juan josé castelli
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Juan Jos Castelli 1
Juan Jos Castelli
Juan Jos Castelli
Committee member of the Primera Junta
In office
May 25, 1810 June 9, 1811
Serving with Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcunaga, Manuel Belgrano, Domingo Matheu, Juan Larrea
Personal details
Born July 19, 1764
Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of Per
Died October 12, 1812 (aged 48)
Buenos Aires, United Provinces of the Ro de la Plata
Resting place San Ignacio church
Nationality Argentina
Political party Carlotism, Patriot
Spouse(s) Mara Rosa Lynch
Alma mater University of Chuquisaca
Profession Lawyer
Religion Catholic
Signature
Military service
Allegiance United Provinces of South America
Years of service 18101811
Commands Army of the North
Battles/wars First Upper Peru campaign
Juan Jos Castelli (July 19, 1764 October 12, 1812) was an Argentine lawyer. He was one of the leaders of the
May Revolution, which started the Argentine War of Independence. He led an ill-fated military campaign in Upper
Peru.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentine_War_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=May_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Upper_Peru_campaignhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_the_Northhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Provinces_of_South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina_%28alternative%29.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Firma_de_Castelli.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Saint_Francis_Xavierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_materhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriot_%28Spanish_American_Revolution%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlotismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Platahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viceroyalty_of_Per%C3%BAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Larrea_%28politician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Matheuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Belgranohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_Azcu%C3%A9nagahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Albertihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primera_Juntahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACastelli.jpg -
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Juan Jos Castelli 2
Juan Jos Castelli was born in Buenos Aires, and went to school at the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires
and Monserrat College in the city of Crdoba, Argentina. He graduated as a lawyer from the University of Charcas,
in Upper Peru. His cousin, Manuel Belgrano, introduced him to the public administration of the Viceroyalty of the
Rio de la Plata. Along with Belgrano, Nicols Rodrguez Pea, and Hiplito Vieytes, Castelli planned a revolution to
replace the absolute monarchy with the new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment. He led the Buenos Aires patriots
during the May Revolution, which ended with the removal of viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from power. He
is known as the "Speaker of the Revolution" for his speech during the open cabildo held in Buenos Aires on May 22,
1810.
Castelli was appointed a Committee member of the Primera Junta and was sent to Crdoba to end Santiago de
Liniers's counter-revolution. He succeeded, and ordered the execution of Liniers and his supporters. He then
commanded the establishment of a revolutionary government in Upper Peru (today's Bolivia) with the aim of freeing
the indigenous peoples and African slaves. In 1811 Castelli signed a truce with the Spanish in Upper Peru, but they
betrayed him and caught the Northern Army unprepared. As a result, the Argentines suffered a major loss in the
Battle of Huaqui on June 20, 1811. When Castelli returned to Buenos Aires, the First Triumvirate imprisoned him
for losing the battle, and Castelli died shortly afterwards from tongue cancer.
Biography
Early life and studies
Castelli was born in Buenos Aires in 1764. He was the first of eight children born to a Venetian doctor, ngel
Castelli Salomn, and Josefa Villarino, who was a relative of Manuel Belgrano. He was trained by the Jesuits shortly
before their expulsion, and attended the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires. As was customary, one of the
children of the Castelli family was ordained into the priesthood, and Juan Jos was chosen for this. He was sent to
study at the Colegio Monserrat, part of the University of Crdoba. He was influenced by the works of Voltaire and
Diderot, and especially by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract. He was a fellow student of men who would
later have influence in the public life of South America, including Saturnino Rodrguez Pea, Juan Jos Paso,
Manuel Alberti, Pedro Medrano, and Juan Martnez de Rozas, among others. He focused on studying philosophy and
theology, but when his father died in 1785, he abandoned his career in the priesthood, for which he felt no strong
vocation.[1]
Rejecting his mother's proposal of sending him to study in Spain, he enrolled in jurisprudence studies alongside his
cousin, Manuel Belgrano, at the University of Salamanca and Alcal de Henares. He enrolled in the University of
Chuquisaca, in the Upper Peru (modern Bolivia). There, he learned about the ongoing French Revolution, and the
new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment. He also learned about the 1782 Rebellion of Tpac Amaru II and the
oppression of the indigenous peoples, which influenced his actions in his future Upper Peru campaign. Before
returning to Buenos Aires, he visited Potos and witnessed the use of slave labor in the mines.
[2]
Castelli returned to Buenos Aires and established a legal firm in his family home. He represented the University of
Crdoba in various causes, as well as his uncle, Domingo Belgrano Peri. Through his associations with Saturnino
Rodrguez Pea, he also met and befriended his brother, Nicols Rodrguez Pea, and his associate, Hiplito Vieytes.
