.

3. Jansen, G. H, Afro-Asia and the Nonalignment, London, 1966.4. Kimche, D, The Afro-Asian Movement: Ideology and Foreign

Policy of the Third World, Jerusalem, 1973.5. Rubinstein, A, Yugoslavia and Nonaligned World, Princeton,

1970.

77

94(4):327(497.1) 1953/1958

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19531958.

: - , , - , 1958. .

: , , , , , , ,

, . , - -. 1944. 1948. , - ( ), - - , -. - -

78

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. 1944. 1945. - - - .

(19481953)

1944. 1948. , , , , , . , , . , . - -, 1944. 1945 1947. , - . , - - , , - .

1948. - . - , , , . ( , -) - . , . -

79

19531958.

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80

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81

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1948. - . - , , , , - . , 1948. 1953. - .

(19531955)

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82

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, 1953. 1954. . - , , . , 1953. 1954. ( , ) . - , .

83

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1954. - . , , 1954. -, - . 1954. . , - , - - .

, , , . , - - - . , . -. , , .

, -. 1954. - - , . 1953. , - - -. - . - .

84

.

, , . ( -, ) 1955. - ( ) - 1948. .

1953. 1954. , - . . . , , - .

1953. 1954. - , , , - . - : , . , , , , - . , , - . ,

85

19531958.

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(1955)

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86

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87

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89

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1956. , - . - XX - . , -. , , 1948. - .

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90

.

XX - . - 1948. - - . - . , .

, , . , . XX , - . .

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91

19531958.

1956. - . . - - - - . , - 1948. .

, , -, 1956. . . ( ) . . . , - - . - . - -. . - .

92

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(19571958)

1956. - - . - - . , , - , , -, . : , - , -, - . 1957. . , -, , .

- . - . - . , - .

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93

19531958.

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1958. , - , - - . , - , , . , VII - 1958. .

VII . - 1958. - . . - . -

94

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, , - 19481953. .

- , -, - . - 1958. , - , . -, . , - , .

, , - . , , - .

***

, 1948. , . , - , , - . , 1948. - . -, -

95

19531958.

- .

1953. - . 1948. . - , , - - - . 1953. , . , - 1948. 1953. . , - . . , , , .

96

.

SUMMARY

YUGOSLAVIAS FOREIGN POLICY AND THE NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES OF PEOPLES DEMOCRACY 19531958.

Even though some of them were enemies until recently and even took part in the occupation of its territory, after WWII between 1944 and 1948 Yugoslavia established very close and friendly relations with all countries of peoples democracy, including Hungary, Romania and Albania. The confl ict between Tito and Stalin spoiled completely such relations between neighbors. After 1948 all treaties of friendship were severed, transporta-tion lines were cut off, larger part of diplomatic staff was withdrawn, anti-Yugoslav campaign was launched, a state verging on the state of war was introduced on the borders and Yugoslav citizens and members of Serbian and other Yugoslav national minorities in these countries were subjected to pressure and mock trials. Only after the death of J.V. Stalin conditions for normalization of relations were created, but that process proceeded in phases which in many ways depended from the impulses coming from Moscow. Thus the fi rst phase lasted from Stalins death to the adoption of the Belgrade Declaration and it was marked by formal normalization of relations. The second phase followed the adoption of the Belgrade Decla-ration and it was a step forward toward a true normalization. However, it was only after the 21st congress of the Soviet Communist Party and the changes it triggered off, that the third phase began which brought about substantial changes in the neighboring peoples democracies, which was followed by the normalization of the relations between Communist parties. However, the events in Hungary in 1956 caused mistrust and dissension again which culminated after the Moscow conference of Communist and workers parties in November 1957 and the adoption of the new Program of the Union of Communist of Yugoslavia at the 7th congress in Ljubljana in April 1958. After that followed a new phase of ideological confl icts and deteriorating of inter-state relations, i.e. spoiling of the results achieved after 1953.

97

94(4):327(497.1):316.4 1949/1990

.

