According to most historians, According to most historians, Judaism began when Abraham Judaism began when Abraham

made divine covenant with God. made divine covenant with God. Because of this, Abraham is Because of this, Abraham is

considered to be the Father of the considered to be the Father of the Semitic religions (Judaism, Semitic religions (Judaism,

Christianity and Islam).Christianity and Islam).

Throughout Judaism history ,their Throughout Judaism history ,their followers have been called many followers have been called many

names.names.

““Hebrews” Hebrews” refer to those refer to those who accepted Yahweh as who accepted Yahweh as

their God and much of their their God and much of their history is written in Hebrew history is written in Hebrew

Bible.Bible.

Throughout Judaism history ,their Throughout Judaism history ,their followers have been called many followers have been called many

names.names.

““IsraeliteIsraelite” refer to the descendants of the Hebrews,

which originated from Abraham.

His grandson , Jacob had 12 sons and His grandson , Jacob had 12 sons and their descendants became known as their descendants became known as

the 12 tribes of Israel. the 12 tribes of Israel.

““Jew” 　　 comescomes 　　 fromfrom 　　 YehudahYehudah　　 oror 　　 JudahJudah 　　 ,, 　　 thethe 　　 SouthernSouthern　　 KingdomKingdom 　　 ofof 　　 Israel.Israel. 　　 NowNow 　　 itit　　 isis 　　 usedused 　　 toto 　　 referrefer 　　 someonesomeone　　 who practices who practices 　　 Judaism and takes Judaism and takes

part in Jewish Culture.part in Jewish Culture.

Jews do not believe that Jews do not believe that Jesus was anything more Jesus was anything more

than a good and wise than a good and wise man who lived and died man who lived and died 2000 years ago – Jews 2000 years ago – Jews

still await their messiahstill await their messiah

Modern Modern DenominationsDenominations

of Judaism of Judaism

Orthodox JudaismOrthodox Judaism• Mainstream　JudaismMainstream　Judaism• Belief　in　the　direct　revelation　of　divine　Belief　in　the　direct　revelation　of　divine　

law　which　was　recorded　in　the　Torahlaw　which　was　recorded　in　the　Torah– It　is　eternal,　unchanging,　and　the　sole　It　is　eternal,　unchanging,　and　the　sole　

guide　for　lifeguide　for　life– Carefully　and　strictly　observe　the　Carefully　and　strictly　observe　the　

commandments　as　the　direct　will　of　God　commandments　as　the　direct　will　of　God　– Ultra-Orthodox　assert　that　complete　Ultra-Orthodox　assert　that　complete　

separation　from　secular　societyseparation　from　secular　society

Orthodox JudaismOrthodox Judaism Orthodox　Judaism　is　the　most　Orthodox　Judaism　is　the　most　

traditional　expression　of　modern　traditional　expression　of　modern　Judaism.Judaism.

　　Orthodox　Jews　believe　the　entire　Orthodox　Jews　believe　the　entire　Torah　-　including　"Written,"　the　the　Torah　-　including　"Written,"　the　the　Pentateuch,　and　"Oral,"　the　Talmud)　Pentateuch,　and　"Oral,"　the　Talmud)　was　given　to　Moses　by　God　at　Sinai　was　given　to　Moses　by　God　at　Sinai　and　remains　authoritative　for　modern　and　remains　authoritative　for　modern　life　in　its　entirety.　life　in　its　entirety.　

Reconstructionist JudaismReconstructionist Judaism Early　1920s　in　US　by　Rabbi　Mordecai　Early　1920s　in　US　by　Rabbi　Mordecai　

KaplanKaplan Judaism　is　not　merely　a　religion,　but　Judaism　is　not　merely　a　religion,　but　

an　evolving　religious　civilization,　a　an　evolving　religious　civilization,　a　peoplehood,　a　culture,　as　well　as　a　peoplehood,　a　culture,　as　well　as　a　faith　communityfaith　community

Reform JudaismReform Judaism Early　19Early　19thth　C.　Germany　C.　Germany Assert　authorship　of　Torah　to　Assert　authorship　of　Torah　to　

Divinely　inspired　human　beingsDivinely　inspired　human　beings Modern　worshipModern　worship

Reform JudaismReform Judaism Reform　Judaism　affirms　the　central　Reform　Judaism　affirms　the　central　

tenets　of　Judaism　-　God,　Torah　and　tenets　of　Judaism　-　God,　Torah　and　Israel　-　and　embraces　diverse　beliefs　Israel　-　and　embraces　diverse　beliefs　and　practices.　Reform　Jews　accept　and　practices.　Reform　Jews　accept　the　Torah　as　the　foundation　God's　the　Torah　as　the　foundation　God's　ongoing　revelation　while　learning　ongoing　revelation　while　learning　also　from　modern　exploration　of　its　also　from　modern　exploration　of　its　development.　development.　

Conservative JudaismConservative Judaism Agree　that　change　was　necessary　Agree　that　change　was　necessary　

but　felt　Reform　had　eliminated　too　but　felt　Reform　had　eliminated　too　many　basic　Jewish　practicesmany　basic　Jewish　practices

Motto　is　“tradition　and　change”Motto　is　“tradition　and　change”

Conservative JudaismConservative Judaism Conservative　Judaism　may　be　said　to　Conservative　Judaism　may　be　said　to　

be　a　moderate　position　between　be　a　moderate　position　between　Orthodox　and　Reform　Judaism.　It　Orthodox　and　Reform　Judaism.　It　seeks　to　conserve　the　traditional　seeks　to　conserve　the　traditional　elements　of　Judaism,　while　allowing　elements　of　Judaism,　while　allowing　for　modernization　to　a　less　radical　for　modernization　to　a　less　radical　extent　than　Reform　Judaism.　extent　than　Reform　Judaism.　

Conservative JudaismConservative Judaism Conservative　Judaism　maintains　that　the　Conservative　Judaism　maintains　that　the　

ideas　in　the　Torah　come　from　God,　but　ideas　in　the　Torah　come　from　God,　but　were　transmitted　by　humans　and　contain　a　were　transmitted　by　humans　and　contain　a　human　component.　Conservative　Judaism　human　component.　Conservative　Judaism　generally　accepts　the　binding　nature　of　generally　accepts　the　binding　nature　of　halakhah　(Jewish　Law),　but　believes　that　halakhah　(Jewish　Law),　but　believes　that　the　Law　should　adapt,　absorbing　aspects　the　Law　should　adapt,　absorbing　aspects　of　the　predominant　culture　while　of　the　predominant　culture　while　remaining　true　to　Judaism's　values.remaining　true　to　Judaism's　values.

Conservative JudaismConservative JudaismDefines the Jew as being born Defines the Jew as being born

of Jewish motherof Jewish mother

Reform JudaismReform JudaismTraces it to either a Jewish Traces it to either a Jewish

father or mother.father or mother.