Castelli married Mara Rosa Lynch in 1794, and they had seven children: Angela, Pedro, Luciano, Alejandro,
Francisco Jos, and Juana.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip%C3%B3lito_Vieyteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Pe%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potos%C3%ADhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Enlightenmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boliviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Saint_Francis_Xavierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Saint_Francis_Xavierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alcal%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Salamancahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Rozashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Medranohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Albertihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Pasohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Social_Contracthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Rousseauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diderothttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voltairehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_University_of_C%C3%B3rdobahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Belgranohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Triumvirate_%28Argentina%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huaquihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_the_Northhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boliviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_de_Liniershttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_de_Liniershttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primera_Juntahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_cabildohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltasar_Hidalgo_de_Cisneroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriot_%28Spanish_American_Revolution%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Enlightenmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip%C3%B3lito_Vieyteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Pe%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viceroyalty_of_the_Rio_de_la_Platahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viceroyalty_of_the_Rio_de_la_Platahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Belgranohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Charcashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3rdoba_%28Argentina%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_University_of_C%C3%B3rdobahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colegio_Nacional_de_Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aires -
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Juan Jos Castelli 3
First political steps
Manuel Belgrano, Castelli's cousin, worked with
him at the consulate and in local newspapers.
The intellectuals of the viceroyalty received and secretly distributed a
copy of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen,
promulgated by the French Revolution in 1789. Meanwhile, Belgrano
returned from his studies in Europe, and was appointed as Perpetual
Secretary of the new Consulate of Commerce of Buenos Aires.Belgrano and Castelli shared similar ideas about the Spanish trade
monopoly and the rights of the natives. Belgrano attempted to appoint
Castelli as interim Secretary of the Consulate as his assistant, but faced
strong opposition from the peninsular merchants, who delayed the
appointment until 1796. Belgrano became ill during his stay in Europe,
which forced him to take extended leaves from work, and wanted
Castelli to be his successor if he resigned.[4]
There was a similar opposition during the 1799 election of delegates to
the Buenos Aires Cabildo: Castelli was elected as third Regidor, butwas rejected by merchants associated with the port of Cdiz. The
conflict lasted a year, until the prominent local merchant Cornelio
Saavedra wrote a memorandum recommending Castelli. Viceroy
Avils finally confirmed him in office by royal decree, in May 1800.
Castelli, however, rejected the post because of his high workload in the
Consulate. This was seen as an insult by peninsular merchants such as Martn de lzaga, who was influential in the
Cabildo.[5]
Castelli and Belgrano backed a pair of projects from Francisco Cabello y Mesa, who had just arrived from Spain.
Cabello proposed the creation of a "Patriotic, Literary and Economic Society" lodge and the publication of a
newspaper. This newspaper, the first one published in Buenos Aires, was named Telgrafo Mercantil. However, bothprojects were short-lived: the lodge was never established and its activities were banned by royal decree, and the
Consulate was instructed to withdraw support for the newspaper, which was then closed. Published by Castelli,
Cabello, and Belgrano (secretary of the publication), as well as Jos Manuel Lavardn, Miguel de Azcunaga and
Fray Cayetano Rodrguez, the Telegraph was the first journal to advance the concept of fatherland, and the first to
speak of the inhabitants as "Argentines."[6]
Nevertheless, Hiplito Vieytes released a new newspaper shortly afterwards, the Agriculture, Trade and Industry
Weekly, with Castelli in the staff. The editorial staff had meetings at the house of Saturnino Rodrguez Pea,
discussing ideas for technical improvements in agriculture, removal of trade restrictions, development,
manufacturing, and other topics. The newspaper also published the biographies of some Founding Fathers of theUnited States, such as Benjamin Franklin.[7]
The British invasions
Rodriguez Pea introduced Castelli to James Florence Burke, who claimed to represent the British Empire in support
of proposals published by Francisco de Miranda, which aimed to emancipate the Latin American colonies. Burke
was actually a British spy, gathering information about the Spanish colonies. Bearing promises of British support, he
created the first native secret society organized for such purposes. It would henceforth be known as "party of
independence", and included Castelli, Burke and major contributors of Vieytes's newspaper. The spy was eventually
discovered by Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte and expelled from the viceroyalty, but his duplicity was not disclosed
to his unaware associates.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_de_Sobremontehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secret_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Mirandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Florence_Burkehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturnino_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Pe%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip%C3%B3lito_Vieyteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Name_of_Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatherlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cayetano_Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_Azcu%C3%A9nagahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Lavard%C3%A9nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tel%C3%A9grafo_Mercantilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Cabello_y_Mesahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_%C3%81lzagahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_de_Avil%C3%A9s%2C_2nd_Marquis_of_Avil%C3%A9shttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_de_Avil%C3%A9s%2C_2nd_Marquis_of_Avil%C3%A9shttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelio_Saavedrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelio_Saavedrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1dizhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aires_Cabildohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peninsularshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consulate_of_Commerce_of_Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_the_Citizenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AManuel_Belgrano.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Belgrano -
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Castelli moved to a farm in modern the Buenos Aires neighborhood of Nez. The farm had some agriculture fields
and a small brick factory. He lived next to other influential people like Cornelio Saavedra, Juan Larrea, Miguel de
Azcunaga, and attorney Jos Darragueira. The meetings of the secret society continued, unaffected by the departure
of Burke. On June 2, 1806, Castelli's mother died, and he was still in mourning when the city learned of a British
landing in Quilmes.[9]
The "party of independence" was caught by surprise by the invasion, as the British proclaimed respect for religion,ownership, order, freedom, and tradebut made no mention concerning Miranda's ideals. They arranged an
interview with the British Viscount William Carr Beresford, asking for a clarification on whether the promises of
Burke were still standing. They also asked if the British government would support an independentist attempt.