. (19491990)

: - , . , . , , , , .

: , , , , -, , , , , , .

( -) , , : , . , : , , . , -, .

, , , - , -, , , . , - , . , - ,

98

, .

- , , - , . , , - .

. - ( 700 ), ( 300 ), , , , ( 200 ). 250 . , 800 , , , - - 70 100 10% . , , . , - - . , 15 , , , . - . , , , , 1945. . -, . . - , .

99

. (19491990)

- . - , - , , , -, -, -. , , - . - 80- , 90- , - , , , . . - -, , -. , - , . , , , , . - , , - - , , , , - , , , . , .

, - , , . -

100

, , , -, , , , , . - , - , - . , - , , . , - , - . , , - -. -, - , , , , - . , , - , , .

1949, 1946. , - , - . -, 1947. , , - . 1. 1948, , 1958. . 1994, 1990. - .

, .

101

. (19491990)

, , , - , . , , , () -, : , - , -, , , , -. , , , , , -. , , , .

, - , , , . - , , - , . , . - . , - -. , , . -

102

. , , , -, . - . - , , - . (17891815), - 19. , -, , , . ... , , . - . . -. - .... -, , , , . -, .

, . -, , . , , , , - , 1875. , , - , ,

103

. (19491990)

, . , , , , - , . , , , , , , - . , , , -, , , . , , , , , - - . , , - , , , . , , , .

, , - . - , , - , , , , - . 19531954, - , , , , , , , - -

104

, , , . , . , , - . , - , - .

- - , . , , , - , . , , - . , - - , , - , . , , - , - . , , . - , - .

-- , -

105

. (19491990)

, , -, - . -, . , , . - . , - -. , , , , . -. , , -. -, , . , - , , , . , - , - , , - . , - , , , - . , . , .

106

. , . , , -, .

-, - -, . , , 501, - , . - , . - - , . , , . , , , , - .

, -, - , , . - ... .

, - , . , . , -

107

. (19491990)

, , . , - , - , , - . , , : -. . ; . ... ... . ... - , , , , - . , - , , , : , - . ... - . . , , - , , . , : , .

108

, , .

, - , . - ? , , - , - , ? , , ? - , , ? , ? , , .

SUMMARY

TO LIVE AND TO WORK IN EXILE: THE UNION LIBERATION (19491990)

Historical research so far have shown that the bulk of the post-war Yugoslav emigration depending on ethnic, religious and ideological affi liation was anti-Yugoslav, anti-Serbian, anti-Croat, anti-monarchist and anti-democratically oriented. In the checkered migr world, the smallest was the number of those cherishing the idea of the Yugoslav state and favoring its democratic evolution - feasible through gradual peaceful changes. The union Liberation which was set up few years after the war, deemed these ideas were possible and it espoused them throughout several decades of migr life. At the same time, believing that the emigrants should only aid the democratic development, whereas its main instigators and champions should be the citizens of Yugoslavia, this union carefully watched the appearance of critical thought in the country. For these reasons

109

. (19491990)

Naa re, its main mouthpeace, became the inoffi cial organ of Yugoslav dissidents, enabling them to acquaint the democratic public with their ideas. In that respect the Liberation played an important role in democratic enlightenment and in fostering political culture. Fir instance, condamning every extremism its members consistently criticised Communism, but they didnt consider themselves Anti-Communists but Non-Communists, stressing the big difference between the two terms. Exactly for that reason, despite realizing his own personal reasons, they could praise Josip Broz Tito for deffending the countrys independence in 1948.

. , , 1985. . , , 1987. . , , 2009. 20 , 1970. . , ,

1989. . , . , , 19801990, 2009.

. , , , 1980, . 318, . 2-3.

, , 19481990. . . , . - - , 1973.

. . , -. , 1998.

. . , - , () 19452005. , -, , , 2006, . 185-202.

. , (19491990), /, , . 9, 2005, . 381-396.

. , - (19541995), , 4/2007, . 118-135.

, , 2006.

110

. , . , Milenium, 2000.