Sacred TextsSacred Texts Torah, Torah, Poetry, Poetry, Prophets, Prophets, Talmud, Talmud, Mishnah Mishnah

Sacred TextsSacred Texts

TanakhTanakh　–the　Hebrew　Bible　　–the　Hebrew　Bible　(called　the　Old　Testament　(called　the　Old　Testament　by　Christians)is　a　collection　by　Christians)is　a　collection　of　24　books　divided　into　3　of　24　books　divided　into　3　parts:　parts:　

Tenach / TanakhTenach / Tanakh Hebrew　name　for　Hebrew　BibleHebrew　name　for　Hebrew　Bible Created　by　taking　the　first　letter　of　Created　by　taking　the　first　letter　of　

each　of　the　three　sections　of　the　each　of　the　three　sections　of　the　Bible　and　making　a　word　out　of　those　Bible　and　making　a　word　out　of　those　three　letters.three　letters.– T:　for　TorahT:　for　Torah– N:　for　Nevi’imN:　for　Nevi’im– CH:　for　KetuvimCH:　for　Ketuvim

1. TORAH1. TORAHThe The Torah,　or　Jewish　,　or　Jewish　

Written　Law,　consists　of　the　Written　Law,　consists　of　the　five　books　of　the　Hebrew　five　books　of　the　Hebrew　Bible　-　known　more　Bible　-　known　more　commonly　to　non-Jews　as　commonly　to　non-Jews　as　the　"the　"Old　Testament"　-　that　"　-　that　were　given　by　G-d　to were　given　by　G-d　to Moses on  on Mount　Sinai . .

1. TORAH1. TORAHTorah　comes　in　the　Torah　comes　in　the　

“beginning”　and　“beginning”　and　explains　　“where　it　all　explains　　“where　it　all　began”.　began”.　

Teachings　or　lawTeachings　or　lawGenesis,　Genesis,　

Exodus,Leviticus,　Exodus,Leviticus,　numbers,　Deutoronomynumbers,　Deutoronomy

1. TORAH1. TORAH

Torah　contains　the　early　Torah　contains　the　early　history　of　Judaism.　We　history　of　Judaism.　We　begin　with　Genesis,　the　begin　with　Genesis,　the　first　book　of　Torah-and　of　first　book　of　Torah-and　of　the　Hebrew　Bible.the　Hebrew　Bible.

Genesis　means　“origin”.Genesis　means　“origin”.

TorahTorah• Genesis (Bereshit): Genesis (Bereshit): contains　stories　of　contains　stories　of　

creation,　records　the　establishment　of　the　creation,　records　the　establishment　of　the　covenant　between　God　and　the　Jewish　people,　covenant　between　God　and　the　Jewish　people,　tells　of　the　lives　of　the　patriarchs　and　tells　of　the　lives　of　the　patriarchs　and　matriarchsmatriarchs

• Exodus (Sh’mot): Exodus (Sh’mot): account　of　Israelites　account　of　Israelites　enslaved　in　Egypt,　the　exodus　from　Egypt,　the　enslaved　in　Egypt,　the　exodus　from　Egypt,　the　receiving　of　the　10　Commandments　at　Mt.　receiving　of　the　10　Commandments　at　Mt.　SinaiSinai

• Leviticus (Vayikra): Leviticus (Vayikra): gives　God’s　ethical　and　gives　God’s　ethical　and　ritual　laws　and　specific　instructions　to　priests　ritual　laws　and　specific　instructions　to　priests　on　how　to　perform　their　dutieson　how　to　perform　their　duties

TorahTorah

• Numbers (Bamidbar): Numbers (Bamidbar): recounts　recounts　the　of　the　Israelites　through　the　the　of　the　Israelites　through　the　desert　and　gives　more　of　God’s　desert　and　gives　more　of　God’s　ethical　and　ritual　lawsethical　and　ritual　laws

• Deuteronony (Devarim): Deuteronony (Devarim): Moses　reviews　the　laws　and　the　Moses　reviews　the　laws　and　the　people　prepare　to　enter　the　people　prepare　to　enter　the　promised　land.promised　land.

2. The Nevi’im2. The Nevi’imMeans　“prophets”.Means　“prophets”.Contains　writings　of　God’s　Contains　writings　of　God’s　

messenger,　who　spoke　His　word　messenger,　who　spoke　His　word　to　the　Hebrews.　The　writing　is　to　the　Hebrews.　The　writing　is　the　more　literary　section　of　the　the　more　literary　section　of　the　Tanakh,　consisting　of　stories,　Tanakh,　consisting　of　stories,　proverbs,　psalms　and　poetries.proverbs,　psalms　and　poetries.

2. The Nevi’im2. The Nevi’imthe　second　main　division　of　the　second　main　division　of　

the the Hebrew　Bible (the  (the Tanakh),　between　the ),　between　the Torah (instruction)　and  (instruction)　and Ketuvim (writings).　 (writings).　

2. The Nevi’im2. The Nevi’im It　contains　two　sub-groups,　the　It　contains　two　sub-groups,　the　

Former　Prophets,　the　narrative　books　Former　Prophets,　the　narrative　books　of　Joshua,　Judges,　Samuel　and　Kings)　of　Joshua,　Judges,　Samuel　and　Kings)　and　the　Latter　Prophets,　the　books　of　and　the　Latter　Prophets,　the　books　of　Isaiah,　Jeremiah　and　Ezekiel　and　The　Isaiah,　Jeremiah　and　Ezekiel　and　The　Twelve　minor　prophets).Twelve　minor　prophets).

Nevi’imNevi’im

Early　Prophets:　Joshua,　Judges,　Early　Prophets:　Joshua,　Judges,　Samuel　(2),　Kings　(2)Samuel　(2),　Kings　(2)

Latter　Prophets:　Latter　Prophets:　– Major　Prophets:　Isaiah,　Jeremiah,　EzekielMajor　Prophets:　Isaiah,　Jeremiah,　Ezekiel– Minor　Prophets:　Hosea,　Joel,　Amos,　Minor　Prophets:　Hosea,　Joel,　Amos,　

Obadiah,　Jonah,　Micah,　Nachum,　Obadiah,　Jonah,　Micah,　Nachum,　Habakkuk,　Zephaniah,　Haggai,　Habakkuk,　Zephaniah,　Haggai,　Zechariah,　Malachi　Zechariah,　Malachi　

3. Ketuvim3. Ketuvim is　the　third　and　final　section　is　the　third　and　final　section　

of　the of　the Tanakh (Hebrew　 (Hebrew　Bible),　after Bible),　after Torah (instruction)　and  (instruction)　and Nevi'im (prophets).　 (prophets).　

In　English　translations　of　the　In　English　translations　of　the　Hebrew　Bible,　this　section　is　Hebrew　Bible,　this　section　is　usually　entitled　"Writings".　usually　entitled　"Writings".　

KetuvimKetuvim Contains　wisdom　literature,　poetry,　Contains　wisdom　literature,　poetry,　

songs,　narrative,　history,　religious　songs,　narrative,　history,　religious　philosophy,　and　love　hymns…12　books　philosophy,　and　love　hymns…12　books　in　total　　in　total　　

Books　include:　Psalms,　Proverbs,　Job,　Books　include:　Psalms,　Proverbs,　Job,　Songs,　Ruth,　Lamentations,　Ecclesiastes,　Songs,　Ruth,　Lamentations,　Ecclesiastes,　Esther,　Daniel,　Ezra,　Nechemiah,　Esther,　Daniel,　Ezra,　Nechemiah,　ChroniclesChronicles

TalmudTalmudThe　Talmud　The　Talmud　

(Hebrew　for　(Hebrew　for　“study”)　is　one　of　“study”)　is　one　of　the　central　works　of　the　central　works　of　the　Jewish　people.　It　the　Jewish　people.　It　is　the　record　of　is　the　record　of　rabbinic　teachings.rabbinic　teachings.