Beresford gave evasive answers, saying he had no instructions to that effect. He explained that with the recent death
of Prime Minister William Pitt and the rise of the Liberals to power, he needed further orders. [10]
Castelli understood that the British force only aspired to annex the city to the British Empire, and resigned to avoid
swearing allegiance to Britain.[11] Santiago de Liniers liberated Buenos Aires a short time later, but Saturnino
Rodrguez Pea helped Beresford escape, hoping to influence an eventual second invasion to implement reforms
supported by Burke and Miranda. The second British invasion, however, ended the patriot's hopes of British support,
and they fought against their former allies.[12]
After the successful defense of the city in 1807, the local criollos increased their political power with their higher
military role. There was a dispute between the newly appointed Viceroy, Santiago de Liniers, and the Buenos Aires
Cabildo, led by Martn de lzaga. Both attempted to take advantage of the new situation, and influence the criollos
to support them. lzaga refrained from accusing Rodrguez Pea for aiding in Beresford's escape, and Liniers kept
the criollo military bodies armed.[13]
Carlotism
Charlotte of Spain sought to rule the Ro de la
Plata as regent.
Napoleon invaded Spain in 1807, starting the Peninsular War. King
Charles IV of Spain abdicated in favor of his son Ferdinand VII, butNapoleon captured him and appointed his own brother, Joseph
Bonaparte, as king of Spain instead, in a series of transfers of the
Spanish crown known as the abdications of Bayonne. The Spanish
people organized Government Juntas to resist against the French
occupation, and within months the Junta Central of Seville claimed
supreme authority over Spain and the colonies. This situation
encouraged the Princess Charlotte of Spain to claim the regency of the
Spanish American colonies.[14]
In this context, Castelli and lzaga plotted to oust Liniers and
constitute a local government Junta, similar to those of the metropoli.
This project was not shared by most of the natives or by the head of the
Regiment of Patricians, Cornelio Saavedra.[15] Manuel Belgrano
proposed as an alternative to support the plans of Princess Charlotte,
which were supported by Castelli and other criollos. Belgrano, who
held monarchist ideas, argued that the Carlotist project would be the
most practical means of achieving independence from Spain in the circumstances. On September 20, 1808, Castelli
wrote a letter to Charlotte, with the signatures of Antonio Beruti, Hiplito Vieytes, Belgrano, and Nicols Rodrguez
Pea.[16]
Charlotte rejected this support: the party of independence sought to establish a constitutional monarchy headed byCharlotte, but she preferred to retain the power of an absolutist monarchy. Consequently she denounced the letter
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and organized the detention of Diego Paroissien. Paroissien, who had several letters to the criollos, was charged with
high treason. Castelli was his lawyer.[17]
Castelli won Paroissien's acquittal by invoking the doctrine of the retroversion of the sovereignty of the people,
which claimed that the Spanish American lands were a personal possession of the King of Spain but not a Spanish
colony. That approach was already old, and it was used to legislate in both districts, but in this context Castelli
argued that neither the Council of Regency or any other power of Spain
other than the rightful King
had authorityover Spanish America. Castelli said that "the will of the people of Spain is not enough to bring the Indies to
obedience".[18] Under these premises, Castelli argued successfully that the regency offered to the sister of the captive
king, while not denying the legitimacy of Ferdinand VII, was not an act of treason, but a legitimate political project
that should be resolved by the Spanish American people without the intervention of the peninsular Spanish.
On January 1, 1809, Martn de lzaga rallied most peninsular battalions to Plaza de Mayo and attempted a mutiny
against Liniers. A few criollos, such as Mariano Moreno, laid their hopes for independence in this attempt, but most
did not. The battalions still faithful to Liniers the Regiment of Patricians, the other criollo battalions, and the
remaining peninsular ones conquered the Plaza and ordered the mutinying forces to withdraw. Castelli supported
Liniers, accusing lzaga of independentism. Though Castelli was himself an independentist, and had also sought to
remove Liniers, he opposed lzaga for other reasons: lzaga was hoping to maintaining the social dominance of thepeninsulares over the criollos once the viceroy, who opposed his interests, was deposed. lzaga was defeated, and
the power of the criollos was increased: Sentenach and lzaga were banished to Carmen de Patagones and the
Spanish militias who attempted the coup were disbanded.[19]
A new viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, arrived in July to replace Liniers, and the independentist group did not
agree on how to react. Castelli proposed a resumption of lzaga's idea of creating a governing Junta, but not headed
by the Spanish. Belgrano insisted on the plan to appoint Charlotte as regent of a constitutional monarchy, and
Rodriguez Pea proposed a military coup, with or without Liniers at the head. They finally accepted the perspective
of Cornelio Saavedra, and delayed taking action until a better opportunity.[20]
May Revolution
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This bas-relief by Gustavo Everlein depicts
Castelli demanding that the viceroy Baltasar
Hidalgo de Cisneros allow an open cabildo.
