Spatial Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Soft Tissues of

Green Mussels (Perna viridis) from Tebrau Straits, Peninsular Malaysia

Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria, Ph.DChe Abd. Rahim Mohamed, Ph.D

andAzadeh Shahbazi

Environmental Forensics LaboratoryFaculty of Environmental Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Spatial Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Soft Tissues of

Green Mussels (Perna viridis) from Tebrau Straits, Peninsular Malaysia

Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria, Ph.DChe Abd. Rahim Mohamed, Ph.D

andAzadeh Shahbazi

Environmental Forensics LaboratoryFaculty of Environmental Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

JSPS Multilateral Cooperative Research Programme “Coastal Marine Science”Melaka, 19 – 20 May 2008

MUSSEL (e.g.mytilus edulis)

Organic micropollutants

e.g. HydrocarbonsPCBsPesticides

Heavy Metals

Uptake

Accumulation

Mussel Watch Monitoring methodology of coastal pollution using bivalves as sentinel organism

WharfWall

Coastal Water

Buoy

Biomonitoring of Pollutants using Mussels

History of International Mussel Watch

1970s Mussel Watch concept was proposedby Professor Edward Goldberg of Scrips Institution of Oceanography.

1980s - national and regional mussel watch programsin European and North American countries.

1983 First meeting on The International Mussel Watch Project (Hawaii)

1991 -1993 Initial Phase program in South and Central America.under the auspices of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission,and the UNEP Ocean and Coastal Areas Program Efforts

1997 - Second Phase program: Asian Mussel Watchsupported by Ministry Education of Japan, Grant-in Aid for International Scientific Research Program

･ Cosmopolitan and widely distributed throughout the world. ･ Sedentary and better representative of the study area than mobile

species. ･ Mussels accumulate contaminants by factors of 102 - 105 compared

to seawater in their habitat. ･ High tolerance to pollution. ･ low or undetectable activity of enzyme systems

that metabolize many xenobiotics. ･ Stable local populations. ･ Reasonable size for analysis. ･ Commercially valuable seafood species

on a worldwide basis.

Advantages of Using Mussels as Sentinel Organisms

Sampling Locations

No Location Sampling dateShell length

(mm)(min-max)

Latitude(0N)

Longitude(0E)

Site description

Kg.Pasir Puteh-1 10050748-65

55±0.4801°29.108’ 103°49.003’ Industries, shipping, and urban runoff

Kg.Pasir Puteh-2 10050750-65

56.1±0.4101°29.108’ 103°49.003’ Industries, shipping, and urban run off

Kg. Pasir Puteh

JOHOR BHARU

Singapore

Alkylphenols

Mussel Tissue (wet)

Homogenize

Polytron ExtractionDCM with sodium sulfate anhydrous

Silica gel column chromatography5%H2O deactivated

Fully activated silica gel column chromatography

Hexane

(Sigma, SIL-A-200 , 0.46 cm i.d. x 18cm)

6 ml

25% DCM inHexane

40% DCM in Hexane

Hydrocarbons Wax esters

Alkylphenol-monoethoxylates

Alkylbenzenes (LABs & TABs)&

PCBs, DDE

AlkanesHopanes

44 ml

25% DCM inHexane

8 ml

Analytical Procedure of Organic Pollutants and Molecular Markers in Mussel Samples

65% DCMin Hexane

80%DCMin Hexane

PAHsDDT, DDD

Phthalates

100% DCM 30%Acetone inDCM

Phthalates Bisphenol A17-EstradiolEstrone

TMS derivatizarion

Activated carbon column

Coplanar PCBs

PAHs fingerprinting in different tissues of green mussels (P.viridis)

Kg.Pasir Puteh 1(Heavy Shipping Traffic)

Tissues LMW/HMW MP/P Fluo/Py Phen/AnthMantle 1.71 1.45 0.47 1.89

Gill 2.06 1.70 0.42 2.91

Foot 0.87 1.50 0.39 4.77

Gonad 2.04 1.10 0.44 2.31

Muscle 2.83 1.15 0.58 4.19

Remainder 1.43 1.09 0.39 2.06

Byssus 1.43 1.09 0.39 2.06

Shell 7..38 0.93 0.40 3.40<1>1

Zakaria et al., 2002

<0.5>1

Zakaria et al., 2002

<1>1

Budzinski(1997)

<10>25

Scolo(1986)

Total PAHs in different Soft tissues and hard tissues of P.viridis

PAHs fingerprinting in different tissues of green mussels (P.viridis)

Kg.Pasir puteh (near restaurant)

Tissues LMW/HMW MP/P Fluo/Py Phen/AnthMantle 1.85 1.23 0.43 2.42

Gill 3.25 2.24 0.40 4.29

Foot 4.6 1.52 0.37 6.46

Gonad 3.49 1.18 0.43 3.00

Muscle 7.23 1.18 0.62 6.13

Remainder 2.22 1.18 0.52 2.25

Byssus 1.40 1.04 0.45 6.87

Shell 16.23 1.12 0.62 6.05

<1>1

Zakaria et al., 2002

<0.5>1

Zakaria et al., 2002

<1>1

Budzinski(1997)

<10>25

Scolo(1986)

Relative distribution of LMW PAHs

Diagnostic Ratio using Perylene/penta-aromatic isomers

The concentrations of perylene relative to the penta-aromatic isomers were calculated for the tissues of mussels collected from coastal waters of Pasir Puteh which characterized by a low abundance of perylene relative to the penta-aromatics.

The concentrations of perylene relative to the penta-aromatic isomers were calculated for the tissues of mussels collected from coastal waters of Pasir Puteh which characterized by a low abundance of perylene relative to the penta-aromatics.

Therefore it can be concluded that low abundance of perylene indicating a probable pyrogenic origin in different tissues

Therefore it can be concluded that low abundance of perylene indicating a probable pyrogenic origin in different tissues

Conclusions

• PAHs concentrations in the different soft tissues of p. viridis were accumulated mainly in the lipids

• Gonad and gills of p. viridis as biomonitors of bioavailability and contamination of PAHs in semi-enclosed waters and bays

• The ratios of methylphenanthrenes to phenanthrene and perylene to penta-aromatic ratios indicate that Tebrau Straits suffer widespread input of petrogenic PAHs along Tebrau Straits.

Acknowledgments

Funding for this study has been partially provided by

MOSTI through Science Fund Project # 040004-SF0681. Several graduate students are kindly

acknowledged for their kind assistance.