TalmudTalmudThe　Talmud　is　made　up　of　two　The　Talmud　is　made　up　of　two　

separate　works:　the separate　works:　the MishnahMishnah,　,　primarily　a　compilation　of　Jewish　primarily　a　compilation　of　Jewish　laws,　written　in　Hebrew　and　edited　laws,　written　in　Hebrew　and　edited　sometimes　around　200　C.E.　in　sometimes　around　200　C.E.　in　Israel;　and　the Israel;　and　the GemaraGemara,, the　 the　rabbinic　commentaries　and　rabbinic　commentaries　and　discussions　on　the　Mishnah.discussions　on　the　Mishnah.

Important TextsImportant Texts The　Talmud　(a　collection　of　stories,　The　Talmud　(a　collection　of　stories,　

laws,　medical　knowledge　and　so　on)laws,　medical　knowledge　and　so　on)– ““Learning　or　Study”Learning　or　Study”

The　Mishnah’s　(Hebrew　laws)The　Mishnah’s　(Hebrew　laws) The　Gemara　(a　HUGE　collection　of　The　Gemara　(a　HUGE　collection　of　

sayings　from　Rabbis)sayings　from　Rabbis)

MishnahMishnah The　first　compilation　of　the　Oral　Law　The　first　compilation　of　the　Oral　Law　

between　200　BCE　and　200　CEbetween　200　BCE　and　200　CE Collects　all　of　the　Jewish　legal　Collects　all　of　the　Jewish　legal　

material　from　the　post-Torah　era.material　from　the　post-Torah　era. Divided　into　6　orders　(or　chapters)Divided　into　6　orders　(or　chapters)

– Seeds,　Festivals,　Women,　Damages,　Seeds,　Festivals,　Women,　Damages,　Holy　Things,　PurificationsHoly　Things,　Purifications

Dietary PracticesDietary Practices Food　consumptions　and　handling　must　be　Food　consumptions　and　handling　must　be　

done　according　to　religious　laws.done　according　to　religious　laws. All　blood　must　be　drained　before　the　　meat　All　blood　must　be　drained　before　the　　meat　

is　cooked　and　eaten　because　blood,which　is　cooked　and　eaten　because　blood,which　give　life　,is　sacred　to　God”.give　life　,is　sacred　to　God”.

The　Jews　do　not　eat　pork　and　shellfish　(see　The　Jews　do　not　eat　pork　and　shellfish　(see　Leviticus　11),　because　these　animals　are　Leviticus　11),　because　these　animals　are　believed　to　be　contaminated　by　what　they　believed　to　be　contaminated　by　what　they　ate.ate.

Dietary PracticesDietary Practices

Fish,　eggs,　fruits,　vegetables　Fish,　eggs,　fruits,　vegetables　and　grains　can　be　eaten　with　and　grains　can　be　eaten　with　either　meat　or　dairy.　either　meat　or　dairy.　

Utensils　that　have　come　into　Utensils　that　have　come　into　contact　with　meat　may　not　be　contact　with　meat　may　not　be　used　with　dairy,　and　vice　used　with　dairy,　and　vice　versa.versa.

Kosher PracticesKosher Practices Kosher　which　means　“ritually　correct”　Kosher　which　means　“ritually　correct”　

and　particularly　refers　to　food　and　particularly　refers　to　food　preparations　and　consumptions.preparations　and　consumptions.

Anything　in　the　water　that　has　fins　and　Anything　in　the　water　that　has　fins　and　scales　is　acceptable.　This　therefore　scales　is　acceptable.　This　therefore　excludes　shellfish　such　as　lobsters,　excludes　shellfish　such　as　lobsters,　oysters,　shrimp,　clams　and　crabs,　all　of　oysters,　shrimp,　clams　and　crabs,　all　of　which　are　forbidden.which　are　forbidden.

Rodents,　reptiles,　amphibians,　and　Rodents,　reptiles,　amphibians,　and　insects　are　all　forbidden.insects　are　all　forbidden.

Kosher PracticesKosher Practices

SabbathSabbathBy　Friday　afternoon,　he　has　By　Friday　afternoon,　he　has　

bathed,　put　on　his　Sabbath　bathed,　put　on　his　Sabbath　garments,　and　set　asided　the　garments,　and　set　asided　the　affairs　of　the　week.　At　home,　affairs　of　the　week.　At　home,　his　wife　will　have　　cleaned,　his　wife　will　have　　cleaned,　cooked　and　arranged　her　cooked　and　arranged　her　finest　table.finest　table.

SabbathSabbathThe　Sabbath　comes　The　Sabbath　comes　at　sunset,　and　leaves　at　sunset,　and　leaves　when　three　stars　when　three　stars　appear　Saturday　appear　Saturday　night.night.

SabbathSabbathThe　Sabbath　comes　The　Sabbath　comes　at　sunset,　and　leaves　at　sunset,　and　leaves　when　three　stars　when　three　stars　appear　Saturday　appear　Saturday　night.night.

Basic Jewish Beliefs cont.Basic Jewish Beliefs cont. The　Torah　was　given　to　Moses.The　Torah　was　given　to　Moses. There　will　be　no　other　Torah.There　will　be　no　other　Torah. God　knows　the　thoughts　and　deeds　God　knows　the　thoughts　and　deeds　

of　men.of　men. God　will　reward　the　good　and　punish　God　will　reward　the　good　and　punish　

the　wicked.the　wicked. The　Messiah　will　come.The　Messiah　will　come. The　dead　will　be　resurrected.The　dead　will　be　resurrected.

MessiahMessiah

One　of　the　most　One　of　the　most　fundamental　Jewish　fundamental　Jewish　belief　is　that　a　Messiah　belief　is　that　a　Messiah　or　savior　will　come.or　savior　will　come.

What do Jews believe about What do Jews believe about the messiah?the messiah?

God’s　‘anointed　one’God’s　‘anointed　one’ Called　God’s　sonCalled　God’s　son Bring　blessings　from　GodBring　blessings　from　God Establish　God’s　kingdom　on　earthEstablish　God’s　kingdom　on　earth Destroy　Israel’s　enemiesDestroy　Israel’s　enemies Rule　the　whole　worldRule　the　whole　world

PassoverPassover

The　Feast　of　Passover　which　The　Feast　of　Passover　which　commemorates　the　liberation　of　commemorates　the　liberation　of　the　Hebrews　from　Egypt.the　Hebrews　from　Egypt.

The　Jewish　liturgical　years　begins　The　Jewish　liturgical　years　begins　with　the　month　of　Nisan　in　spring　with　the　month　of　Nisan　in　spring　and　the　Passover　begins　on　the　and　the　Passover　begins　on　the　1515thth　of　Nissan,　celebrated　for　8　　of　Nissan,　celebrated　for　8　days.days.