When the news of the fall of the Junta of Seville arrived, the group
headed by Castelli and Belgrano led the process leading to the May
Revolution. Castelli and Saavedra were the most important leaders of
the time, and first discarded Martn Rodrguez's plan to expel Cisneros
in a coup d'tat. After several discussions, they decided to request an
open cabildo, an emergency popular assembly. Castelli and Belgranonegotiated with the senior alcalde and nobleman, Juan de Lezica, and
the procurator, Julin de Leiva. Although they convinced them, they
still needed the permission of Cisneros himself, for which Castelli and
Rodriguez went to his office at the Fort of Buenos Aires. Previously,
Cornelio Saavedra had denied Cisneros the support of the Regiment of
Patricians, on the premise that with the disappearance of the Junta of
Sevillewho had appointed him as viceroyhe no longer had the
right to hold that position.[21]
Cisneros was outraged by the appearance of Castelli and Rodrguez,
who came armed and without an appointment. They reacted harshly
and demanded an immediate reply to the request for an open cabildo.
After a brief private conversation with the prosecutor, Caspe, Cisneros
gave his consent. When they were leaving, Cisneros inquired about his
personal safety, to which Castelli said: "Lord, Your Excellency's
person and your family are among Americans, and this should reassure you". [22] After the interview they returned to
the house of Rodrguez Pea, to inform their supporters of the new situation. [23]
Besides his oratory, Castelli is known as the "Speaker of the Revolution" because of his great activity during the
"May week". The memoirs of witnesses and participants mention him at many venues, taking part in many activities.
He negotiated with the Cabildo and visited the Fort several times until the viceroy gave in to the pressure. At thesame time, he held secret meetings with other criollos at the house of Rodrguez Pea, planning their actions, and he
harangued the criollo militias at the barracks. Cisneros himself, describing the events the Council of Regency, called
Castelli "the most interested one in the novelty", i.e., in the revolution.[24]
The open cabildo of May 22, 1810
The open cabildo was held on May 22, 1810; it was debated whether
the viceroy should continue in office, and if not, who should replace
him. The first opinion was from Bishop Benito Lue y Riega, who held
that Cisneros should continue and that, if all of Spain was conquered
by France, peninsulars were meant to rule in the Americas. Castelli
made a counter-argument, based on the doctrine of the retroversion of
the sovereignty of the people that he had already employed in the
defense of Paroissien. He insisted that in the absence of a legitimate
authority, sovereignty should be returned to the people; they should
govern themselves. The idea of dismissing the viceroy ultimately
prevailed, but as Buenos Aires had no authority to decide unilaterally
the new form of government, they would elect a provisional government. A congress of deputies called from all
other cities would take the final decision. However, there were disputes over who should exercise the provisional
government: some argued that the Cabildo should do so, and others that it should be a Junta. Castelli bowed to
Saavedra's proposal to form a Junta, but with the proviso that the procurator of the Cabildo, Julin de Leiva, had a
decisive vote in the appointment. By adding this proviso, Castelli sought to add the former supporters of Martn de
lzaga, such as Mariano Moreno, Domingo Matheu, and Leiva himself.[25]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Matheuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Morenohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_%C3%81lzagahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_%C3%81lzagahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junta_%28Peninsular_War%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabildo_of_Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retroversion_of_the_sovereignty_of_the_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retroversion_of_the_sovereignty_of_the_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benito_Lue_y_Riegahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACabildoabierto-Subercaseaux-edit.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_speakinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_of_Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noblemanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcaldehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_cabildohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tathttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28politician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junta_of_Sevillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACastelli_y_Cisneros.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_cabildohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltasar_Hidalgo_de_Cisneroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltasar_Hidalgo_de_Cisneroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Everlein -
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However, this power allowed Leiva to perform a maneuver that Castelli had not anticipated. A lthough he approved
the end of Cisneros' rule as viceroy, Leiva formed a Junta with Cisneros as its president; Cisneros would stay in
power. The other members of the Junta would have been two peninsulars, the priest Juan Nepomuceno Sol and the
merchant Jos Santos Inchaurregui, and two criollos, Saavedra and Castelli. The bulk of the natives rejected the
proposal: they did not accept that Cisneros should remain in power, even under a different title. They were
suspicious of the intentions of Saavedra, and believed that with Castelli alone in the Junta, little or nothing could be
achieved. Castelli and Saavedra resigned that same day to put pressure on Cisneros and force him to resign, and the
Junta never came into power.[26]
Mariano Moreno shared Castelli's political views.