. , . , , , 2000. . , . 19531995, 2003.

111

94(497):327(497.1) 1953/1954

1953/1954.

: , , -. - . - () .

: , , , , , , .

- - -. - . , . - - . 1948. .

, 1948. , . - , , , , - . - , - ,

112

. , . ().

, 28. 1953, - , -. . -, , 9. 1954. , -, , . , , . .

- - , , . . , 1950. , - ( George Allen) .

1951. , - , . - . - , - .

, 1952. , . - - , - . . . 1952. - -

113

1953/1954.

. , . 1952. - , 1952. .

- ( Antony Eden) . . 1952. . (1952) ( Thomas Handy) . . , . - , 1952, - : , . - 1952, - . - 1952. , , . , ( 1952. ).

1953. , - . - , - , .

. 1953. -. -, 1953. , - , -,

114

.

- . 1953. , - - . - 1953. - , -.

1953, - , . -. - , , . - - .

1953. - ( - ). , 1953, , - . . - .

, 17. 20. 1953. , , -. - .

115

1953/1954.

. , 28. 1953. -, , .

. -, 13. 1953. - , - -. - -, .

, . - -. (, ) - - . - - .

1948. 1949. , - . - . . . 1953. - -, - - , . -.

, -, - . -, - ,

116

. - - ( John Foster Dulles) , 1953, - .

- . - 1953. -. . - - . .

- , 1953. , - , - . -, , . , -- -- . - , , - . , -, , - - .

1953. ( ),

117

1953/1954.

- -. , - - . - , . , -- . .

, - . - -: , ( , , , , ), , , , , ( ), , , ( ) ; ( - , - ( ), , - , , ( , , , -. ), - , -, -, , ( , -), - -

118

( 22. 1954. , , 24. 1954. , - 11. 1954. , 27. 1954, - -, 16. 1954. , V 26. 1954. - , 17. 1955. , 16. 1955. , - 6. 1955. ); ( , -, ); - -; -, - postscriptum ( - 1955. ), - XX 25. 1956. ( ) . . . , - .

1954. . 1954. - , .

,

119

1953/1954.

, , 1954. , 1954. - .

, 28. - 1954, , . , - , , - 1954.

- - ( 1954) . - .

- . - : ; ; .

- 1954. , 1954. - . 1954. . - - ... - .

, 1954, : , . , 31. 1954, , - , .

1954. - -

120

1953. . - . . - .

- I III -, , 1954. . , , . 1954, - ( Yoran) : -. , .

, , 1954. -. , - ( ), , - ( ). , - .

, 1954. - . - 1954. - . - , - . . ( 2) - -

121

1953/1954.

- ( 6) .

, -, , - . 1954. . , . - - - . 9. 20-- . - .

1954. . , - - . -, 1955, 1956. -.

- . , 1954, -, - - . ( ) - - , - .

1954. , , . - - , , , .

122

, 1954, , , . , 1954. , -, .

, - (- ) 1954, - . - . . 28. 2. 1955. , . . 4 .

1955, - -. I III 1955. - .

, , . 1955. - . - 1955. . (- ) . - - , . - , ,

123

1953/1954.

. - .

- - - 1955. - . . , ( ). , , -- . - - 1955. .

( , , - ). , , . 1955. - I III .

, ( ) , 1955, . - . 1955. . , - . , , 1956. . - , - , , -. , 1955. .

1956. - , , , -

124

. -, - ( 1956. ) , ). 1956. () . - - , . - , . .

. - . - , , . - . , - . -, . , , , , .

125

1953/1954.

SUMMARY

YUGOSLAVIA AND THE BALKAN PACT 1953/1954.

