judy presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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DISCLAIMER
The views expressed in this presentation are theviews of the speaker and do not necessarily reflectthe views or policies of the Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or thegovernments they represent. ADB does notguarantee the accuracy of the data included in thispaper and accepts no responsibility for any
consequence of their use. Terminology used maynot necessarily be consistent with ADB officialterms.
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Biophysical processes
Dr James Udy
February 2009
5TH NARBO IWRM Training
“Keys for Success”
Material for Slides contributed by:
Dr Badin GibbesJon OlleyFRC Environmental
Ann OliverMichelle McGawDeb Gale
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Understanding Biophysical Relationship
“key to success”
Catchment
Hydrodynamic
Biogeochemical
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SEQ conceptual model
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Nutrient flux
Algal response
Zooplankton -Grazing rates andnutrient release
Fish –
Food web andLife Cycle
Toxin Identification
Monitoring
Understanding the specifics and interactions important key to success
Modeling
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Question
What Biophysical knowledge about
Vu Gia – Thu Bon do you need to manage?
• Impact of Hydro Dam on Fish lifecycle?
• Where is the sediment coming from?
• Are their toxic effects from Mining?• What aquatic animals most sensitive to mine
effluent?
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How Biophysical processes influence
River management
• Quality of freshwater supply – Drinking water – Irrigation water source – Process water (cooling, carrier fluid etc.)
• Hydro-electric power supply
• Greenhouse gas implications – Emissions (CO2, CH4) – Storage (C in sediments) – Important for global climate modelling
Ima es: Hoover Dam & Lake Mead U.S.A. Multi le use reservoir: water su l & h droelectricit
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Biophysical Issues for River Basin
• Eutrophication – Algal blooms - often toxic – Increase treatment costs – Can cause fish kills or taste and odour
• Chemical pollution
– Due to poor catchment management – Release due to low oxygen in bottom water
• Sedimentation – Loss of storage capacity (supply security)
– Damage to turbines• Climate variability
– Emissions (CO2, CH4)
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CatchmentSources of Pollutants
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Two Types of Erosion
• Hill Slope
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Two Types of Erosion
• River Bank/ Gully
Wh T f E i
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What Type of ErosionDominates?
Suspended Sediment
Contribution
Low
Medium
High
0 10 20 30 40 505Kilometres
Vegetation
Flow data
Rainfall/PET
Land use
Riparian vegetation
DEM
Soil properties
Gully erosion
Channel geometry
Floodplain width
Stream and floodplain
configuration
Spatial data
Flow
regionalisation
SedNet model
Sediment/nutrient loads
‘local knowledge’
Modelled (e.g. RUSLE)
Data
SeDNET model include bank andgully erosion sources and spatialvariation in floodplain storage.
Prosser, I. P., Rutherfurd I.D., Olley, J.M., Young, W.J., Wallbrink,P.J. and Moran, C.J., (2001). Large-scale patterns of erosion andsediment transport in rivers networks, with examples fromAustralia. Freshwater and Marine Research, 52, 81-99.
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Hillslope vs channel erosion
• Fallout radionuclides(Cs-137 and Pb-210)
– widely used todetermine the
relativecontribution ofhillslope andgully/channel
erosion to streamsediments
0
100
200
Concentration (Bq kg-1)0 50 100 0 5 10
210Pbex 137Cs
S o i l D e p t h (
m m )
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CatchmentSources of Pollutants
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CatchmentSources of Pollutants
R i / E
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Reservoir / EstuaryTrap for Pollutants
H d d i
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HydrodynamicsDetermine what happens next
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Catchment inflows
Rain input
Evaporation
Lightpenetration
Density-driven flow
Sediment resuspension
Wind
Groundwater seepage
Key processes
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Light penetrationControlled by sediment
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Evaporationchange water quantity and quality
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Rain inputChange water quality
Wi d
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Wind
Circulate water
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Wind induced circulation
Simulated by introducing free-surface evolution, free-surface
wind shear & wind momentum input into flow equations(typically RANS equations)
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Catchment inflowsSource of new water and Pollutants
Hot/ FreshCatchment inflows
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Catchment inflowsWarm water inflow
• Warm water, lower density
• Inflow “floats” on lakes’ surface
• Cooling water discharges
(power station etc.)• Forms a boundary condition on lake
• More visible and often easier to
manage because offtakes oftenbelow boundary
Image: ww.usgs.gov
Image: www.tpwd.state.tx.us
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Catchment inflowsCold water inflow ColdMore Saline
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Catchment inflowsCold water inflow
• Cold water, higher density, “plunges”
• Flows along base of lake (if colder / more dense thanbottom waters)
• Can caused sediment and nutrient resuspension
• Catchment inflows typically cooler (more dense) than
lake surface – but may be warmer than bottom water
• If inflow density = mid-lake density, flow is “intrusive”,
common phenomenon
• Often leads to contamination of offtake water more
rapidly than expected.
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Groundwater seepageGroundwater inflow and outflow
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N t l t h i l ti
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Catchment inflowsNatural waters: chemical properties
Key to Analyses:
• (1) Rainwater from Menlo Park, California;
• (2) Average rainwater from sites in North Carolina and Virginia;
• (3) Composition of the Rhine River as it leaves the Alps;
• (4) Stream draining igneous rocks in the Washington Cascades;
• (5) Jump-Off Joe Creek, southwestern Oregon, wet season, November, 1990;
• (6) Jump-Off Joe Creek, southwestern Oregon, dry season, September, 1991;
• (7) Great Salt Lake, Utah;
• (8) Average seawater;
• (9) Groundwater from limestone of the Supai Formation, Grand Canyon;
• (10) Groundwater from volcanic rocks, New Mexico;
• (11) Groundwater from a spring, Sierra Nevada Mountains: short residence time;
• (12) Groundwater from metamorphic rocks in Canada: long residence time.
Source: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/En-Ge/Fresh-Water-Natural-Composition-of.html
Rain River Sea Groundwater0.7 18 400 4,500
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Catchment inflows
Rain input
Evaporation
Lightpenetration
Density-driven flow
Sediment resuspension
Wind
Overview
Groundwater seepage
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Impact of hydrodynamic
processes on a river basin
• Effects the way water moves
• Determines the chemistry of water
• Effect on ecological systems• Usefulness of water to end user
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Combination of:
Nutrient rich inflow
LightWarm TemperatureLack of wind
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Biogeochemical modellingBiogeochemical Cycles
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Nitrogen cycle
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Phosphorus cycle
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Carbon cycle
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Understanding How one action
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Understanding How one actionwill effect another area
“key to success”Catchment modelling
Hydrodynamic modelling
Biogeochemical modelling