Judgment

JudgmentMental operation that pronounces the agreement and disagreement of two ideas.

Elements of a Judgment

1. Understanding of each of the ideas about which a judgment is to be made.

2. Comparison of the two ideas.3. Mental act/mental expression.

Proposition

A written or verbal expression of a judgment.

Structure of a Proposition

Subject (S) Predicate (P)Copula (C) - verb

Properties of Proposition

Quality – alludes to the relationship

between the subject and the predicate.

Kinds of Quality/ Kinds of Judgment

1. Affirmative – the predicate is always affirmed of the subject in accord to its entire comprehension.

2. Negative – two ideas disagree when the subject idea does not contain the entire essential notes of the predicate idea.

Quantity or Extension of the proposition

- the quality of the proposition is equivalent to the quantity of its subject.

Quantity of the predicate The quantity of the predicate is not

equivalent to the quantity of the subject

Types of proposition

1. Categorical or Attributive Propositions

2. Hypothetical Propositions3. Necessary and Contingent

Propositions4. Absolute and Modal

Propositions5. Compound Propositions

Categorical or Attributive Propositions

A predicate is attributed to its subject without condition. It expresses a relationship between two ideas.

Simple Categorical Proposition According to quality

1. Affirmative Proposition – affirms the identity of the S and P with an affirmative copula: IS

2. Negative Proposition – negates the identity of the S with the P. It contains a negative copula: IS NOT

According to the Quantity1. Singular – singular subject.2. Particular – subject is universal term

used partly. 3. Universal – universal subject4. Collective - collective subject (applying

to all taken together as a class)

According to Quantity and Quality Combined

A and I – AffIrmo meaning “I affirm”E and O – nEgO meaning “I negate”

Universal/Singular Affirmative AParticular Affirmative IUniversal/Singular Negative EParticular Negative O

According to relation with reality1. True – affirms or agrees with

reality2. False – negates or disagrees

with reality

According to Origin1. Analytical (a-priori or rational

proposition) - the agreement and disagreement is knowable from mental analysis alone.

2. Synthetical (a- posteriori or empirical) – knowable only through experience

3. Necessary – the predicate expresses the essence or nature of the subject.

Kinds of Necessary Predicationa. Essential – when the predicate expresses

the nature of the subject.a. First Class – speciesb. Second class – generic feature

b. Proper – when the predicate expresses an attribute that is necessarily connected with the nature of the subject.

a. First Class – specific property of the universal subject

b. Second class – any property that is ot a specific one of the universal subject.

4. Non-necessary – the subject is not contained in the comprehension of the predicate nor is the predicate contained in the comprehension of the subject.

Compound Categorical Propositions

Openly Compound or Evidently Compound Propositions – a composite of two or more propositions.

1. Copulative – several subjects or predicates are joined together into grammatical unity by affirmative or negative conjunctions.

2. Relative – expresses a relation of time or spatial element (place) between two sentences.

3. Adversative – two propositions joined together in opposition to each other.

4. Causal – joined by causal conjunctions such as because, for, since, etc.

5. Inferential or rational – joined by conjunctions therefore, thus, for this reason, etc.

Covertly or Virtually Compound (exponible propositions)– a composition of two proposition but it appears as single propositions.

Exponents – the simple component proposition into which they can be resolved.

1. Exclusive – indicates an exclusion of any other predicate from the subject or any other subject from the predicate.

2. Exceptive – the subject term is restricted in its application by words such as except, but, and so on.

3. Comparative – expresses the degree of relationship as either being less or equal or greater.

4. Reduplicative – it contains an expression which duplicates the subject or predicate by easily highlighting it.

5. Specificative exponibles – indicates the condition of the connection between the subject and predicate.

6. Inceptive – expresses the beginning of a thing.

7. Desitive – expresses the ending of a thing

Existential or Factual Categorical Proposition

A statement of fact or a an event.