Fearing a possible attack from the East, political pragmatism pre-vailed with Tito and he turned to the pro-Western suroundings. The Bal-kan Pact with Greece and Turkey meant for Yugoslavia an indirect joining of the defence structures of the West. The Soviet initiative for normalisa-tion of relations enabled Yugoslavia and Josip Broz Tito to distance them-selves from direct joining of the NATO. The Balcan Pact lost in importance over time, and even though it didnt really function in practice, it wasnt canceled for poltical reasons. It was exactly then that basis of the Yugoslav policy of not joning neither one nor the other block in the bipolar world were laid. For the West, the most important question was that of keeping Tito in power since he proffered resitence to the East. The Yugoslav leader craftilly used his postion to get Western military and economic aid.

: 1953/1954, , 2005.

: 1953/1954, , 2008. , , 2003. , 1918-1988,

1988, . 3. , ( 1948-1955), 1988.

, 1952-1955, 2000. ,

1956-1961, 2006. , , - 1941-1958, 1994.

, , 2003. Henry Kissinger, Memoari, Zagreb 1981, knj. 2. , 1951-1958, 2006.

, (, ), 2003.

, , 2006.

126

, , 1990. . , 1948-

1965, 1996. , 1953-1955, 1999.

: 1950-1961, , 2008.

, : - , - 2005.

, (1956-1958), 1977.

127

94(4):327(497.1) 1956

1956.

: , , , - , - 1953. , , 1956. . , 1956.

: , , , , , , , , .

, , 1956. - ( F. Fire). , , , . -. , - 1956. , , , . 1956. , .

, . . . 1953. -, . , , -

128

, . , , . , . - 17. 1953. , - 1956, - , : , ; 1956. -. ( . , . 308)

, 1956. - , . - . - : , 28. 1956, ( - 50 ), , , - , , , 1949. , 1951. 1954. , 1956. . 21. . . , -. , , - , .

- , . - , - , , , 29. 1956. .

-, , - .

129

1956.

1956, , . . - - . . , . - , 1951. , - 1956. .

- 1953-55, . - , , 1956, : . , - , . , , 6. -, : , . , . - . 10 16 , - 22. .

: : - , ; : , . , ; , - , - ; - . , - -

130

1848/49, 15. . 1848. 1956: , , , , - . , 23. , .

, - , . 23. , . , , . . - . . 23.00 , 23. , 26. - , 23. .

. , , -, . , . . , -, -, . - , .

- : . , , . .

23. 1956. 1957. 2.500 , 44% 25 -

131

1956.

58% ; 78% , . - 77% 20.000 - , 30 . ( I. Romsics, . 311)

, 1956. - : . , - . 30 -, , , , . - 1956. .

- 1956. - . 1947. , -. 1948. , - . , - , - , , : 1953, - , -. .

, - . 1953. , - . 1954. , , . . , - 1954.

132

. , , - 1955. , .

, , - . - , : , , - , 1947. . - -. 1948. - , 1951. . 1953, - , . . , - . - , , .

- - -. . - , , - , 1955.

, - , , - . . 1953. 1954. - ,

133

1956.

, . . - , . 1954, - . , , , . -, . 1954. , , , , 4. 1956. . Sabad nep, , - , . . . 1955. - . . 1956. -, - , , , . -, 1957. . , . , , -, , 6. 1956. (. , 2008, . 157) , , , , , , - , .

. . , - ,

134

, , . - . , 1955. , , . - ; - - ... . (, , IX-75/IV-93) - , - - , .

- . ( , , ). - . , -: , . , , -, . ; , .

1948. ; . , - 1949-1952, - - - . : . 1955. : , . , , . . . ,

135

1956.

, , , - .

2. 1955. , , -, . - - .

- . -. : - . -, 8. 1955. , , -, -- , , 1952. . -.

- - . , . - , , , : , , - 1955. , - . . . . ,

136

-, 1956. , . ( . , . 153)

, . , - , , , , , , , . , - , 18. 1956. -. 9. , - , -, .( . , . 156) - , , -.

. , . . , - . -, . - , , , , , - . 1956. , - - . ( Cs. Bs, . 109-121)

137

1956.

- , -, . -, : - , - , -, . , ; 1949; . , - 19. . - - 12. 1956. : - , - . - 11. 15. 1956. .