PassoverPassover

One　of　the　parts　of　the　Pasover　is　One　of　the　parts　of　the　Pasover　is　the　Seder,　or　the　Paschal　meal　the　Seder,　or　the　Paschal　meal　shared　by　the　family　on　the　eve　shared　by　the　family　on　the　eve　of　the　first　day　of　the　feast.　of　the　first　day　of　the　feast.　Traditionally,　first-born　sons　fast　Traditionally,　first-born　sons　fast　on　the　day　leading　to　the　Seder　on　the　day　leading　to　the　Seder　to　commemorate　the　killing　of　to　commemorate　the　killing　of　the　Egyptian　first-born.the　Egyptian　first-born.

PassoverPassover

The　primary　food　ingested　The　primary　food　ingested　during　the　Passover　is　matzah　during　the　Passover　is　matzah　or　unleavened　bread,　which　or　unleavened　bread,　which　was　consumed　during　the　was　consumed　during　the　Exodus,when　there　no　one　to　Exodus,when　there　no　one　to　prepare　decent　breadprepare　decent　bread..

PassoverPassover

It　symbolizes　freedom　It　symbolizes　freedom　and　liberation.and　liberation.

In　connection　with　this,　In　connection　with　this,　all　leavened　items　must　all　leavened　items　must　be　removed.be　removed.

PassoverPassover

Wine　is　also　served,　Wine　is　also　served,　where　all　participants　where　all　participants　are　supposed　to　drink　are　supposed　to　drink　four　glasses　throughout　four　glasses　throughout　the　ceremony.the　ceremony.

The Ten CommandmentsThe Ten Commandments

1.1. ““You　shall　have　no　other　gods　before me.You　shall　have　no　other　gods　before me.2.2. ““You　shall　not　make　for　yourself　an　You　shall　not　make　for　yourself　an　

image in　the　form　of　anything　in　heaven　image in　the　form　of　anything　in　heaven　above　or　on　the　earth　beneath　or　in　the　above　or　on　the　earth　beneath　or　in　the　waters　below”.waters　below”.

3.3.   ““You　shall　not　misuse　the　name　of　You　shall　not　misuse　the　name　of　the LORD your　God,　for　the LORDwill　not　the LORD your　God,　for　the LORDwill　not　hold　anyone　guiltless　who　misuses　his　hold　anyone　guiltless　who　misuses　his　name”.name”.

The Ten CommandmentsThe Ten Commandments

4.　4.　Remember　the　Sabbath day　Remember　the　Sabbath day　by　keeping　it　holy. by　keeping　it　holy. 

5.　5.　“Honor　your　father　and　your　“Honor　your　father　and　your　mother, so　that　you　may　live　mother, so　that　you　may　live　long in　the　land the LORD your　long in　the　land the LORD your　God　is　giving　you.God　is　giving　you.

6.　6.　“You　shall　not　murder.“You　shall　not　murder.

The Ten CommandmentsThe Ten Commandments

7.7.　You　shall　not　commit　adultery.　You　shall　not　commit　adultery.8.8.  “You　shall　not　steal.“You　shall　not　steal.9.　“You　shall　not　give　false　9.　“You　shall　not　give　false　

testimony against　your　neighbortestimony against　your　neighbor10.“You　shall　not　covet your　10.“You　shall　not　covet your　

neighbor’s　house.　neighbor’s　house.　

God in JudaismGod in Judaism God in JudaismGod in Judaism is　understood　to　be　 is　understood　to　be　

the absolute　one,　indivisible,　and　the absolute　one,　indivisible,　and　incomparable being who　is　the　ultimate　incomparable being who　is　the　ultimate　cause　of　all　existence. cause　of　all　existence. 

Judaism holds　that Judaism holds　that Yahweh,　the　god　,　the　god　of Abraham, Isaac,　and Jacob and　of Abraham, Isaac,　and Jacob and　the national　god of　the Israelites,　delivered　the national　god of　the Israelites,　delivered　the　Israelites　from slavery　in　Egypt,　and　the　Israelites　from slavery　in　Egypt,　and　gave　them　the Law　of　Moses at biblical　gave　them　the Law　of　Moses at biblical　Mount　Sinai as　described　in　the Mount　Sinai as　described　in　the Torah.　.　

God in JudaismGod in JudaismGod　has　a　proper name,　God　has　a　proper name,　written written YHWH YHWH in　in　the Hebrew　Biblethe Hebrew　Bible

JEWS DO NOT ACCEPT JEWS DO NOT ACCEPT JESUS AS THE MESSIAH JESUS AS THE MESSIAH

BECAUSE:BECAUSE:

What exactly is the MessiahWhat exactly is the Messiah The　word　“Messiah”　is　an　English　rendering　of　The　word　“Messiah”　is　an　English　rendering　of　

the　Hebrew　word　“the　Hebrew　word　“MashiachMashiach”,　which　means　”,　which　means　“Anointed.”　It　usually　refers　to　a　person　“Anointed.”　It　usually　refers　to　a　person　initiated　into　God’s　service　by　being　anointed　initiated　into　God’s　service　by　being　anointed　with　oil.　(Exodus　29:7,　I　Kings　1:39,　II　Kings　9:3)with　oil.　(Exodus　29:7,　I　Kings　1:39,　II　Kings　9:3)

Since　every　King　and　High　Priest　was　anointed　Since　every　King　and　High　Priest　was　anointed　with　oil,　each　may　be　referred　to　as　“an　with　oil,　each　may　be　referred　to　as　“an　anointed　one”　(a anointed　one”　(a MashiachMashiach or　a　Messiah).　 or　a　Messiah).　

1) JESUS DID NOT FULFILL THE 1) JESUS DID NOT FULFILL THE MESSIANIC PROPHECIESMESSIANIC PROPHECIES

What　is　the　Messiah　supposed　to　What　is　the　Messiah　supposed　to　accomplish?　The　Bible　says　that　he　accomplish?　The　Bible　says　that　he　will:will:

A.　Build　the　Third　Temple　(Ezekiel　A.　Build　the　Third　Temple　(Ezekiel　37:26-28).37:26-28).

B.　Gather　all　Jews　back　to　the　Land　of　B.　Gather　all　Jews　back　to　the　Land　of　Israel　(Isaiah　43:5-6).Israel　(Isaiah　43:5-6).

What exactly is the MessiahWhat exactly is the Messiah C.　Usher　in　an　era　of　world　peace,　and　end　C.　Usher　in　an　era　of　world　peace,　and　end　

all　hatred,　oppression,　suffering　and　all　hatred,　oppression,　suffering　and　disease.　As　it　says:　"Nation　shall　not　lift　up　disease.　As　it　says:　"Nation　shall　not　lift　up　sword　against　nation,　neither　shall　man　sword　against　nation,　neither　shall　man　learn　war　anymore."　(Isaiah　2:4)learn　war　anymore."　(Isaiah　2:4)

D.　Spread　universal　knowledge　of　the　God　D.　Spread　universal　knowledge　of　the　God　of　Israel,　which　will　unite　humanity　as　one.　of　Israel,　which　will　unite　humanity　as　one.　As　it　says:　"God　will　be　King　over　all　the　As　it　says:　"God　will　be　King　over　all　the　world—on　that　day,　God　will　be　One　and　world—on　that　day,　God　will　be　One　and　His　Name　will　be　One"　(Zechariah　14:9).His　Name　will　be　One"　(Zechariah　14:9).