That same night, the criollos gathered at the home of Rodriguez Pena
and compiled a list of members for a governing Junta that was
presented on 25 May. Meanwhile, Domingo French, Antonio Beruti,
Aparicio, Donado, and other armed men occupied the Plaza and its
access points. The list included a balance of representatives from
different extractions of local politics. Lezica finally reported to
Cisneros that he was no longer in command, and the Primera Junta
assumed power.[27]
Castelli and Mariano Moreno led the more radical positions of the
Junta. They became close friends, visiting each other daily. Julio Csar
Chvez described them as associates, sharing projects of a deep
political, social and economic revolution, based in higher freedom for
the Spanish American criollos. He described them as pragmatic men,
willing to reward the allies and punish the enemies of the revolution,
even if it meant using capital punishments.[28] They were called "Jacobins", comparing their actions with those of the
Reign of Terror of the French Revolution, but they were not Francophiles or afrancesados. [29] Besides this, the
similarities between the revolutions at France and Buenos Aires were largely superficial.[30]
One of the first steps of Castelli and the Junta was the expulsion of Cisneros and the judges of the Royal Audiencia,
who were shipped off to Spain under the pretext that their lives were in danger. [31]
Execution of Liniers
The execution of Santiago de Liniers
Upon hearing the news of the change of government, former viceroy
Santiago de Liniers prepared a counter-revolution from the city of
Crdoba, but Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo routed his militia and
captured all the leaders in just a couple of skirmishes. The initial orders
were to send them to Buenos Aires, but after their capture the Junta
decided to execute them. This decision was taken in a resolution signed
by all members of the Junta, excepting Manuel Alberti, because as a
priest, he could not give consent to the death penalty. The measure
found strong popular resistance in Crdoba, as Liniers and the
governor Juan Gutierrez de la Concha were popular and the execution of a priest (Rodrigo de Orellana, another
leader of the counter-revolution) was rejected as heretical. Ocampo and Chiclana decided to carry on with the
original orders, and transferred the prisoners to Buenos Aires. [32]
The Junta reconfirmed the order, but excluded the bishop of Crdoba, Rodrigo de Orellana, who was banished
instead. Castelli was commissioned by the Junta to enforce the execution order. Mariano Moreno said, "Go, Castelli,
and I hope you will not incur the same weakness as our general, if not yet fulfilled the determination, Larrea will go,and finally I'll go myself if necessary".[33] Ocampo and Chiclana were demoted. Castelli's assistants were Nicols
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Rodrguez Pea, elected as secretary, his former client Diego Paroissien as a campaign doctor, and Domingo French
as head of the escort.[34]
Right after finding the prisoners, he ordered and presided over their execution: the governor of Crdoba, Juan
Gutirrez de la Concha, the former Viceroy, Santiago de Liniers, former Governor Santiago Alejo de Allende, the
adviser Victorino Rodriguez, and the accountant Moreno. The execution took place at Cabeza de Tigre, in the
boundary between Santa Fe and Crdoba. The bishop Orellana was not shot, but was compelled to give spiritualassistance to those convicted and to witness the execution. Domingo French was commissioned to execute the
verdict.[35]
After shooting Liniers, Castelli returned briefly to Buenos Aires and met Moreno. The secretary of war congratulated
him for his conduct, andappointed him as a member representing the Junta, with full power to direct the operations
to La Paz. He also left a series of instructions: Castelli was to put the government in the hands of patriots, earn the
native's support, and shoot president Nieto, governor Sanz, and the Bishop of La Paz, in the case of their capture. He
received similar orders to capture and execute Jos Manuel de Goyeneche, who had already defeated the rebels of La
Paz revolution (a rebellion similar to the May Revolution, which took place at La Paz, modern Bolivia). Castelli was
also instructed to rescue and draft to the Auxiliary Army the Arribeos and Patricians soldiers that, under the
command of Vicente Nieto, had left Buenos Aires in 1809 to suppress revolutions in Chuquisaca and La Paz.Suspicious of those soldiers, Nieto had them disarmed and sent as prisoners to the mines of Potosi, under the
supervision of Francisco de Paula Sanz. More than a third of the soldiers died within a month of work in the mines.
Campaign in Upper Peru
The command of the royalist viceroy, calling for a
denial of recognition of the Primera Junta
Castelli was not well received in Crdoba, where Liniers was
popular, but he was in San Miguel de Tucumn. In Salta, despite a
formal good reception, he had difficulty obtaining troops, mules,
food, money, or guns. He took political leadership of the
expedition to Upper Peru, displacing Hiplito Vieytes, and
replaced Ocampo with Colonel Antonio Gonzlez Balcarce. He
was informed that Cochabamba revolted in support of the Junta,
but was threatened by royalist forces from La Paz. Castelli
intercepted a letter from Nieto to Gutirrez de la Concha, governor
of Crdoba, who was already executed for his support of Liniers.