- - - , - . : . . . - . - , - . . , - : , 1956. , - , ; .

, . , - : , -, .

138

. , 15. . , . - , - . . , . - . . - , . , , - , . 22. . - : , , - .

, . , . - , 23. 1956. , - .

. . - . , . . , - .

, - . -. , - , . - , . , . -

139

1956.

, . : - - , , , - . , , , . , - -. 29. 1956, , - - .

, - , , - , . , -; 31. ( . , . 159), , . , - . . - . 2. 3. . . , . . , . , - . , , . .

140

, , 2. -, - , , , , , - - . 3. . -, 4. . , , - , 18. 1956. , . , , , , - 14 , . . 4. , , , . . , , . , , . - -. . . , , , . , . (, , IX-75/IV-89)

- . - , , , 5. , . : - , , , -, .

, , ,

141

1956.

, . - , , , 19. , - . , - , , , , . - , . ( . , . 131-135). . - , - . . - - , , .

, . - , , - . - . , 21. , - . . . , - , 22. . . - , - . : , . . , .

142

. , : , . , , . , , . , , , , . , , , - .

, , , . 31. , , , . , , - , , . . , - - ( . , . 115-116). 1956, 1957. .

. , , , , - ; , , - . - , - , 1956. . , , , - ,

143

1956.

, , , . 1956. . : - , . : . : -, : , , 29. , , . . : .

, - . , - - : (The New Leader) 19. 1956. (The Storm in Eastern Europe). , - , , ... - - . , -, .

. , : . , , . - -, - -. , 11. 1956. : -

144

, . , , -. , , , - , . , , , , . - - .

. . , -- 1958. . - - . , 27. 1958. - . . . , , - . . , . . , - , . - 1956. .

- - . 1948,

145

1956.

. - 1958. , . , , - - .

- . - . , , ( ), -. , , 1957. . 1956. , , , - , 1957. - . - - . , . - , 23. 1956. 31. 1957. 19.857 ; 16.374 , 2.773 , 634 ; 76 . - , - , - 1958. .

146

SUMMARY

YUGOSLAVIA AND THE 1956 HUNGARIAN CRISIS

The denunciation of Stalins regime at the 20th Congress of the CPSU in 1956 and the Soviet military intervention in Hungary later that year rep-resent the turning point in the history of Communism. Those that rebelled against Stalins tyranny were exactly the ones that suppressed the Hun-garian peoples fi ght for freedom and dispelled all illusion of a just and class-free society. The 1956 revolution in Hungary affected the entire com-munist world and Yugoslavia, being a neighbouring country, was among the fi rst to face the aftermath.

Stalins death in 1953 opened the way for reconciliation between Yu-goslavia and the Eastern block countries but, already in 1955, stagnation in the normalization of Yugoslav-Hungarian state and party relations was evident. Yugoslavias leadership rejected all reconciliation with the Hun-garian Workers Party for as long as Mtys Rkosi was at its head. The replacing of Rkosi in the summer of 1956, however, was too late to effect any change.

Yugoslavia had supported the liberal side of the Hungarian CP until stunned by the Hungarian uprising. Its position was unenviable: the lib-eral side headed by Imre Nagy emerged as leader of the anti-Soviet move-ment and, after the uprising was stifl ed, Nagy and a group of collabora-tors found temporary refuge at the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest. They resolved to leave the embassy only after receiving a written guarantee of safety, authorised at the state level, but were abducted by the Soviets the very moment of stepping out. Nagy and four of his associates were tried, sentenced to death and executed in June of 1958. Thus, the normalisation of Yugoslav-Hungarian relations halted again. Yugoslav-Soviet relations, however, were damaged more than the Yugoslav-Hungarian relations by the Nagy affair.