What exactly is the MessiahWhat exactly is the Messiah

The　historical　fact　is　that　The　historical　fact　is　that　Jesus　fulfilled　none　of　Jesus　fulfilled　none　of　

these　messianic　these　messianic　prophecies.prophecies.

2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE 2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF

MESSIAHMESSIAHA. MESSIAH AS PROPHETA. MESSIAH AS PROPHET Jesus　was　not　a　prophet.　Prophecy　can　only　exist　Jesus　was　not　a　prophet.　Prophecy　can　only　exist　

in　Israel　when　the　land　is　inhabited　by　a　majority　in　Israel　when　the　land　is　inhabited　by　a　majority　of　world　Jewry.　During　the　time　of　Ezra　(circa　300　of　world　Jewry.　During　the　time　of　Ezra　(circa　300　BCE),　when　the　majority　of　Jews　refused　to　move　BCE),　when　the　majority　of　Jews　refused　to　move　from　Babylon　to　Israel,　prophecy　ended　upon　the　from　Babylon　to　Israel,　prophecy　ended　upon　the　death　of　the　last　prophets—Haggai,　Zechariah　death　of　the　last　prophets—Haggai,　Zechariah　and　Malachi.and　Malachi.

Jesus　appeared　on　the　scene　approximately　350　Jesus　appeared　on　the　scene　approximately　350　years　after　prophecy　had　ended.years　after　prophecy　had　ended.

2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE 2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF

MESSIAHMESSIAH B. DESCENDENT OF DAVIDB. DESCENDENT OF DAVIDAccording　to　Jewish　sources,　the　According　to　Jewish　sources,　the　

Messiah　will　be　born　of　human　Messiah　will　be　born　of　human　parents　and　possess　normal　parents　and　possess　normal　physical　attributes　like　other　physical　attributes　like　other　people.　He　will　not　be　a　demi-people.　He　will　not　be　a　demi-god,  nor　will　he　possess　god,  nor　will　he　possess　supernatural　qualities.supernatural　qualities.

2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE 2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF

MESSIAHMESSIAH B. DESCENDENT OF DAVIDB. DESCENDENT OF DAVID The　Messiah　must　be　descended　on　his　The　Messiah　must　be　descended　on　his　

father’s　side　from　King　David　(see　Genesis　father’s　side　from　King　David　(see　Genesis　49:10　and　Isaiah　11:1).　According　to　the　49:10　and　Isaiah　11:1).　According　to　the　Christian　claim　that　Jesus　was　the　product　Christian　claim　that　Jesus　was　the　product　of　a　virgin　birth,　he　had　no　father—and　of　a　virgin　birth,　he　had　no　father—and　thus　could　not　have　possibly　fulfilled　the　thus　could　not　have　possibly　fulfilled　the　messianic　requirement　of　being　descended　messianic　requirement　of　being　descended　on　his　father’s　side　from　King　David!on　his　father’s　side　from　King　David!

2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE 2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF

MESSIAHMESSIAH C. TORAH OBSERVANCEC. TORAH OBSERVANCE The　Messiah　will　lead　the　Jewish　people　to　The　Messiah　will　lead　the　Jewish　people　to　

full　Torah　observance.　The　Torah　states　full　Torah　observance.　The　Torah　states　that　all　mitzvot　(commandments)　remain　that　all　mitzvot　(commandments)　remain　binding　forever,　and　anyone　coming　to　binding　forever,　and　anyone　coming　to　change　the　Torah　is　immediately　identified　change　the　Torah　is　immediately　identified　as　a　false　prophet.　(Deut.　13:1-4)as　a　false　prophet.　(Deut.　13:1-4)

2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE 2. JESUS DID NOT EMBODY THE PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF

MESSIAHMESSIAH C. TORAH OBSERVANCEC. TORAH OBSERVANCE Throughout　the　New　Testament,　Jesus　contradicts　Throughout　the　New　Testament,　Jesus　contradicts　

the　Torah　and　states　that　its　commandments　are　the　Torah　and　states　that　its　commandments　are　no　longer　applicable.　(see　John　1:45　and　9:16,　no　longer　applicable.　(see　John　1:45　and　9:16,　Acts　3:22　and　7:37)　 For　example,　John　9:14　Acts　3:22　and　7:37)　 For　example,　John　9:14　records　that　Jesus　made　a　paste　in　violation　of　records　that　Jesus　made　a　paste　in　violation　of　Shabbat,　which　caused　the　Pharisees　to　say　Shabbat,　which　caused　the　Pharisees　to　say　(verse　16),　"He　does　not　observe　Shabbat!(verse　16),　"He　does　not　observe　Shabbat!

is　immediately　identified　as　a　false　prophet.　is　immediately　identified　as　a　false　prophet.　(Deut.　13:1-4)(Deut.　13:1-4)

3) MISTRANSLATED VERSES 3) MISTRANSLATED VERSES "REFERRING" TO JESUS"REFERRING" TO JESUS

A. VIRGIN BIRTHA. VIRGIN BIRTH The　Christian　idea　of　a　virgin　birth　is　The　Christian　idea　of　a　virgin　birth　is　

derived　from　the　verse　in　Isaiah　7:14　derived　from　the　verse　in　Isaiah　7:14　describing　an　"alma"　as　giving　birth.　describing　an　"alma"　as　giving　birth.　The　word　"alma"　has　always　meant　a　The　word　"alma"　has　always　meant　a　young　woman,　but　Christian　young　woman,　but　Christian　theologians　came　centuries　later　and　theologians　came　centuries　later　and　translated　it　as　"virgin."translated　it　as　"virgin."

3) MISTRANSLATED VERSES 3) MISTRANSLATED VERSES "REFERRING" TO JESUS"REFERRING" TO JESUS

B.CRUCIFIXIONB.CRUCIFIXION The　verse　in　Psalms　22:17　reads:　The　verse　in　Psalms　22:17　reads:　

"Like　a　lion,　they　are　at　my　hands　and　"Like　a　lion,　they　are　at　my　hands　and　feet."　The　Hebrew　word　ki-ari　(like　a　feet."　The　Hebrew　word　ki-ari　(like　a　lion)　is　grammatically　similar　to　the　lion)　is　grammatically　similar　to　the　word　"gouged."　Thus　Christianity　word　"gouged."　Thus　Christianity　reads　the　verse　as　a　reference　to　reads　the　verse　as　a　reference　to　crucifixion:　"They　pierced　my　hands　crucifixion:　"They　pierced　my　hands　and　feet."and　feet."

4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS 4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS JEWISH THEOLOGYJEWISH THEOLOGY

AA. GOD AS THREE?. GOD AS THREE? The　Catholic　idea　of　Trinity　breaks　God　into　three　The　Catholic　idea　of　Trinity　breaks　God　into　three　

separate　beings:　The　Father,　the　Son　and　the　Holy　separate　beings:　The　Father,　the　Son　and　the　Holy　Ghost　(Matthew　28:19).Ghost　(Matthew　28:19).