This letter mentioned a royalist army led by Goyeneche marching
to Jujuy. Balcarce, who had advanced to Potosi, was defeated by
Nieto in the Battle of Cotagaita, so Castelli sent two hundred men and two cannon to strengthen his forces. With
these reinforcements, Balcarce achieved victory at the Battle of Suipacha, [36] which allowed patriots to control all of
Upper Peru unopposed. One of the men sent was Martn Miguel de Gemes, who would eventually lead the GuerraGaucha in Salta years later.[37]
At Villa Imperial, one of the richest cities of Upper Peru, an open cabildo called on Goyeneche to withdraw from
their territory. He obeyed, as he did not have the military strength to prevail. The Bishop of La Paz, Remigio La
Santa y Ortega, fled with him. Castelli was received in Potos and requesting that the locals swear allegiance to the
Junta. He also requested that the royalist generals Francisco de Paula Sanz and Jos de Crdoba y Rojas submit to
him. He made arrangements that the operation to capture Vicente Nieto should be carried out exclusively by the
surviving members of the Regiment of Patricians from the mines of Potosi, who had been incorporated with honors
into the Army of the North. Sanz, Nieto, and Crdoba were executed at the Plaza of Potos. Nieto claimed that he
died happy, because it was under the Spanish flag.[38] Goyeneche and Ortega, on the other hand, were safe on
royalist land. Bernardo Monteagudo, inmate at the Jail of the Court of Chuquisaca for his participation in the
revolution of 1809, escaped to join the ranks of the army. Castelli, who already knew Monteagudo's background,
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appointed him his secretary.[39]
Castelli set up his government in Chuquisaca, where he presided over the change of regime for the entire region. He
planned the reorganization of the Mines of Potosi, and a reform at the University of Charcas. He proclaimed the end
of native slavery and servitude in Upper Peru, and the natives were granted political rights equal to those of the
criollos. Castelli forbade the establishment of new convents and parishes to avoid the common practice that, under
the guise of spreading Christian doctrine, the natives were forced into servitude by religious orders. He authorizedfree trade and redistributed land expropriated from the former workers of the mills. The decree was published in
Spanish, Guarani, Quechua, and Aymara; he established several bilingual schools as well.[40] Several Indian chiefs
participated in the first anniversary of the May Revolution, celebrated in Tiahuanaco, where Castelli paid tribute to
the ancient Incas and encouraged the people to rise against the Spanish. Despite their welcome, however, Castelli
was aware that most of the aristocracy supported the auxiliary army out of fear instead of genuine support.
In November 1810 he requested authorization from the Junta for a military operation: to cross the Desaguadero river,
the border between the two viceroyalties, and take control of the Peruvian cities of Puno, Cuzco, and Arequipa.
Castelli argued that it was urgent to rise against Lima because its economy depended largely on those districts, and if
they lost power over that area, the main royalist stronghold would be threatened. The plan was rejected as too risky,
and Castelli complied with the original orders.[41]
In December, fifty-three peninsulars were banished to Salta, and the decision was sent to the Junta for approval. The
vocal Domingo Matheu, who had business associations with Tulla and Pedro Salvador Casas, arranged the
annulment of the act, arguing that Castelli had been influenced by slander and unfounded accusations.[42] Support for
Castelli began to decline, mainly due to the favourable treatment of natives and the determined opposition of the
church, which attacked the public atheism of Bernardo Monteagudo, Castelli's secretary. Both royalists in Lima and
Saavedra in Buenos Aires compared them with Maximilien Robespierre, leader of the Reign of Terror of the French
Revolution.
Castelli also abolished the mita in Upper Peru, a mandatory form of public service that bordered on slavery.[43]
Mariano Moreno has also wished to end the mita, but Moreno had resigned from the Junta by this point. Without
Castelli being in Buenos Aires to mediate between them, the disputes between Moreno and Saavedra had worsened.
The Junta requested that Castelli should moderate his actions, but he went ahead with the positions he shared with
Moreno. Several Saavedrist officers, such as Jos Mara Echaurri, Jos Len Domnguez, Matas Balbastro, chaplain
Manuel Antonio Azcurra, and sergeant major Toribio de Luzuriaga, planned to kidnap Castelli, deliver him to
Buenos Aires for trial, and give command of the Army of the North to Juan Jose Viamonte. However, Viamonte did
not accept the plan when he was informed by the conspirators, and did not attempt to carry it out. [44] When Castelli
knew about Moreno's resignation, he wrote a letter to Vieytes, Rodriguez Pea, Larrea, and Azcunaga, asking them
to move to Upper Peru. If they defeated Goyeneche, they planned to march back to Buenos Aires. However, the
letter was sent via the common postal service, and the postmaster of Crdoba, Jose de Paz, decided to send it instead
to Cornelio Saavedra.
[45]
The Morenist members of the Junta had already been ousted and exiled by that point.
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The Battle of Huaqui
Jos Manuel de Goyeneche, victor of the Battleof Huaqui
The order of the Junta not to proceed to the Viceroyalty of Peru was a
de facto truce that would last while Castelli did not attack Goyeneche's
army. Castelli tried to turn the situation into a formal agreement, which
would imply recognition of the Junta as a legitimate interlocutor.
Goyeneche agreed to sign an armistice for 40 days to allow time forLima to ratify the agreement, but he actually used the time to reinforce
his army. On 19 June, with the truce still in effect, an advanced royalist
troop attacked positions at Juraicoragua. Castelli declared the truce
broken and declared war on Peru.[46]
The royalist army crossed the Desaguadero on June 20, 1811, starting
the Battle of Huaqui. The army waited near Huaqui, between the plains
of Azapanal and Lake Titicaca. The patriotic left wing, commanded by
Diaz Velez, faced the bulk of the royalist forces, while the center was
hit by the soldiers of Pio Tristan. Many patriotic soldiers recruited at
Upper Peru surrendered or fled, and many of the recruits from La Paz
switched sides during the battle. The Saavedrist Juan Jos Viamonte
helped ensure Castelli's defeat by refusing to join the conflict.[47]
Although the casualties of the Army of the North were not substantial, it was left demoralized and disbanded.