The 1956 October events in Hungary prompted the departure of almost 200,000 Hungarians for the West, mostly via Austria. When re-inforced control of Hungarys western border made escape hazardous, about 20,000 refugees crossed the southern border. According to offi cial data, from October 23, 1956 to December 31, 1957, 19,857 persons fl ed to Yugoslavia: 16,374 of these emigrated to the West; 2,773 were repatriated; 634 were integrated into Yugoslav society; and 76 were unaccounted for. The position of Yugoslav authorities towards the problem posed by the refugees as well as its position towards the Hungarian Revolution as a whole conformed to subsequent international reactions.

147

1956.

Bks, Chaba, The 1956 Hungarian Revolution and World Politics, The Hungarian Quarterly, Vol. 36, 1995 Summer, str. 109-121.

Bogeti, Dragan, Nova strategija jugoslovenske spoljne politike 1956-1961, Beograd (Institut za savremenu istoriju), 2006.

Borhi, Lszl, Hungary in the Cold War 1945-1956, Budapest (CEU Press), 2004.

(osi, D.) , , , (), 1957. Dimi, Ljubodrag, Josip Broz, Nikita Sergejevi Hruov i maarsko pitanje 1955-1956., Tokovi istorije, 1-4(1998), 23-59.

Duhaek, Antun, Ispovest obavetajca. Uspon i pad jugoslovenske obavetajne slube, Beograd (Grafopress), 1992.

, ., . -- 1953-1956 , (-), 2008.

Fire, Fransoa, Prolost jedne iluzije. Komunizam u dvadesetom veku, Beograd (Paidea), 1996.

Gibianski, Leonid J., Sovjetsko-jugoslovenski odnosi i maarska revolucija 1956, Jugoslovenski istorijski asopis, 1-2(1996), 151-170.

Granville, Johanna, Tito and the Nagy affair in 1956, East European Quarterly, 32:1 (1998), 23-55.

Gyarmati, Gyrgy, ed., A Trtneti Hivatal vknyve, 2002, Budapest (Trtneti Hivatal), 2002.

Ivanji, Ivan, Maarska revolucija 1956, Beograd (Samizdat), 2007.

Miunovi, Veljko, Moskovske godine 1956-1958, Zagreb (Liber), 1977.

, , , (. - ), (Clio) 2008, . 306-324.

Rainer M. J., Somlai K., eds., The 1956 Hungarian revolution and the Soviet bloc countries. Reactions and repercussions, Budapest (The Institute for the History of 1956 Hungarian Revolution), 2007.

Ripp, Zoltn, Belgrd s Moszkva kztt: A jugoslv kapcsolat s a Nagy Imre -krds (1956 november - 1959 februr), Budapest (Politikatrtneti Alapitvny), 1994.

148

Romsics, Ignc, Hungary in the Twentieth Century, Budapest (Osiris), 1999.

(Stikaljin, A.) , , . 1956 , (. . . - ), 2003.

(Stikaljin, A.) , ., -- - - 1956 ., Spoljna politika Jugoslavije 1950-1961. Zbornik radova (ur. Slobodan Selini), Beograd, 2008, str. 139-167.

Vlahovi, Veljko, Strogo pov.: neobjavljeni rukopis Veljka Vlahovia: 1955-1958, Beograd (Struna knjiga), 1998.

149

94.4:327(497.1) 1945/1955

,

- 19451955.

: - - : -, - - .

: , , , , -, , , .

- (19451955) - . XIX , - , , , . , . XIX . - . . - Klub eskch turist () 1888. asopis turist, . , , -, ., , -. , , ,

150

. . - ( , , ) 1855. - . - . . (18761935), 1928. 1934. XIX . , - , 1910. . - . , ( ) - 1918. . , - 1938/39. , . , -. , , ( , .). , , - . - , . - , - ( - ). . - , - .

151

- 19451955.

, - . (Baa) . , . -, , -. - , , , , , , - ( ), , -. - , - , , . 1945. , - , ( , , -, - , - ). , -. - , , , . , -, -, . .

***

. . , . , - ,

152

, . , - . , - , - , , - . , , . 20. 24. 1946. , 9. 1946. - . 1948. - , , . ( , , ). - - . - , - , , , -, , - , , , . . - . - , - . . . - ,

153

- 19451955.