Contrast　this　to　the　Shema,　the　basis　of　Jewish　Contrast　this　to　the　Shema,　the　basis　of　Jewish　belief:　"Hear　O　Israel,　the　Lord　our　God,　the　Lord　is　belief:　"Hear　O　Israel,　the　Lord　our　God,　the　Lord　is　ONE"　(Deut.　6:4).　Jews　declare　the　Shema　every　day,　ONE"　(Deut.　6:4).　Jews　declare　the　Shema　every　day,　while　writing　it　on　doorposts　(Mezuzah),　and　binding　while　writing　it　on　doorposts　(Mezuzah),　and　binding　it　to　the　hand　and　head　(Tefillin).　This　statement　of　it　to　the　hand　and　head　(Tefillin).　This　statement　of　God’s　One-ness　is　the　first　words　a　Jewish　child　is　God’s　One-ness　is　the　first　words　a　Jewish　child　is　taught　to　say,　and　the　last　words　uttered　before　a　taught　to　say,　and　the　last　words　uttered　before　a　Jew　diesJew　dies..

4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS 4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS JEWISH THEOLOGYJEWISH THEOLOGY

AA. GOD AS THREE?. GOD AS THREE? In　Jewish　law,　worship　of　a　three-part　In　Jewish　law,　worship　of　a　three-part　

god　is　considered　idolatry—one　of　the　god　is　considered　idolatry—one　of　the　three　cardinal　sins　that　a　Jew　should　three　cardinal　sins　that　a　Jew　should　rather　give　up　his　life　than　transgress.　rather　give　up　his　life　than　transgress.　This　explains　why　during　the　This　explains　why　during　the　Inquisitions　and　throughout　history,　Inquisitions　and　throughout　history,　Jews　gave　up　their　lives　rather　than　Jews　gave　up　their　lives　rather　than　convert.convert.

4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS 4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS JEWISH THEOLOGYJEWISH THEOLOGY

BB. MAN AS GOD?. MAN AS GOD? Roman　Catholics　believe　that　God　came　down　to　earth　Roman　Catholics　believe　that　God　came　down　to　earth　

in　human　form,　as　Jesus　said:　"I　and　the　Father　are　one"　in　human　form,　as　Jesus　said:　"I　and　the　Father　are　one"　(John　10:30).(John　10:30).

Maimonides　devotes　most　of　the　"Guide　for　the　Maimonides　devotes　most　of　the　"Guide　for　the　Perplexed"　to　the　fundamental　idea　that　God　is　Perplexed"　to　the　fundamental　idea　that　God　is　incorporeal,　meaning　that　He　assumes　no　physical　formincorporeal,　meaning　that　He　assumes　no　physical　form. . God is Eternal, above time. He is Infinite, beyond God is Eternal, above time. He is Infinite, beyond space. He cannot be born, and cannot diespace. He cannot be born, and cannot die .　Saying　.　Saying　that　God　assumes　human　form　makes　God　small,　that　God　assumes　human　form　makes　God　small,　diminishing　both　His　unity　and　His　divinity.　diminishing　both　His　unity　and　His　divinity.　As the As the Torah says: "God is not a mortal"Torah says: "God is not a mortal"　(Numbers　23:19).　(Numbers　23:19).

4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS 4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS JEWISH THEOLOGYJEWISH THEOLOGY

BB. MAN AS GOD?. MAN AS GOD? Judaism　says　that　the　Messiah　will　be　born　Judaism　says　that　the　Messiah　will　be　born　

of　human　parents,　and　possess　normal　of　human　parents,　and　possess　normal　physical　attributes　like　other　people.　He　physical　attributes　like　other　people.　He　will　not　be　a　demi-god,　and　will　not　will　not　be　a　demi-god,　and　will　not　possess　supernatural　qualities.　In　fact,　an　possess　supernatural　qualities.　In　fact,　an　individual　is　alive　in　every　generation　with　individual　is　alive　in　every　generation　with　the　capacity　to　step　into　the　role　of　the　the　capacity　to　step　into　the　role　of　the　Messiah.　(see　Maimonides　-　Laws　of　Kings　Messiah.　(see　Maimonides　-　Laws　of　Kings　11:3)11:3)

4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS 4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS JEWISH THEOLOGYJEWISH THEOLOGY

C. INTERMEDIARY FOR PRAYER?C. INTERMEDIARY FOR PRAYER? The　Catholic　belief　is　that　prayer　The　Catholic　belief　is　that　prayer　

must　be　directed　through　an　must　be　directed　through　an　intermediary—i.e.　confessing　one’s　intermediary—i.e.　confessing　one’s　sins　to　a　priest.　Jesus　himself　is　an　sins　to　a　priest.　Jesus　himself　is　an　intermediary,　as　Jesus　said:　"No　man　intermediary,　as　Jesus　said:　"No　man　cometh　unto　the　Father　but　by　me."cometh　unto　the　Father　but　by　me."

4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS 4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS JEWISH THEOLOGYJEWISH THEOLOGY

C. INTERMEDIARY FOR PRAYER?C. INTERMEDIARY FOR PRAYER? In　Judaism,　prayer　is　a　totally　private　In　Judaism,　prayer　is　a　totally　private　

matter,　between　each　individual　and　God.　matter,　between　each　individual　and　God.　As　the　Bible　says:　"God　is　near　to　all　who　As　the　Bible　says:　"God　is　near　to　all　who　call　unto　Him"　(Psalms　145:18).　Further,　call　unto　Him"　(Psalms　145:18).　Further,　the　Ten　Commandments　state:　"You　shall　the　Ten　Commandments　state:　"You　shall　have　no　other　gods　BEFORE　ME,"　meaning　have　no　other　gods　BEFORE　ME,"　meaning　that　it　is　forbidden　to　set　up　a　mediator　that　it　is　forbidden　to　set　up　a　mediator　between　God　and　man.　(see　Maimonides　-　between　God　and　man.　(see　Maimonides　-　Laws　of　Idolatry　ch.　1)Laws　of　Idolatry　ch.　1)

4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS 4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS JEWISH THEOLOGYJEWISH THEOLOGY

D. INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHYSICAL WORLDD. INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHYSICAL WORLD Catholic　doctrine　often　treats　the　physical　world　Catholic　doctrine　often　treats　the　physical　world　

as　an　evil　to　be　avoided.　Mary,　the　holiest　woman,　as　an　evil　to　be　avoided.　Mary,　the　holiest　woman,　is　portrayed　as　a　virgin.　Priests　and　nuns　are　is　portrayed　as　a　virgin.　Priests　and　nuns　are　celibate.　And　monasteries　are　in　remote,　secluded　celibate.　And　monasteries　are　in　remote,　secluded　locations.locations.

By　contrast,　Judaism　believes　that　God　created　By　contrast,　Judaism　believes　that　God　created　the　physical　world　not　to　frustrate　us,　but　for　our　the　physical　world　not　to　frustrate　us,　but　for　our　pleasure.　Jewish　spirituality　comes　through　pleasure.　Jewish　spirituality　comes　through　grappling　with　the　mundane　world　in　a　way　that　grappling　with　the　mundane　world　in　a　way　that　uplifts　and　elevates.　Sex　in　the　proper　context　is　uplifts　and　elevates.　Sex　in　the　proper　context　is　one　of　the　holiest　acts　we　can　perform.one　of　the　holiest　acts　we　can　perform.