Goyeneche pursued the fleeing patriots, and captured Huaqui after his victory. The inhabitants of Upper Peru
welcomed the royalists back, so the army had to quickly leave those provinces. However, the resistance of
Cochabamba prevented the royalists from proceeding to Buenos Aires.[48] Castelli moved to the post of Quirbe, and
received orders to return to Buenos Aires for trial. However, by the time he was notified, new orders had been
issued: Castelli should be confined at Catamarca, while Saavedra himself took charge of the Army of the North.
Saavedra was deposed as soon as he left Buenos Aires, and was confined to San Juan. The First Triumvirate, whichhad commenced governing by then, required Castelli to return.
Once in Buenos Aires, Castelli found himself in political isolation. The triumvirate and the newspaper La Gazeta
blamed him for the defeat at Huaqui, and sought punishment as a deterrent. His former supporters were divided
between those who supported the ideas of the Triumvirate and those no longer able to help. Castelli suffered from
tongue cancer during the long trial, which made it progressively more difficult for him to speak. He died on October
12, 1812, while the trial was still underway.[49]
Legacy
Castelli is largely ignored in the historiography of Argentina. Most historians focus instead on the disputes betweenMariano Moreno and Cornelio Saavedra in the Junta, with Castelli described in passing as a supporter of Moreno.[50]
Despite of his role in the May Revolution, he was not the clear leader of it, as Jos Gervasio Artigas was for the Cry
of Asencio or Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla for the Cry of Dolores. The May Revolution was instead the result of the
convergence of diverse factions that shared the desire to remove the viceroy, and different historians highlight
different specific factions.[51] Castelli is largely ignored in Bolivia as well. His support of indigenous rightsstill an
ongoing issue in the countryand his religious ideas strongly affect the way he is perceived there.[52]
The most notable biography of Castelli was Castelli, el adalid de Mayo (Spanish: Castelli, the champion of May),
written by the Paraguayan Julio Csar Chaves. Andrs Rivera increased the public awareness about Castelli with the
historical novel La revolucin es un sueo eterno (Spanish: The revolution is an eternal dream). The famous
divulgator Felipe Pigna wrote a whole chapter about Castelli at the book Los mitos de la historia argentina, which
was then moved to television in the documentary filmAlgo habrn hecho por la historia argentina.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Pignahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_mitos_de_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algo_habr%C3%A1n_hecho_por_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algo_habr%C3%A1n_hecho_por_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_mitos_de_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algo_habr%C3%A1n_hecho_por_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_mitos_de_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Pignahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_revoluci%C3%B3n_es_un_sue%C3%B1o_eternohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_novelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Riverahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Chaveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castelli%2C_el_adalid_de_Mayohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grito_de_Doloreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costillahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cry_of_Asenciohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cry_of_Asenciohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelio_Saavedrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Morenohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Triumvirate_%28Argentina%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_the_Northhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamontehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Titicacahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huaquihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viceroyalty_of_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ATeniente_General_Jose_Manuel_de_Goyeneche.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huaquihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huaquihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_de_Goyeneche -
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References
[1] Luna (2001), pp. 1113
[2] Luna (2001), pp. 1316
[3][3] Luna (2001), p. 16
[4][4] Luna (2004), p. 21
[5][5] Luna (2001), p. 19
[6] Luna (2001), pp. 2021[7][7] Luna (2001), p. 21
[8] Luna (2001), pp. 2429
[9] Luna (2001), pp. 3133
[10] Luna (2001), pp. 3335
[11][11] Luna (2001), p. 36
[12] Luna (2001), pp. 3543
[13] Luna (2001), pp. 4344
[14] Luna (2001), pp. 4447
[15][15] Luna (2001), p. 47
[16] Luna (2001), pp. 4648
[17] Luna (2001), pp. 4950
[18][18] Luna (2001), p. 51
[19] Luna (2001), pp. 5457
[20] Luna (2001), pp. 5759
[21][21] Luna (2001), p. 70
[22][22] Luna (2001), p. 71
[23] Luna (2001), pp. 7071
[24] Luna (2001), pp. 7374
[25] Luna (2001), pp. 7478
[26] Luna (2001), pp. 7881
[27] Luna (2001), pp. 8182
[28][28] Luna (2001), p. 80
[29][29] Scenna, p. 60
[30][30] Scenna, pp. 80-81
[31][31] Luna (2001), p. 85[32] Luna (2001), pp. 8593
[33][33] Luna (2001), p. 95
[34] Luna (2001), pp.9396
[35][35] Luna (2001), p. 96
[36][36] National..., p. 76
[37] Luna (2001), pp. 98102
[38][38] Galasso, p. 110
[39][39] National..., p. 334
[40] Galasso, p. 7880
[41] Galasso, p. 8687
[42][42] Galasso, p. 118
[43][43] Galasso, p. 80[44] Galasso, p. 110111
[45][45] Galasso, p. 128
[46] National..., p. 209210
[47] Galasso, p. 128129
[48][48] National..., p. 210
[49][49] National... p. 114
[50][50] Scenna, pp. 5-10
[51][51] Gelman, pp. 13-20
[52][52] Lapolla
-
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Bibliography
Gelman, Jorge; Ral Fradkin (2010).Doscientos aos pensando la Revolucin de Mayo. Buenos Aires:
Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3179-9.