. , - - , . , - 11. 1945, 18. 1946, 9. 1946, 27. 1947. , 8. 1947 19. 1947.

- . - , , - . - - 1947. . - , . - - , . - , , . - , . - . - - - . , .

154

. - - . , - , - . - - . -- 16. 1949. - . - , -. , - 100 70:30 . . - , - - , , - -. , - (). -- 10. 1947. , - .

, . . 27. - 1947. - .

155

- 19451955.

, , -, , . - - - - , , , , , (- ). , 1945. - - . - 3. 1946. 300 . , . - , , - , , . - , , , , , , - , - , , - . , , . - (Tento tyden v Jugoslavii) 800 .

156

, . . - , .

- , . - , . , - , , , , . , -, , , XIX XX , , , , , XI . , - , , - . - , , 1948, 1947, XIX XX , , - ( 343 ) . , - - . , , , , - - , - , , , ,

157

- 19451955.

, , . - , , -, , , , - , . - -. ( ) , , . - : - -. - . , , , - , . - . - 26. 1946, , , . -, - . -, , , . 1946. . - , , , , , , , , , . - 1946. , , . . 1948. Rud prvo - ( Andr Simone).

158

. 12. , , .

- 3.000 . - . , , . - - . 1946. - - . 28. 1948. 2.929 . , 2.251 , 201 , 159 , 83 , 50 , 45 , 18 , 7 , 115 -. 60 , - , , . 48 , 32, 16 . 1945. 1948. - . - -, . , - . , , , - , -, . , . - ,

159

- 19451955.

, , - , , , , , , . , - , . 64.468 , 1947. , 25.010 , 39%. 57% . , , , , - .

-. - . , , -. , , , - . , - : 31%, 23%, 25%, - 10%, 7% . - : , , 22,2%, , , . 21,8%, - 11%, 8,2%, 6,1%, (, ) 5,6%, (, ) 5%, 4,5% . 80% , 20% . - . 28. 1945. 500 , - 24. 1948.

160

2,75 . 1947. - , - - . . , - . - 150, - 135, 90 . - . 1948. 110, - 104, 46, 11,5, 6,7 6 . - 19451948. - 1948. . 1945. , 1946. ( -), 1947. 1948. . , 1945. , 1946. 1947. ( -), 1948. . , , .

1945. 1948. - , - , -. , -. - , - : , , , . - , - 1945, , ,

161

- 19451955.

, 4. - 1947. ... - , 1948. . - - . - . - , . 1948. 83.626 39.015 , 122.641. 1946. , , . - , - , -, . , 13. 1948. - , - .

***

- - - 1948. . - , 1948.

162

, , , . , 1948. - . , - - , -- . - , 1949, - , , - , -. - , , . , , - .

1948. - XI - -. - 1948. . - , - - . , , - . - - . -. 1948, - . - -

163

- 19451955.

. 21. 1948. . - . - .

- , -. -, - , , - , 1948. . - 1948. 1948. 75 77 , 1949. 63 65. , - , . , .

, , -, 1949. - - -. , - . 710. 1949, -. - . , - . 1952. -

164

, . . - , , , . , -, .

- , - 160180 , , 1953. - , , , -- . , , -, , , , -, , - . - . 35 26 . ( ), - . - ( ) ( -). 11 - Rud prvo 25. 1948. 10 . 1948. 68 - . -

165

- 19451955.

-. . , -. 1948. - - - . 10. 1948. 30 , . , : , , , . , 1951. - . -, , , , , , . , - , , . -. - 1951. . - -, , -. , . - - , - -. , , , , - . - - . ,

166

, - , , , - , . , , - 1953. .

- , - . , - -, - - , , - , , - -. - -. , , , . , . , , , , - - . , , -. . 24. 1950, 30. 2. 1950. . . -

167

- 19451955.

: - , , , .

, , , . - - -. , - -, , - , - -. 1945. 1957. 28% - ( ). , , . , -, , ., , -, , , . , , , , , - ., . , . - -