4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS 4) CHRISTIANITY CONTRADICTS JEWISH THEOLOGYJEWISH THEOLOGY

D. INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHYSICAL WORLDD. INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHYSICAL WORLD The　Talmud　says　if　a　person　has　the　The　Talmud　says　if　a　person　has　the　

opportunity　to　taste　a　new　fruit　and　opportunity　to　taste　a　new　fruit　and　refuses　to　do　so,　he　will　have　to　refuses　to　do　so,　he　will　have　to　account　for　that　in　the　World　to　account　for　that　in　the　World　to　Come.　Jewish　rabbinical　schools　Come.　Jewish　rabbinical　schools　teach　how　to　live　amidst　the　bustle　teach　how　to　live　amidst　the　bustle　of　commercial　activity.　Jews　don’t　of　commercial　activity.　Jews　don’t　retreat　from　life,　we　elevate　it. retreat　from　life,　we　elevate　it. 

Jewish SymbolsJewish Symbols

Magen DavidMagen David• Star　of　DavidStar　of　David• Was　on　the　shields　of　David’s　warriorsWas　on　the　shields　of　David’s　warriors• Symbol　on　the　Flag　of　the　state　of　IsraelSymbol　on　the　Flag　of　the　state　of　Israel• Used　throughout　the　world　as　a　clear　and　Used　throughout　the　world　as　a　clear　and　

unique　identifying　symbol　of　Jews　and　Judaismunique　identifying　symbol　of　Jews　and　Judaism

MenorahMenorah

• Seven　(or　nine)　branched　candleholderSeven　(or　nine)　branched　candleholder• One　of　the　oldest　Jewish　symbols—one　of　the　ritual　objects　One　of　the　oldest　Jewish　symbols—one　of　the　ritual　objects　

described　in　the　Torahdescribed　in　the　Torah• Today　the　nine　branched　menorah　is　used　in　celebration　of　Today　the　nine　branched　menorah　is　used　in　celebration　of　

ChanukahChanukah• The　seven　branched　menorah　is　the　authentic　ancient　The　seven　branched　menorah　is　the　authentic　ancient　

symbol　(one　for　each　of　the　6　days　of　creation　and　1　for　symbol　(one　for　each　of　the　6　days　of　creation　and　1　for　sabbath)sabbath)

Chai Chai The　Jewish　symbol　of　lifeThe　Jewish　symbol　of　life Expresses　the　hope　and　prayer　for　Expresses　the　hope　and　prayer　for　

life,　health　and　prosperitylife,　health　and　prosperity Popular　Jewish　toast—L’chayim—To　Popular　Jewish　toast—L’chayim—To　

LifeLife

Mazal TovMazal Tov• Means　good　luck　or　congratulationsMeans　good　luck　or　congratulations• Particularly　used　for　significant　life　events　Particularly　used　for　significant　life　events　

(ie.　Bar　Mitzvahs,　weddings,　birthdays,　etc.)(ie.　Bar　Mitzvahs,　weddings,　birthdays,　etc.)

AmenAmen Literally　“So　be　it”Literally　“So　be　it” Means　I　agree/affirmMeans　I　agree/affirm After　a　blessing　it　is　customary　for　After　a　blessing　it　is　customary　for　

those　who　have　heard　the　blessing　to　those　who　have　heard　the　blessing　to　say　Amensay　Amen

ShalomShalom

• Means　hello/goodbye/peaceMeans　hello/goodbye/peace• Comes　from　root　word　Comes　from　root　word　shalem shalem which　means　which　means　

whole/completewhole/complete– Peace　comes　when　there　is　wholeness,　Peace　comes　when　there　is　wholeness,　

completeness,　unity.completeness,　unity.• Pease　is　the　eternal　Jewish　prayer—world　peace,　Pease　is　the　eternal　Jewish　prayer—world　peace,　

peace　between　people,　inner　peace,　harmony.peace　between　people,　inner　peace,　harmony.

Jewish leadershipJewish leadership RabbiRabbi

– ServicesServices– EducationEducation– Beth　din　Beth　din　

CantorCantor– Singing　Singing　

ScribeScribe– Torah　scrollsTorah　scrolls

ShochetShochet– SlaughtererSlaughterer

MohelMohel– Circumcision　Circumcision　

Rabbi Rabbi A　person　who　is　trained　to　A　person　who　is　trained　to　

make　decision　about　what　is　make　decision　about　what　is　lawful　in　Judaism,to　perform　lawful　in　Judaism,to　perform　Jewish　ceremonies　or　to　lead　Jewish　ceremonies　or　to　lead　a　Jewish　congregation.a　Jewish　congregation.

Bar mitzvahBar mitzvah

Meaning:　son　of　the　Meaning:　son　of　the　commandmentcommandment

13　years　old　-　becomes　an　13　years　old　-　becomes　an　adultadult

Read　Torah　in　publicRead　Torah　in　public Father’s　blessingFather’s　blessing Celebratory　mealCelebratory　meal

Brit millah (circumcision)Brit millah (circumcision) Sign　of　the　covenantSign　of　the　covenant

– Prayer　before　circumcisionPrayer　before　circumcision ““Praised　be　Thou,　O　Lord　our　G-d,　ruling　spirit　of　the　Praised　be　Thou,　O　Lord　our　G-d,　ruling　spirit　of　the　

universe　who　has　commanded　us　to　enter　into　the　universe　who　has　commanded　us　to　enter　into　the　covenant　of　our　father　Abraham.”covenant　of　our　father　Abraham.”

– Prayer　after　circumcision:Prayer　after　circumcision: ““As　he　entered　the　covenant,　so　may　he　enter　into　As　he　entered　the　covenant,　so　may　he　enter　into　

the　love　of　the　Torah,　into　the　marriage　canopy　and　the　love　of　the　Torah,　into　the　marriage　canopy　and　into　the　life　of　good　deeds.”into　the　life　of　good　deeds.”

Rosh HashanahRosh Hashanah

Jewish　New　YearJewish　New　Year Birthday　of　the　world　and　AdamBirthday　of　the　world　and　Adam Day　of　JudgementDay　of　Judgement

– 1st　of　10　days　of　repentance1st　of　10　days　of　repentance– 3　books　opened　to　righteous,　wicked　and　in-3　books　opened　to　righteous,　wicked　and　in-

betweenbetween– Prayer,　apologies,　fasting,　Prayer,　apologies,　fasting,　hesedhesed,　self-reflection,　self-reflection

Shofar　blown　100　timesShofar　blown　100　times– RepentanceRepentance– Coronation　of　GodCoronation　of　God

Creator　of　the　worldCreator　of　the　world Judge　of　the　worldJudge　of　the　world

Yom KippurYom Kippur Day　of　AtonementDay　of　Atonement

– Process　of　causing　act　to　Process　of　causing　act　to　be　forgivenbe　forgiven

– 25　hour　fast　and　prayer　in　25　hour　fast　and　prayer　in　synagoguesynagogue

No　eating　and　drinkingNo　eating　and　drinking No　wearing　of　leather　No　wearing　of　leather　

shoesshoes No　bathing　or　washingNo　bathing　or　washing No　anointing　oneself　with　No　anointing　oneself　with　

perfumes　or　lotionsperfumes　or　lotions No　marital　relationsNo　marital　relations No　dealing　with　moneyNo　dealing　with　money

