judaisms, christianities, and islams the people not of the book
TRANSCRIPT
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101 THE RELIGION OF ABRAHAM
Judaisms, Christianities, and Islams
The People not of the Book
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First, a (sadly) necessary disclaimer:
This lecture is on the HISTORY of the religion of Abraham and some of its myriad HISTORICAL interpretations. It is not about FAITH.
We are not debating theology, we are recounting HISTORY
The historical facts about to be presented are not intended to offend anyone or to change anyone’s personal beliefs (indeed facts have no intent).
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You are in a college classroom, and are expected to appreciate diverse views, even when they differ from your own.
If you are personally offended by any of the HISTORICAL facts presented...that’s okay…be offended…but remember, you are in a college classroom and will behave in a manner of respect and decorum accordingly.
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“True” Religion
Remember “TRUE” religion is whatever ANY individual believes.
We will be looking at a number of “TRUE” Judaisms, Christianities, and Islams in our investigation .
Now…let’s get on with some critical thinking about the history of the religion of Abraham.
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THE HEBREWS, ISRAELITES, AND JEWS
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Torah (Pentateuch, Five Books of Moses) Genisis, Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy,
Numbers Rabbinic Literature
Mishna-oral traditions compiled c. A.D. 200 Talmud- A. D. 5th and then 7th
Midrash- oral biblical interpretations compiled c. A.D. 200
Josephus-”Romanized” Jewish author A.D. 1st century
Habiru
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Abraham-around 2000 BC Ur El Shaddai Jacob-grandson of Abraham Israel Israelites Moses
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Sinai Peninsula Yahweh Monotheistic Judges
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Philistines Saul 1020 – 1000 BC David 1000 – 961 BC Solomon 960 – 922 BC Judah Temple destroyed- Nebuchadnezzar
in 6th CBC Diaspora Temple rebuilt c. 515 BC-Second
Temple Destroyed by Romans in A.D. 70 Diaspora again
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Second Temple – restored by Herod
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Josephus’ four sects of Judaism
Sadducees Strict literal interpretation of written laws
PhariseesFlexible interpretation of written and
oral laws
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Essenes Ascetic communities One branch did not marry. Shared material possessions
Zealots No King but God
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Samaritans Believe a strict interpretation of the Torah Mt. Gerizim, not Jerusalem, is the chosen
location for the temple. Reject Rabbinic literature Slowly dying out
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CHRISTIANITIES
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Roman legal and historical texts Late first/early second century A.D. Suetonius/Tacitus/Pliny
Church Councils Council of Nicaea, A.D. 324/5
Church Literature Bishops: St. Augustine- City of God Historians- Eusebius- History of the Church
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Some Bibles Septuagint
Greek Old Testament 3rd – 1st CBC
Vulgate St . Jerome Everyday Latin 405
Council of Trent -1590 Vulgate official
King James Version English 1604-1611
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The Church Fathers
Dozens of bishops, scholars, and other Church officials
Histories Biographies Martyr texts Apologies
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Persecutions
Nero AD 64 Trajan 98-117
Pliny the Younger Decius 250 Diocletian 284-305
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Certificate of sacrifice from the reign of Decius
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Christian Rome
Constantine 324-327 Edict of Milan 313
Toleration Council of Nicaea 324/5
Nature of Jesus State support for Christianity
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The Great Christological Debate
Ebionites Christ was completely human
Arianism Similar not same
Nestorianism Christ-separate human and divine nature
Monophysitism Same substance (Divine)
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The impact of Neo-Platonism
Christian Neo-Platonism Everyone’s soul is a part of god
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Theodosius I 379-95 Nicene Christianity is the state religion Persecution of heretics
Theodosius II 408-450 Theodosian Code
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ISLAM
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Muhammad c. A.D. 570-632
Allah Arabian Peninsula Koran (Qur’an) – A.D. 651
Mushaf Uthman Sahabah – companions of
Muhammad Sunnah, Hadith – words and deeds of
Muhammad Ibn Ishaq c.A.D.750
Life of Muhammad
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Semitic Nomadic Sheikh Animism Polytheistic
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Mecca Quarysh Ka’ aba
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Religious Concepts Sin Salvation Heaven and Hell Afterlife Monotheism
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Caliph Medina AD 622 Higira “the turning point” AD 630 conquest of Mecca AD 632 death of Muhammad
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Monotheism Jinns Satan Jesus
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The Five Pillars of Faith
Prayer Charity Fasting Pilgrimage Acceptance of Allah and Muhammad
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Ulema- educated class of scholars Theocratic State Sunnah – Islamic law Jihads
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Arabia North Africa Spain South Italy Near East Asia Minor
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Knowledge
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Dome of the Rock
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Abu Bakr 632-634 Umar 634-644 Uthman 644-656
Ali 656-661
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Muawiya and the Umayyad Dynasty661-750
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Some Islams
Sunni – Leaders chosen by the community
Shi’a – only the descendants of Muhammad
Ibadi agree with Sunni’s on above Non –Ibadi Muslims are unbelievers Hell is forever (contra Sunni belief)
Quranic – only follow the Quran