Luna, Flix (2001). Grandes protagonistas de la Historia Argentina: Juan Jos Castelli (in Spanish). Buenos
Aires: Grupo Editorial Planeta. ISBN 950-49-0656-7.
Luna, Flix (2004). "El contrabando, una singular forma de comercio en las colonias". Grandes protagonistas dela Historia Argentina: Manuel Belgrano (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Grupo Editorial Planeta.
ISBN 950-49-1247-8.
Galasso, Norberto (2004).Mariano Moreno, "El sabiecito del sur" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina:
Colihue. ISBN 950-581-799-1.
Alberto Lapolla (06/05/2008). "El hroe maldito: Juan Jos Castelli" [The cursed hero: Juan Jos Castelli] (http://
www.avizora.com/atajo/colaboradores/textos_alberto_lapolla/0021_heroe_maldito_juan_jose_castelli.htm).
El Sol del 25 viene asomando, apuntes para repensar Mayo (in Spanish). Avizora. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
National Academy of History of Argentina (2010).Revolucin en el Plata (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emece.
ISBN 978-950-04-3258-0.
Scenna, Miguel ngel (2009).Mariano Moreno (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: H. Garetto Editor. ISBN978-987-1494-05-4.
External links
Biography at Argentina.ar (http://www.argentina.ar/_es/pais/personalidades/C2499-juan-jose-castelli.php)
(Spanish)
Biography at El Historiador (http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/c/castelli.php) (Spanish)
http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/c/castelli.phphttp://www.argentina.ar/_es/pais/personalidades/C2499-juan-jose-castelli.phphttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources/978-987-1494-05-4https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources/978-987-1494-05-4https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-950-04-3258-0https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_History_of_Argentinahttp://www.avizora.com/atajo/colaboradores/textos_alberto_lapolla/0021_heroe_maldito_juan_jose_castelli.htmhttp://www.avizora.com/atajo/colaboradores/textos_alberto_lapolla/0021_heroe_maldito_juan_jose_castelli.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/950-581-799-1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norberto_Galassohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/950-49-1247-8https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/950-49-0656-7https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Lunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-950-07-3179-9https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Gelman -
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Article Sources and Contributors 13
Article Sources and ContributorsJuan Jos Castelli Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=577093889 Contributors: Alexf, Bolivian Unicyclist, BritishWatcher, Cambalachero, Colonies Chris, DagosNavy,Darklilac, Diannaa, Filiep, Furgonero, GoingBatty, Hubschrauber729, IANVS, Isinbill, Jaqen, John of Reading, Joseph Solis in Australia, Khazar, Khazar2, King of the North East, LilHelpa,Maashatra11, Meister, Mtiedemann, Neo139, Nick Number, Pjoef, ProudIrishAspie, Quadell, Rosiestep, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, ShelfSkewed, Sherlock4000, Tassedethe, Waacstats,Wavelength, Woohookitty, Yellowcrocus, 5 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Castelli.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Castelli.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Grabado annimo
File:Firma de Castelli.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Firma_de_Castelli.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Juan Jos Castelli
File:Flag of Argentina (alternative).svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina_(alternative).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Manuel Belgrano(1770-1820)
File:Manuel Belgrano.JPG Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Manuel_Belgrano.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Francois Casimir Carbonnier
File:Carlota Joaquina.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carlota_Joaquina.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Brian Boru, Cambalachero, Dantadd,Ecummenic, Joseolgon, Merope, NeverDoING, Nuno Tavares, Shakko, Williamsongate
File:Castelli y Cisneros.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Castelli_y_Cisneros.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bajorrelieve creado por Gustavo Eberlein(1847-1926)
File:Cabildoabierto-Subercaseaux-edit.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cabildoabierto-Subercaseaux-edit.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: PedroSubercaseaux. Died in 1954. Uploaded to commons by Belgrano. Cleaned by Julielangford
File:Mariano Moreno en su mesa de trabajo.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mariano_Moreno_en_su_mesa_de_trabajo.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:El pintor chileno Fray Pedro Subercaseaux Errzuriz (1880-1956)
File:Muerte de Liniers.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Muerte_de_Liniers.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Franz Van Riel
File:Bando realista.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bando_realista.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jos Fernando de Abascal
File:Teniente General Jose Manuel de Goyeneche.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Teniente_General_Jose_Manuel_de_Goyeneche.jpg License: Public DomainContributors: Albertomos, Cambalachero, Ecummenic, Israel soliz, JC, 4 anonymous edits
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