Person’s　fate　for　the　year　Person’s　fate　for　the　year　sealedsealed

Hanukkah Hanukkah

Celebrate　the　Everlasting　Celebrate　the　Everlasting　Light　burning　for　8　days　-　Light　burning　for　8　days　-　165　BCE165　BCE

Judah　the　Maccabee　and　Judah　the　Maccabee　and　Antiochus　EpiphanesAntiochus　Epiphanes

Family　festivalFamily　festival– Food　cooked　in　oilFood　cooked　in　oil– Presents　exchangedPresents　exchanged

Hannukiah

Menorah

Pesach (Passover)Pesach (Passover)

Remember　and　relive　Remember　and　relive　the　Exodusthe　Exodus

Family　festivalFamily　festival– House　cleanedHouse　cleaned– Remove　leavenRemove　leaven– Seder　mealSeder　meal

Haggadah　Haggadah　 4　glasses　wine4　glasses　wine Symbolic　foodsSymbolic　foods 4　questions4　questions Songs　and　funSongs　and　fun

““Next　year　in　Jerusalem”Next　year　in　Jerusalem”

QuestionsQuestions If　God　knows　the　thoughts　and　deeds　If　God　knows　the　thoughts　and　deeds　

of　men　then　why　do　bad　things　of　men　then　why　do　bad　things　happen?happen?

Why　do　some　deeds　go　unpunished?Why　do　some　deeds　go　unpunished? What　divisions　are　apparent　between　What　divisions　are　apparent　between　

Christianity　and　Judaism?Christianity　and　Judaism?

SynagoguesSynagogues Synagogues　are　led　by　Synagogues　are　led　by　

Rabbis　Rabbis　(teachers　well　(teachers　well　educated　in　Jewish　law　and　educated　in　Jewish　law　and　thought)thought)

Temples…tTemples…the　temple　is　he　temple　is　in　Jerusalem.　in　Jerusalem.　

The　temple　was　the　The　temple　was　the　only　place　a　sacrifice　only　place　a　sacrifice　could　be　could　be　administered.　administered.　

The　temple　in　The　temple　in　Jerusalem　was　Jerusalem　was　destroyed.destroyed. Baltimore,　Maryland

The RabbiThe Rabbi Earned　by　passing　extensive　Earned　by　passing　extensive　

examinations　on　the　Torah　and　Talmud.examinations　on　the　Torah　and　Talmud. Study　at　a　Study　at　a　yeshivayeshiva,　or　holy　school,　like　a　,　or　holy　school,　like　a　

seminary　program.seminary　program. He　is　not　required　to　wear　a　particular　He　is　not　required　to　wear　a　particular　

uniform,　and　he　can　dress　just　like　any　uniform,　and　he　can　dress　just　like　any　other　Jew.　other　Jew.　

Permitted　to　Marry.Permitted　to　Marry. May　have　children.May　have　children. Neighborhood　counselor.　Neighborhood　counselor.　 Inspire　community　members　to　become　Inspire　community　members　to　become　

better　people.　better　people.　

All people of the Jewish faith All people of the Jewish faith worship on Saturday, followworship on Saturday, follow

strict discipline…the laws set strict discipline…the laws set forth in the Torah, regular forth in the Torah, regular attendance at Synagogue.attendance at Synagogue.

Passage into AdulthoodPassage into Adulthood Children　are　ushered　Children　are　ushered　

into　adulthood　with　a　into　adulthood　with　a　big　ceremony　big　ceremony　– usually　around　age　13usually　around　age　13

Bar　Mitzvah　for　boysBar　Mitzvah　for　boys Bat　Mitzvah　for　girlsBat　Mitzvah　for　girls

Liberal DenominationsLiberal Denominations Reform　JudaismReform　Judaism

– Torah　was　written　by　humans,　not　God,　but　Torah　was　written　by　humans,　not　God,　but　later　combined　(liberal).later　combined　(liberal).

– Does　not　accept　binding　nature　of　Jewish　law　Does　not　accept　binding　nature　of　Jewish　law　(halakhah).(halakhah).

Reconstructionist　JudaismReconstructionist　Judaism– ““evolving　religious　civilization”evolving　religious　civilization”– Jews　are　not　the　chosen　people　by　God　(less　Jews　are　not　the　chosen　people　by　God　(less　

liberal).liberal).– Can　observe　Jewish　Law　is　they　choose　to　Can　observe　Jewish　Law　is　they　choose　to　

because　it　is　a　cultural　remnant.because　it　is　a　cultural　remnant.

Conservative DenominationsConservative Denominations Conservative　JudaismConservative　Judaism

– Torah　comes　from　God,　transmitted　by　Torah　comes　from　God,　transmitted　by　humans,　and　contains　a　human　component.humans,　and　contains　a　human　component.

– Accepts　binding　nature　of　Jewish　Law　but　it　Accepts　binding　nature　of　Jewish　Law　but　it　adapts.adapts.

Orthodox　JudaismOrthodox　Judaism– God　gave　Moses　the　entire　Torah,　written　(first　God　gave　Moses　the　entire　Torah,　written　(first　

5　books　of　the　bible)　and　oral　at　Mount　Sinai.5　books　of　the　bible)　and　oral　at　Mount　Sinai.– Strictly　observe　Jewish　Law.Strictly　observe　Jewish　Law.– 613　mitzvot　(commandments)613　mitzvot　(commandments)– Chasidic　Jews　do　not　assimilate.Chasidic　Jews　do　not　assimilate.

Important Jewish Holidays:Important Jewish Holidays: Passover　–　Celebrates　the　Passover　–　Celebrates　the　

birth　of　the　Jewish　nation　birth　of　the　Jewish　nation　 Rosh　Hashanah　–　Jewish　New　Rosh　Hashanah　–　Jewish　New　

YearYear Yom　Kippur　–　Day　of　Yom　Kippur　–　Day　of　

Atonement,"　is　the　holiest　day　Atonement,"　is　the　holiest　day　of　the　Jewish　year　of　the　Jewish　year　

Sukkoth　–　Harvest　festival　Sukkoth　–　Harvest　festival　 Hanukkah　–　Rededication　of　Hanukkah　–　Rededication　of　

the　holy　temple　in　Jerusalem　the　holy　temple　in　Jerusalem　after　a　military　victoryafter　a　military　victory

Purim　–　Queen　Esther　saved　Purim　–　Queen　Esther　saved　the　Jews　of　Persia　from　the　Jews　of　Persia　from　annihilation.annihilation.

Shavout　–　Commemorates　the　Shavout　–　Commemorates　the　giving　of　the　Ten　giving　of　the　Ten　Commandments　to　the　Jewish　Commandments　to　the　Jewish　People　on　Mount　Sinai.　People　on　Mount　Sinai.　

ReviewReview This　text　is　the　“teaching　or　This　text　is　the　“teaching　or　

instruction”　of　the　Old　Testament…instruction”　of　the　Old　Testament… TorahTorah

A　collection　of　stories,　“learning　or　A　collection　of　stories,　“learning　or　study”study”

TalmudTalmud The　The　wordswords　of　the　prophets　are…　of　the　prophets　are…

truetrue Can　Rabbis　marry　and　have　children?Can　Rabbis　marry　and　have　children?

YesYes